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June 2014

“You’re just a science denialist!”

Evolutionary psychology has been getting blasted in atheist circles for its unscientific nature and for supporting the status quo. In response, the battle cry of the evolutionary psychologist has been nothing but: “you’re a science denialist!”

This term is derived from “Holocaust denialism”; Holocaust deniers are people who deny that the Holocaust happened despite the historical evidence presented. At least, that was the original use of the term. Nowadays, “denialism” is used more and more widely, to attack “climate change denialism,” “AIDS denialism,” “evolution denialism.”

Granted, these positions can be seen as denying a body of evidence, so the use of “denialism” there is not entirely objectionable. But what body of evidence is being denied by people who object to evolutionary psychology?

Evolution is true, and humans are the product of evolution. That much is beyond the shadow of a doubt and is not being denied. That we have a (human) psychology is not being denied either. But the concept that our concrete behaviors are the result of evolution, which is what evopsych proponents declare as their foundation, is very much under contention. They do not propose any scientific evidence to demonstrate this as a fact; they simply posit that our brain evolved specific behaviors as solutions to Pleistocene problems and assume from there.

What is important to understand here is that evolutionary psychology papers do not provide any evidence of the truth of evolutionary psychology itself. All evopsych “researchers” assume that our behaviors are evolved as the implicit principle behind their research.

As it turns out, it’s easy to falsify evopsych and show it to be pseudo-science. According to evopsych, based on their unproven assertions about behaviors being evolved, there should be individual, separate modules in our brains that regulate specific behaviors. But no such modules have ever been shown to exist. Evolutionary psychology is not a science, it is dangerous, politically-motivated charlatanism poorly dressed up as science.

So when we are told that people who debunk evolutionary psychology are “science denialists,” we must make clear three things:

1. Evolutionary psychology is not science. Its premises are false and its methods are circular. It is based on no measurable observations and contradicts observations of the human brain.

2. Attacking evolutionary psychology is not “science denialism” because, unlike the Holocaust, climate change, evolution and HIV research, there is no body of evidence demonstrating the validity of evolutionary psychology. Neither can evolutionary psychology explain anything in a novel way or shed new light on any problem.

3. Evolutionary psychology is a political position, not a scientific position. Its objective is to support the status quo on issues of gender, sexuality, race, class and power.

Illustrating these three points is the following evopsych explanation for homosexuality:
(and before you accuse me of choosing the most embarassing evopsych position, this is the very first result on Google right now, as I am writing this in September 2013, for “evolutionary psychology explanation for homosexuality”)

Overly simplified, this “tipping-point” model (originally introduced by G. E. Hutchinson in 1959, and then later popularized by Jim McKnight in 1997 and Edward Miller in 2000) posits that genes associated with homosexuality confer fitness benefits in their heterosexual carriers. If only a few of these alleles are inherited, a males’ reproductive success is enhanced via the expression of attractive, albeit feminine traits, such as kindness, sensitivity, empathy, and tenderness. However, if many of these alleles are inherited, a “tipping point” is reached at which even mate preferences become “feminized,” meaning males are attracted to other males.

To go through the three points again:

1. The premise of this “research” is that homosexual behavior has evolved for some reason, and we need to find that reason. No attempt has been made to establish whether any specifically homosexual behavior was in fact evolved or not. It is entirely possible that any given behavior is not an adaptation in itself but rather the by-product of an adaptation (as morality is) or is completely unrelated to any adaptation. The latter is due to genetic drift, and while there is no consensus on how important genetic drift is to evolution as a whole, we know for a fact that genetic drift can have a profound impact on the development of species, especially on small populations.

“The ground rule – or perhaps doctrine would be a better term – is that adaptation is a special and onerous concept that should be used only where it is really necessary.”

As is clear to most evolutionary biologists, and other interested skeptical parties who are less than enamoured by the efforts of Evolutionary Psychologists, the approach described… above is rarely followed and instead these scientists appear to fire off adaptive explanations with reckless abandon, with their work often consisting of nothing more than folk wisdom and a post hoc just-so story explanation.

2. Even if the explanation is true, how does it advance our understanding? It still does not explain what makes one hetereosexual or homosexual (how are these genes transmitted to any specific individual? have any studies confirmed that homosexuals come from “feminine” families?). It also does not acknowledge that there are many more sexual orientations than heterosexual or homosexual, and so does not explain reality as we know it.

3. The association of homosexuality with feminine traits, as well as the association of “kindness, sensitivity, empathy, and tenderness” (that is to say, passivity and slavish support of males) with femininity as opposed to aggression as masculine trait, are Patriarchal constructs which perpetuate sexism and homophobia. There, then, is the real objective of this “research”: to perpetuate gender roles and homophobia. Of course the writers flippantly deny this:

These recent findings are scientifically intriguing and they likely have profound implications for the LGBT community (which we purposefully skirted here as we are donning our science and description hats and not our policy and prescription caps).

Here we see again the myth that science is “value-neutral” and that one can neatly separate fact from value, leaving only cold logic (a “male” trait). This of course is a lie. But by making the dichotomy between “science”/”description” (of facts) and “policy,” the writers are omitting the fact that description itself plays off on the meanings already existing in society. If I describe homosexuality as feminine or women as caring, I am in fact perpetuating already existing hierarchies, even if it’s “description” and not “policy.”

It makes it a lot easier for evopsych proponents to slip their support for hierarchies under the door if they first convince people that their research is “scientific” and “descriptive.” People think that racism or sexism can’t be racist or sexist if it’s “scientific” (see the IQ-race debate for example). So you get into the whole “objectivity” game, as in “I’m being objective and you’re not.” That’s a game for suckers if there ever was one.

Evopsychs may accuse us of being science denialists, but they are behavioral creationists.


Filed under: Human nature
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The Hobby Lobby ruling is an excellent example of why

People should control institutions, not institutions people. If we're going to have some alternative to lots of mom and pop stores of this sort, i.e. if chains like this are going to exist, they're going to have to honor the rights of the workers who are employed there, as well as the will of society as a whole.

El mutualismo francés

Shawn Wilbur solía decir que el mutualismo es un ideal radicalmente antiguo y radicalmente nuevo al mismo tiempo: sus orígenes se remontan a las décadas centrales del siglo XIX, pero hoy ha recobrado una actualidad inesperada de la mano de la nueva economía basada en internet, las redes P2P, el software libre y las nuevas tendencias en management, de modo que es natural que a lo largo de todo este tiempo hayan existido diferentes variedades del mutualismo (léase Qué es el mutualismo para las líneas básicas).

En esta serie de artículos me gustaría describir y explicar lo que yo llamaría los tres mutualismos fundacionales del siglo XIX, que corresponden básicamente a los tres países donde el mutualismo tuvo relevancia social: Francia, España y Estados Unidos —cabría también Reino Unido—. En todos los casos existe una matriz común (asociacionismo obrero, defensa de la propiedad y de los mercados libres alternativos, oposición doble al capitalismo y al comunismo, raíces intelectuales en Proudhon) pero todos ellos constituyen, al mismo tiempo, adaptaciones a su propia idiosincrasia: a la fase de desarrollo industrial, a los problemas de integración nacional/estatal o a la tradición revolucionaria previa, entre otros, lo que les obligará a tomar posiciones diferentes respecto a cuestiones como la participación política o la abolición o no del Estado. Es una historia apasionante que atraviesa momentos clave en el desarrollo del siglo XIX, y de la que podemos aprender mucho de cara al futuro.

 

I. EL MUTUALISMO FRANCÉS

 

Es tentador remontar todo el mutualismo francés a los escritos de Proudhon, pero lo cierto es que el pionero de Besançon —él mismo un obrero tipógrafo— tomó el nombre y el fondo de sus ideas después de entrar en relación con los núcleos obreros de Lyon en la década de 1840. El mutualismo fue durante las décadas centrales del siglo XIX la ideología par excellance de la clase obrera francesa, sobre todo de cierta vanguardia procedente de los estratos cualificados y semiartesanos de la misma, todavía de un estatus relativamente holgado si se los compara con los proletarios ingleses, pero amenazados por el curso de la mecanización. Se trataba de tipógrafos, trabajadores del bronce y el mármol, sombrereros, zapateros, peleteros, cerrajeros y un largo etcétera. En su inmensa mayoría trabajaban como asalariados para industrias de pequeño y mediano tamaño en los suburbios de ciudades como París y Lyon, conforme al incipiente desarrollo del capitalismo francés; excepcionalmente también como autónomos y pequeños propietarios.

La proliferación de sociedades cooperativas de producción y de consumo alimentó por algunas décadas la idea —compartida incluso por Bakunin en su Catecismo revolucionario de 1866— de que el capitalismo podía superarse pacíficamente mediante la asociación voluntaria de los trabajadores. El mutualismo de estos obreros de vanguardia —de la que Proudhon formaba parte— trataba de averiguar de qué modo podía precipitarse esa transición sin abolir la propiedad (garantía de libertad y “contrapeso del Estado”) ni caer en la expropiación violenta. Por algún tiempo Proudhon osciló entre diferentes experimentos creativos como el banco de trueque, pero terminaría convenciéndose de que el único medio para lograr semejante fin consistía en abolir el privilegio y el monopolio, liberando el mercado al tiempo que se desmantelaba el Estado para entregarlo a compañías de trabajadores. Como decía Engels en 1867: “ellos (los mutualistas) dicen: ‘suprimamos el Estado y el capital se irá al diablo’. Nosotros (los comunistas) proponemos el proceso inverso”. En especial, el Banco de Francia debía ser transformado en un banco mutuo gestionado por cooperativas de trabajadores con la finalidad de proporcionar crédito al precio de costo (“gratuito”), al tiempo que el monopolio sobre la tierra debía disolverse para entregar la tierra a los campesinos. Como resume genialmente Proudhon en La capacidad política de la clase obrera (1865):

Digamos que el proletariado no pretende despojar a la burguesía de sus bienes adquiridos, ni de ninguno de los derechos de que goza justamente; no se quiere sino realizar, bajo los nombres perfectamente jurídicos y legales de libertad de trabajo, crédito y solidaridad, ciertas reformas cuyo resultado sería abolir (¿qué?) los derechos, privilegios y demás beneficios de que la burguesía goza de una manera exclusiva, y por este medio hacer que no haya burguesía, ni proletariado, es decir, absorberla.

El desarrollo del mutualismo conduciría naturalmente a la “disolución del Estado en el organismo económico”, de forma que todos los resortes útiles de la administración (banca, seguros, ferrocarriles, minas, etc.) serían entregados a compañías de trabajadores y sometidos a la ley de la libre competencia. Proudhon llegaba por este camino al anarquismo: negó el contrato social como fundamento del Estado, dado que sólo el individuo puede establecer contratos soberanos; negó los impuestos, dado que roban al trabajo su producto legítimo, y estableció como su meta la constitución de una “sociedad sin autoridad”. Como explicaba en Idea general de la revolución en el siglo XIX (1851):

Para que yo viva libre, para que yo no sufra más ley que la mía, para que yo me gobierne a mí mismo, se hace indispensable el renunciar a la autoridad del sufragio y abandonar el voto lo mismo que la monarquía y el sistema representativo. Se necesita, en una palabra, suprimir todo lo que hay de divino en el Gobierno, y reconstruir el edificio sobre la idea humana del CONTRATO.

En el puesto del gobierno, como indica algunas líneas más abajo, “colocaremos la organización industrial”. En sus últimos años Proudhon evolucionaría a una suerte de federalismo libertario, donde si bien el Estado permanece como administrador de algunas funciones comunes, el ideal continúa siendo reemplazar el gobierno por el contrato, plasmando esto tanto en una economía libre y controlada por los trabajadores, como en una organización política que debía fundamentarse en el pacto entre municipios y regiones. Como dice en La capacidad política (1865):

En cuanto esté proclamada en cualquier punto del globo la reforma mutualista, la confederación llegará a ser una necesidad en todas partes. Y para que exista, no será preciso que los Estados que se confederen estén contiguos ni agrupados en un mismo recinto, como lo estamos viendo en Francia, en Italia y en España. Puede muy bien haber una confederación entre pueblos separados, disgregados y distantes los unos de los otros: basta para ello que declaren unir sus intereses, y darse garantías recíprocas, conforme a los principios del derecho económico y de la reciprocidad.

En una sociedad libre, dice en El principio federativo (1863), “el papel del Estado o del gobierno es por excelencia un papel de legislación, institución, creación, inauguración, instalación; es, tan poco como sea posible, un papel de ejecución”. El resultado de esta revolución, a la vez política y económica, sería una suerte de socialismo libertario donde las masas accederían al poder, no para ejercerlo, sino para prevenir la constitución de privilegios y garantizar la instauración de un libre mercado radical en manos de los trabajadores. En la terminología de Proudhon, el concepto de socialismo estaba tan opuesto al comunismo como al capitalismo. Como sostiene en la misma obra (1863):

Quien dice socialismo en el buen y verdadero sentido de la palabra, dice naturalmente libertad del comercio y de la industria, mutualidad del seguro, reciprocidad del crédito, del impuesto, equilibrio y seguridad de las fortunas, participación del obrero en los destinos de las empresas, inviolabilidad de la familia en la transmisión hereditaria.

Proudhon conservó durante mucho tiempo la esperanza de plasmar sus ideas a través de la vía parlamentaria: en la década de 1840 fue elegido diputado por la Asamblea Nacional, y  en 1848-1849 formó parte de la Asamblea Constituyente de la Segunda República Francesa. Al contrario de lo que sucederá con el anarquismo a partir de Bakunin, los mutualistas franceses no venían nada intrínsecamente inmoral en la participación política; incluso cuando el fin último era la sustitución del gobierno por el contrato, debía avanzarse por aproximaciones antes que por absolutos. Cuando Proudhon, hastiado, ya se había retirado de la actividad parlamentaria, una agrupación de obreros mutualistas se lanzó a presentar su candidatura a la Asamblea Nacional en 1864. Para publicitar su programa publicaron el célebre Manifiesto de los Sesenta, donde se recogían algunas demandas reformistas para atemperar la situación obrera (limitación del trabajo infantil, educación gratuita) pero sobre todo se reclamaba la abolición del privilegio y la instauración de un mercado libre operado por y para los trabajadores. Como declaraban sin ambages:

No se nos acuse de soñar con leyes agrarias, igualdad quimérica que pondría a cada individuo en el lecho de Procusto, ni con repartos de propiedad, máximum, impuesto forzoso, etc. No; es tiempo ya de acabar con esas calumnias propagadas por nuestros enemigos y adoptadas por los ignorantes. La libertad, el crédito, la solidaridad, estos son nuestros sueños. (…). El día en que estos sueños se realicen, no habrá más burguesía ni proletariado, amos ni obreros.

Entre estos obreros, que se consideraban los pioneros de una nueva Revolución Francesa, se encontraban hombres como Tolain, Baraguet y Ripert; miembros de la Comisión Obrera enviada a Londres para reunirse con los sindicalistas británicos, que en ese mismo año daría lugar a la Asociación Internacional de los Trabajadores. Habitualmente se presenta a la Primera Internacional como un organismo dividido en dos grandes alas, bakuninista y marxista, que terminaría escindiéndose debido a las diferencias irresolubles entre sus dos grandes líderes. Pero esta imagen no se corresponde a lo que fue la Internacional durante la mayor parte de su desarrollo: los mutualistas no sólo participaron decisivamente en su fundación junto a las trade unions británicas, sino que dominaron abrumadoramente el tono de los debates y el contenido de las propuestas aprobadas en los congresos de Ginebra (1866), Lausana (1867) y Bruselas (1868). En este último, al finalizar el congreso la comisión de la AIT declaraba

que la producción (el productor) únicamente puede conseguir la posesión de las máquinas mediante las asociaciones cooperativas y una organización de crédito mutuo. [...]. 

Sólo la unión de marxistas y bakuninistas para aislar el ala mutualista de la Internacional comenzaría a debilitar su dominio a partir de 1869, en el congreso de Basilea. Pero no sería hasta 1872 cuando serían apartados por los colectivistas, aprovechando que la represión contra la Comuna de París prácticamente acabaría a sangre y fuego con el obrerismo francés.

Antes y en paralelo a la fundación de la Internacional, los barrios obreros de Francia y en especial de París eran un hervidero de sociedades y clubes mutualistas. Louis-Eugène Varlin fundó en 1857 la sociedad mutua de encuadernadores, auténtico germen de un sindicato que sembraría de huelgas el sector entre 1864 y 1865. Aprovechando la infraestructura sindical, Varlin fundaría el banco mutuo de encuadernadores, donde se ofrecía crédito al precio de costo de acuerdo con las propuestas de Proudhon. El sindicato se integraría desde el principio en la propia Internacional. En el sector del bronce, Henri Tolain ayudaría a organizar las primeras huelgas en 1867, integrando asimismo sus organizaciones en la AIT. Si Proudhon ha sido acusado con toda justicia de misógino en muchas ocasiones, no debemos olvidar que el mutualismo francés era un movimiento diverso donde cabían auténticos feministas, como el propio Varlin; y mujeres, como Nathalie Lemel, que ocuparía un cargo de importancia en el famoso banco mutuo de los encuadernadores.

Tras la captura de Napoleón III por el ejército prusiano y la huida del gobierno republicano de la ciudad de París en 1871, estalló un motín encaminado a organizar la defensa y los servicios regulares de la capital. En esta Comuna de París, las dos facciones que junto a toda una variedad de reformistas menores dominaron el gobierno eran, por un lado, los blanquistas, de tendencia comunista y seguidores de Louis Auguste Blanqui; y, por el otro, los mutualistas, entre los que se encontraban Varlin y Nathalie Lemel. La casa de la moneda estaría al cargo de un obrero mutualista, Camélinat. Las medidas tomadas por la Comuna durante sus escasos 60 días de vigencia (supresión de deudas, limitación jornadas de trabajo, etc.) no podían ser otra cosa que un compromiso entre las facciones en el poder, absolutamente condicionado por el estado de sitio y la extrema penuria de las clases populares. Pero es destacable el papel que jugaron los mutualistas; por ejemplo, al redactar el Manifiesto contra la guerra de las Secciones de París adheridas a la Internacional, al oponerse vehementemente a las medidas más autoritarias de la Comuna, como la constitución de un Comité de Salud Pública; o al promover, a través de sus delegados, la implantación de medidas mutualistas como la autogestión de las fábricas cuyos propietarios habían huido, o la instauración de una federación francesa basada en el pacto entre municipios.

Por desgracia, la caída de la ciudad a manos del gobierno de Versalles desataría una represión terrible que acabaría con todos los cuadros dirigentes del mutualismo francés. Varlin y Lemel serían fusilados. Descabezado y forzado a la clandestinidad, el movimiento había sufrido su golpe mortal. Nacido en la coyuntura de un capitalismo francés todavía joven, el mutualismo sucumbió tan pronto como los progresos en la mecanización y la concentración de la industria acabaron con los estratos superiores de la clase obrera semiartesana que constituían su principal sustento. El movimiento obrero que siguió a continuación tomó la línea del socialismo autoritario o del anarcosindicalismo de la CGT. A finales del siglo XIX e inicios del XX, del mutualismo no quedaba más que una versión socialdemócrata y marginal, representada por Frédéric Tufferd; o bien las tenues pinceladas que tomaría selectivamente de Proudhon el anarquismo individualista francés, más influido por el mutualismo norteamericano de Benjamin Tucker. Los líderes históricos que sobrevivieron a la Comuna, como Henri Tolain, terminarían adoptando posiciones más conservadoras y acomodaticias.

El mutualismo francés es un producto de las condiciones materiales de vida en las décadas centrales del siglo XIX, así que probablemente no tiene sentido especular sobre qué hubiera pasado si tal o cual evento hubiera salido de otra forma, o si no hubiera sucedido en absoluto. Es llamativo, sin embargo, que las ideas de Proudhon no encontraran algún tipo de continuidad en el futuro: el mutualismo francés perecería para siempre, e incluso dentro del mismo es evidente que nunca existieron una cohesión, una conciencia ideológica y una coherencia interna equiparables a las que posteriormente tendrán marxistas y bakuninistas. Esto explica que  subsistan interpretaciones tan dispares del mutualismo —en parte apoyadas en la naturaleza contradictoria y polémica de los escritos proudhonianos—, desde el anarquismo a la socialdemocracia o el socialismo liberal; y, sobre todo, explica por qué el renacimiento del mismo, siglo y medio después, haya debido producirse a través de Estados Unidos antes que Francia.

 

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Trabajadores larenses se movilizaron contra la criminalización de sus luchas


Laclase.info

Barquisimeto, 29 de junio.- Unos trescientos trabajadores del sector público y privado marcharon la mañana de este viernes 27/6 en la capital larense, desde la casa sindical hasta el Palacio de Justicia, para repudiar la criminalización de sus luchas y apoyar las experiencias de autogestión obrera que se desarrollan en la región, a contracorriente de los acuerdos entre el gobierno y Fedecámaras. Trabajadores de Iosa, el Ivss, docentes y trabajadores de la educación dependientes del gobierno nacional, trabajadores de Alentuy, Kraft, Beneagro, Lácteos Los Andes, Piovesan, Galletera Carabobo, así como las corrientes sindicales Unete, Fusbec, Corriente Cruz Villegas y la Corriente Clasista, Unitaria, Revolucionaria y Autónoma (C-cura), participaron en la movilización.

También participaron miembros de la Comuna Pío Tamayo. La Federación regional adscrita a la oficial Central Bolivariana Socialista de Trabajadores (CBST), dirigida por el movimiento Gayones, boicoteó la movilización obrera alegando que era funcional a "la derecha".

Osmary Escalona, secretaria general del sindicato del Ivss en el estado Lara, quien actualmente se encuentra perseguida y con amenazas de despido por parte de la directiva del Hospital Pastor Oropeza por su actividad en defensa de los trabajadores, repudió los acuerdos entre el gobierno y Fedecámaras, que favorecen despidos masivos contra los trabajadores del sector público y privado, así como despidos selectivos contra dirigentes sindicales combativos, y citó el caso del dirigente sindical cementero Orlando Chirinos. Llamó a desarrollar un plan de lucha a nivel regional y a ejercer una solidaridad efectiva con todos los trabajadores en conflicto.

Los trabajadores de Iosa denunciaron que dicha empresa, que produce insumos para la industria petrolera, permanece improductiva ante la inacción de las autoridades, y plantearon que así como la movilización permitió lograr la libertad plena del dirigente sindical Rubén González, de igual forma era necesario movilizarse para enfrentar la criminalización de la protesta y los despidos.

Simón Rodríguez Porras, de C-cura y el Partido Socialismo y Libertad, llamó a fortalecer la unidad de acción de los trabajadores para enfrentar el plan de ajuste que el gobierno viene acordando con Fedecámaras y aplicando para descargar la crisis sobre los hombros de los trabajadores y el pueblo. Denunció el reciente asesinato del joven yukpa Cristóbal Fernández en la Sierra de Perijá a manos de la Guardia Nacional Bolivariana, como parte de la política de represión y criminalización de la protesta que pretende liquidar toda resistencia obrera y popular.

Las organizaciones que convocaron la movilización aseguraron que procurarán avanzar hacia acciones de protesta de carácter nacional para visibilizar los reclamos de los trabajadores.

[Tomado de http://laclase.info/movimiento-obrero/trabajadores-larenses-se-movilizaron-contra-la-criminalizacion-de-sus-luchas.]

Crisis eléctrica: siguen las promesas incumplidas y los mega-apagones

Boletín Academia Nacional de la Ingeniería y el Hábitat (ANIH)Próximos a culminar el primer semestre del año, la Corporación Eléctrica Nacional (Corpoelec) y Petróleos de Venezuela han incumplido la meta de incorporar nuevas plantas de generaci…

Continue reading at El Libertario: Anarquismo y movimientos sociales autónomos …

The Picket Line — 1 July 2014

From the Cambrian, comes this account of the classic government gambit of trying to wait out a determined grassroots resistance campaign by offering to set up a committee to study the grievances:

The “Rebecca” Riots.

Up to the hour of our going to press, we have heard no fresh attempts at riots since the visit of the mob to the workhouse at Carmarthen ; though we regret to state, that the destruction of gates at night continues unabated. A letter from our Correspondent at Cardigan, posted on , says — “As was anticipated, ‘Rebecca and her daughters’ paid us a visit ; they were about 150 in number, disguised, armed with guns, swords, scythes, pickaxes, pitchforks, &c. They first of all demolished the gate on the Cardigan Common, built about two years ago, at an expense of nearly 100l.; they afterwards went through the town, firing their guns occasionally towards the Rhydyfuwch gates, the upper one of which they destroyed in about twenty minutes; it took them three quarters of an hour to take down the gate on the Common. On , about 120 of the Royal Marines arrived from Pater in a steamer, about 70 left for Newcastle Emlyn . All is quiet here at present. New Inn gate, twelve miles from here, on the Aberystwith road, was destroyed . One of the Dragoons was drowned in the river Tivy, at Newcastle Emlyn, on , while bathing in company with five others. No doubt all the rioters who took our gates down on , were from the immediate neighbourhood, excepting one or two, who had come from a distance to organize the party.”

A rumour had reached Bristol on , by the Phœnix steamer, from Carmarthen, which port she left on , that a collision had taken place in the neighbourhood of Fishguard, between the military and the rioters, and that eight of the former and thirteen of the latter had been killed. From above noticed, and from the proximity of Fishguard to Cardigan, we must conclude that, if the above report had any foundation in truth, it certainly would have reached him at the period he wrote.

A most important meeting of the Magistrates of Carmarthenshire and Cardiganshire was held at the Salutation Inn, at Newcastle Emlyn, on . It was understood also, that delegates from several parishes within the turnpike trust of Newcastle Emlyn, would attend, and large bodies of the farmers and peasantry were congregated in the town. At , the delegates being introduced into the room–

The Hon. Colonel Trevor took the chair. He said, — Gentlemen, I am extremely sorry that on this occasion it becomes by duty to appear before the public in this neighbourhood in my capacity as the civil representative of this county, under a position of affairs of which I have not seen the like for 20 years and upwards. It is with the greatest grief and pain that I have learned that the men of this county have so far forgotten, not only what is due to the majesty of the law, but also what is due to their own characters as peaceable and dutiful subjects, as to commit those acts, of outrage and violence which have taken place lately. I have represented this county for 23 years, and during the whole of which period I have had no reason to complain of the respect with which I have been treated by the whole county, and of its peaceable character before; but now it is with the greatest pain that I am obliged to say that outrages have been committed of a very gross character; and which cannot be suffered to continue. I say this to you, that I may endeavour to induce you not to place yourselves in collision with the law, nor offend against it; if you do so you may escape for a time, but depend upon it the Government will send such a force into the county as will put down these outrages. I am told that you complain of certain grievances, but it is not necessary for me to go into them; for when I say that the magistrates and myself, who have spent the greater part of our lives in the county, are both willing and anxious to redress all grievances, which may be proved to be so, I am sure you will believe us. In order that there may be no mistake respecting this matter, I have written down what the magistrates are willing to do, and will read it to you. Colonel Trevor then read as follows:– “We are willing that every grievance that can be proved to exist, and which can be remedied, should be removed, either in the administration of the funds of the trust, or by the erection of new gates, or by increase of tolls. For that purpose we will name a committee of trustees and tally holders, to go into all the accounts of the trust; and at that committee Mr. Hall shall attend, if he wishes it, on your behalf.” We have said that Mr. Hall shall attend (said Colonel Trevor), because he attends here as your advocate, and as far as figures can show he shall be satisfied. The gallant Colonel then resumed the reading of the written document — “If any point of law should arise, counsel’s opinion shall be taken, by which the trustees must abide until set aside by the decision of a court of law.” This portion has been inserted because you know that the trustees are bound by oath to respect the rights of those who have lent money to the trusts; therefore, in case of any difficult point, counsel’s opinion will be taken, by which the trustees will abide until it be set aside by a court of law; and let me tell you, as a friend as well as having the civil power of the county placed in my hands, that the way to redress grievances is not either by outrage or tumult, but by the law. Colonel Trevor then resumed his reading, — “The magistrates have had a force of troops put at their disposal by the Government, and though they are willing to redress all that is amiss, they cannot give way to force, and must put down all disturbances, the Government being ready to increase the number of troops, if necessary.” It would give me the greatest pain (said Colonel Trevor) to use those troops against men, to many of whom I am under deep obligations, and in whose houses and cottages I have often received refreshment; for, believe me, I am always proud to go into the houses of my countrymen, and can say, whatever may be their conduct in other respects, their hospitality is proverbial. Let me beg of you, then, my men, not to force me to do what I shall do, however much I regret it, if necessary to the performance of my duty, nor to force me to order those troops to fire on you. Cast away those busy meddlers who have interfered with you, and thus led you astray, for that these are not your own acts I know. But remember, if the law is violated, it must be vindicated — if it is violated, and force be used, remember the troops must resist force by force. If you have grievances, we are ready to redress them; then come with your complaints to the gentlemen who are your neighbours, and you may depend upon their being attended to, but for your own sakes avoid attending nightly meetings, and committing acts of outrage, which will be ruinous to you. Recollect also, that there is a gentleman to whom you have intrusted your complaints, and that he will represent them, no doubt properly, but that he cannot do so if these outrages are continued. As there may be some in the room now who are small tallyholders, I would have them recollect what madness it is in them to at all countenance such outrages, for by destroying the gates you are destroying your own funds, for if the trustees cannot pay the interest you cannot receive it; besides, if you let the roads get out of repair, you will be compelled to repair them yourselves, and have indictments or presentiments laid against you at the quarter sessions, and in addition to being fined perhaps 300l. or 400l.; but if you will only rest quietly for a little while, I understand that the burdens of the extra tolls will be removed, and in saying this you well know that I am not a trustee of this trust, but I have felt it my duty to inquire, and have received some information on the subject; whether it be true or not I cannot say, but I must say that I think your complaints have been greatly exaggerated. If, however, there be real grievances; they will be redressed, but I must again repeat that all outrage must be put down. We, the magistrates, make no bargain with you, but we are willing, as I have said, to inquire into and redress any real grievances; if however these outrages are continued, then we must withdraw from what has been said by us as to the appointment of a committee, &c. The gallant Colonel then requested Mr. Lloyd to explain the paper he had read to them in Welsh.

Mr. Lloyd, of Bronwydd, then explained the written paper to them in Welsh, and addressed them in Welsh, of which the following is a translation. — Friends and neighbours, I regret my inability to speak the Welsh language fluently, but I hope you may understand me. We are come here to benefit the country and to restore peace, after the outrages which have disgraced it. We are come here to hear your grievances and the burdens with which you are oppressed; and if such grievances and burdens shall be satisfactorily proved, we shall be most willing to rectify them, and, if necessary, entirely to remove them. We, therefore propose the formation of a Committee for the purpose of investigating the affairs of the Newcastle trust; and we are also desirous that the hon. gentleman Mr. Hall, who is the advocate of a very considerable district, should always sit on such Committee, so that he may see the accounts of the trust thoroughly investigated and published. My friends, I speak the language of the magistrates present as well as my own when I express the sincere sorrow we feel that this hitherto peaceable county has been the scene of outrages that would disgrace the land of the dessert, and that, in consequence of these outrages, the Government have deemed it necessary to send the military amongst us. My friends, I could hardly credit what I heard; I said, “Surely this is not the work of Welshmen, there must be foreigners amongst the Welsh, urging them on to their ruin.” Is this the peaceable county that has done as much, if not more, for the cause of religion than any other county? Is this the mode to redress your grievances? Can you prosper by violating the law? Are you, my friends, inferior in loyalty to your brethren in North Wales? When Hetherington, the Chartist, was sent to Llanidloes he failed to execute his mission in stirring up the people to revolt, for he said the Welsh were too religious a people publicly to violate the laws. There is no grievance that cannot be redressed in a peaceable and constitutional manner. Then, my friends, in the name of God, put a stop to proceedings so scandalous and disgraceful. I am old enough to remember the French invasion, when every man, woman, and child, was up and in arms to resist the ruthless invader, and are you become so degenerate? Will you continue to disgrace the country, and to destroy that character for valour and loyalty handed down to you by your ancestors from Agincourt and Minden to Waterloo? My friends, pause ere it is too late, for be assured the Government is determined to vindicate the laws of the country with the strong arm of the law; and, my friends, as I have had the honour of addressing thousands of you before in your own language, at your religious assemblies, and you have always honoured me with your attention, so I trust and hope you will use all your influence in putting a stop to proceedings which, if persisted in, will ultimately ruin this hitherto happy and peaceable country. In comparison with other countries, we are poor already, and why will you throw away by an infatuation unaccountable the main blessings which you have hitherto possessed? Humble and uninfluential an individual as I am, I shall ever do all in my power to alleviate and remove the burdens which oppress my countrymen.

Mr. E.C.L. Hall said, he would state the conditions on which he attended at this meeting. Certain delegates had called upon him last week, and shown him notices which they had received from Rebecca, commanding them to attend at Carmarthen on ; he had recommended them to abstain from doing so, and had brought those notices to the Magistrates. Seeing the present meeting, composed as it was of all the respectability of the county, he felt that it was an assurance that all real grievances would be redressed. Only let the committee be formed, and the accounts analysed, and he trusted the people would not find him a weak advocate. All they wanted was fair play to every one — to the trustees, to the tallyholders, and to the public. He liked fair play in everything, and he hoped that the country would feel that the meeting this day was the beginning of fair play. They all knew in England that if they began a fight they did it in rounds, and he would consider this round the first, for they must fight one grievance at a time. Mr. Hall then went on to remark, that the people not only complained of the tolls but of the way in which they were treated by the justices. He did not say that injustice was done purposely, but through mistake. They were all liable to mistakes, and, therefore, if they had done wrong let it be set right; and if they had made mistakes, they were honourable men and would set them right. They were to have a committee, but there must be no hurrying of the matter, for, as a barrister, he knew that many points of law would rise and require much time for consideration. As to the outrages committed by Rebecca, they were most scandalous, and if he had had a force the other night he would have endeavoured to put a stop to them. He had borne much blame from the country for having sent to the Government for soldiers. He knew that he had run much risk in doing so, but every man must run risks for his country, and he said that the Magistrates would have been much to blame if they had not sent for the soldiers, as would also the Government if they had not sent them. He had told the people, and he now told them, that the law must be kept. The people were all poor enough, then why would they do a mischief to themselves? Why did they suffer Rebecca to destroy property and thus make them poorer than they were? for whatever they destroyed against law the law would make them pay for, — yes, perhaps some of those who did the wrong. He would advocate a redress of their grievances if they kept the law; but if they broke it he would no longer be their advocate.

Mr. L. Williams congratulated the meeting on what had been done, and upon the moderation of Mr. Hall, the advocate whom the people had chosen to represent them; he was sure there would be no want of zeal on his part; he (Mr. Williams) differed from him however in one or two points, and would state what they were. Mr. Hall had said that mistakes had happened and injustice been done by the Magistrates; this was taking it for granted that all the Magistrates were turnpike trustees; this, however, was not so, neither had it been proved that injustice had been done by the Magistrates, and therefore they should not be charged with it. Then Mr. Hall had said the troops had been sent for by the Magistrates, whereas they were sent by the Government.

Col. Trevor must correct Mr. Williams. As Vice-Lieutenant of the county he had been in constant communication with the Government since the commencement of these matters, and he must say, that he had for one made a requisition to them for troops before he left London, and, indeed, had pressed for them.

Mr. Williams continued:– He was most happy to be corrected in a mistake.

Capt. Evans having addressed the delegates in Welsh, a Committee was appointed.

Mr. L. Morris wished to know if the meeting was to separate without the people knowing whether the tolls were to be reduced; and

Mr. L. Davis suggested that the tallyholders should be written to, and asked to do what all landlords had been obliged to do — to reduce their interest to 3½ per cent., and that the Government should be asked to extend the time of re-payment of the principal lent by them, and take 2½ per cent. of it per annum instead of 5 per cent. per annum, which would double the time allowed for them to pay it in, and then the extra half-toll could be immediately got rid of.

The Committee was then appointed to meet on , and the meeting broke up.

The large assemblage outside were then addressed in Welsh, and informed of the result of the meeting; and on being asked if it had satisfied them, a person in the crowd replied, that it was not satisfactory, and that Rebecca “would go on as usual,” and added, that if he were not so young a man, he would have told the gentlemen assembled, that it was not satisfactory, for that they were now “low” (“condescending”) enough to listen to the people. It would appear, from the contents of our Cardigan correspondent’s letter, above noticed, that this young man’s surmise was truly verified, for on the destruction of the gates took place. We trust, however, some means will shortly be devised to put an end to this deplorable state of society.

No wonder the meeting wasn’t persuasive. Its message amounted to: “Calm down everybody! I’m sure you’re upset about something that seems really important, though from what I’ve heard about it it seems pretty blown out of proportion. But we’re on the case. We’re going to form a committee and investigate the things we think are worth investigating, and just so you don’t think we’re trying to pull one over on you, we’ve selected someone to represent you in the committee — you might remember him as the one who turned you in to the magistrates and called for the military to be sent in to put you down. In conclusion, you naughty, naughty Welshmen: Don’t act like a bunch of Chartists and foreigners, and don’t make us send the army in to shoot you down like dogs — if you don’t pipe down we’ll just pack up our committee and go home! So just go back to your little huts and stay quiet and we’ll take care of everything for you in the way the grandeur of the law allows.”

The Monmouthshire Merlin also had a brief note about Rebecca in its issue:

Rebecca.

The good folks of Llanelly nightly anticipate a visit from this lawless lady and her followers. Two letters from some members of the sisterhood have been received by parties in that town, in which these fair damsels state pretty plainly, that they have determined to level all the obnoxious gates in the neighbourhood.

The Weekly Abolitionist: GPS Tracking as an Alternative to Prisons?

Dylan Matthews recently published an article at Vox titled Prisons are terrible, and there’s finally a way to get rid of them. Matthews’ article starts out strong, beginning with an explanation of the horrific costs of prisons. He describes the appalling rates of physical and sexual assault, the data on systemic racism, and the costs to taxpayers for maintaining this violent system. He then notes the ostensible reasons for the prison system, such as deterrence, rehabilitation, and incapacitation of prisoners. However, he notes “prisons aren’t the only way to accomplish those goals.” His alternative approach is using GPS tracking in order to enforce house arrest.

Matthews cites various empirical studies that suggest GPS tracking is very effective compared to other methods of crime control. Most of the studies compare GPS tracking and house arrest to parole, probation, community service, and other options besides imprisonment. However, one study examined tracking technology when used as a direct alternative to imprisonment:

The most intriguing evidence comes from Argentina, where Harvard’s Rafael Di Tella and Torcuato Di Tella University’s Ernesto Schargrodsky found that electronic monitoring cuts recidivism nearly in half relative to a prison sentence. That raises the possibility that electronic monitoring could be more than merely a supplement to prisons. It could replace many of them. The program evaluated used something a bit less technologically sophisticated than GPS tracking. Offenders wore an ankle bracelet which transmitted a signal to a receptor in their home. If the signal is interrupted, or the device appears to be manipulated, or the vital signs of the individual are not being transmitted from the bracelet, then the receptor calls it in.

Di Tella and Schargrodsky’s evidence is particularly compelling because the decision of whether to give Argentinian arrestees house arrest or prison was made randomly. In most countries, electronic monitoring is offered to defendants judged to be less dangerous, so you’d expect those sentenced to it to reoffend less than those sent to prison. “If you show someone released into monitoring has lower recidivism, all you show is that the judge was successful and identified the person who was less dangerous,” Di Tella notes.

But in Argentina, judges are randomly assigned to cases, and strict and lenient judges differ wildly in their inclination to use electronic monitoring. The result was that extremely high risk people were sometimes given electronic monitoring and extremely low risk people were sometimes thrown into jail — it was just random. The leniency of some judges meant that there were “people accused for the second time of murder [who] were still given electronic monitoring,” Di Tella says. Di Tella and Schargrodsky had stumbled upon a true, randomized experiment, and the result was being monitored instead of imprisoned caused people to reoffend less.

These results suggest that GPS tracking and house arrest could be more effective than imprisonment at preventing criminals from reoffending.

However, while Matthews’ argument at first appears to be a prison abolitionist argument, it is in fact a reform proposal. In order to make sure people remain under house arrest, Matthews proposes “a guaranteed, immediate prison stay for those who violate its terms.” He also argues that for the most dangerous offenders, such as murderers and rapists, house arrest is still insufficiently secure to hold them. Matthews’ proposal would, however, entail locking dramatically fewer people in prison. As Matthews points out, “In 2011, only 2 percent were admitted for murder, 0.7 percent for negligent manslaughter, and 5.4 percent for rape or sexual assault. … The vast majority of the people getting locked up aren’t killers or rapists.”

If Matthews’ proposal were ever implemented, it would in some ways be a dramatic improvement over the American prison system. The very structure of prison makes inmates vulnerable to rape, murder, and other forms of violence in a way that seems unlikely with house arrest and ankle bracelets.

However, there are also substantial risks to expanding the use of house arrest, ankle bracelets, and GPS tracking. The ultimate risk is expanding the scope of criminalization and turning society into an open air prison. These technologies risk turning our homes into sites of surveillance, control, and punishment while making the world a constantly monitored panopticon.

Another problem is that political incentives would make a less punitive system like the one Matthews proposes unstable. As I’ve discussed previously, politicians have plenty of incentives to support ever more punitive policies. After any crisis, heinous crime, or moral panic passing new punitive statutes is politically advantageous for politicians. Politicians further gain from high profile enforcement of the laws they pass and prosecutors benefit from successfully prosecuting people, so a symbiotic relationship between politicians and prosecutors emerges. Prison guards gain concentrated benefits from incarcerating more people, while the costs of imprisonment are dispersed to taxpayers as a whole, and only concentrated upon those who are systematically disenfranchised. Moreover, the general public is rationally ignorant about politics, and polls and surveys indicate that the public overestimates the amount of crime in society, producing a bias in favor of more punitive policies.

So even if GPS tracking is a good replacement for prisons, political incentives mean that punitive prison policies would be reintroduced after GPS tracking was adopted as a supposed replacement. Ultimately, change needs to happen at the level of the institutions and incentives themselves. Change needs to happen at what economists like James Buchanan call the constitutional level, where the rules of the game are made. In my view, the necessary constitutional change is the abolition of the state. It’s good that pieces questioning the necessity of prisons are being published in mainstream liberal outlets like Vox, but a more radical challenge to the  political structure is necessary.

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Desde Argentina y sobre la Copa FIFA en Brasil: ¡Esto también es Mundial!

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When In Edinburgh – ACE!!


       INFO from the Autonomous Centre of Edinburgh, 17 West Montgomery Place EH7 5HA ACE is open Sats 12-4pm, Tues 12-3pm, Thursday 6 - 8pm Advice and solidarity on benefits, debt, housing etc on Tuesdays. Leith Wholefoods, the Info Shop, Scottish Radical Library and free broadband available all 3 days. Open monthly meetings first Wednesday of the month, 7.30pm at ACE 0131 557 6242 ace@autonomous.org.ukwww.autonomous.org.uk
ACE MONTHLY MEETING.
Wednesday 2nd July, 7.30pm at ACE, 17 West Montgomery Place EH7 5HA. All welcome to the monthly meeting of Edinburgh's self-managed resource centre. www.autonomous.org.uk (meetings first Wednesday every month) ACE and ACE projects like the Scottish Radical Library, ACE Info Shop and Leith Wholefoods always need new volunteers, this is a good chance to come along and find out what is going on....
ECAP ANTI WORKFARE ACTION - GET INVOLVED!
Thursday 3rd July. Meet 10.45am for 11am start at Festival Square, off Lothian Road EH3 9SR (where big TV screen is) The new Community Work Placements scheme is in difficulty, many charities are boycotting it and the government is having problems getting it up and running. By taking action now we aim to make it unworkable. The more people involved in our actions the more effective they are - all welcome.
SKUNK - BENEFIT GIG FOR ECAP AND ACE.
https://www.facebook.com/events/397734067031895/Saturday 5th July. At the Banshee Labyrinth, 29-35 Niddry St, a night of ska, reggae and punk. 7pm till very late. £6 (or £4 with food donation for Food Solidarity project) Now with extended film club night in the Banshee cinema. People needed to help on the door! FREEDOM OF THE CITY - BENEFIT GIG FOR FOOD SOLIDARITY Sunday 6th July, Banshee Labyrinth, 29-35 Niddry St, Doors open 6pm till late Oi Polloi and many more. £7 (£5 with food donation). Benefit for Food Solidarity and Underheugh Ark. https://www.facebook.com/events/251804728358752/


Visit ann arky's home at www.radicalglasgow.me.uk