Ali was the caliph between 656 and 661 CE which was one of the hardest periods in Muslim history that coincided with the first Muslim civil war. He reigned over Rashidun empire which was extended from Central Asia in the east to North Africa in the west. Many Muslims consider his government as the Islamic style of justice and tolerance on one side and tough following of Islamic law on the other.

After the assassination of the third Caliph, Uthman Ibn Affan, rebels had to elect a new Caliph. But this election encountered with some difficulties. The rebels were divided into several groups comprising Muhajerin, Ansar, Egyptians, Kufans and Basntes, and the Kharijites. There were three candidates Ali, Talhah and Al-Zubayr. First they referred to Ali and asked him to accept the caliphate. Also some Companions of Muhammad tried to persuade him to accept the office. But he refused and answered: Leave me and seek someone else. We are facing a matter which has (several) faces and colors, which neither hearts can stand nor intelligence can accept. Clouds are hovering over the sky, and faces are not discernible. You should know that if I respond to you I would lead you as I know and would not care about whatever one may say or abuse. If you leave me then I am the same as you are. It is possible I would listen to and obey whomever you make in charge of your affairs. I am better for you as a counselor than as chief.

Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib (Arabic: علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب, Transliteration: ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib, [ʕaliː ibn ʔæbiː t̪ˤɑːlib]; 13^thRajab, 24 BH–21^stRamaḍān, 40 AH; approximately October 23, 598 or 600 or March 17, 599 – January 27, 661). The son of Abu Talib, Ali was also the cousin and son-in-law of Islamic prophet Muhammad, ruling over the Islamic Caliphate from 656 to 661, and was the first male convert to Islam.Sunnis consider Ali the fourth and final of the Rashidun (rightly guided Caliphs), while Shias regard Ali as the first Imam and consider him and his descendants the rightful successors to Muhammad, all of which are members of the Ahl al-Bayt, the household of Muhammad. This disagreement split the Ummah (Muslim community) into the Sunni and Shia branches.

Muslim sources, especially Shia ones, state that since Muhammad's time, Ali was the only person born in the Kaaba sanctuary in Mecca, the holiest place in Islam. His father was Abu Talib and his mother was Fatima bint Asad, but he was raised in the household of Muhammad, who himself was raised by Abu Talib, Muhammad's uncle, and Ali's father. When Muhammad reported receiving a divine revelation, Ali was the first male to accept his message, dedicating his life to the cause of Islam.

Ali Khalif Galaydh (Somali: Cali Khaliif Galayr, Ali Khalif Galaid, Arabic: علي خليف غلير‎) (born in 1941) was the Prime Minister of Somalia from October 8, 2000 to October 28, 2001. Galaydh has extensive experience in public policy, diplomacy, public administration and business. He has taught these subjects at public universities in the United States.

Galaydh was born in Las Anod in 1941. He attended Sheikh Intermediate School and Sheikh Secondary School in in Sheikh in the Sahel region of Somalia. From 1963 to 1965 Galaydh received a scholarship to attend Boston University in Boston, Massachusetts and graduated with honors in 1965 with a Bachelor of Arts in Political Science. From 1967 to 1969 Galaydh attended the Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs at Syracuse University and received a Master of Public Administration (M.P.A) and finished all the requirements for a Ph.D. Galaydh wrote and defended his dissertation in 1971 and 1972. Between 1982 and 1987 Galaydh was a fellow at the Weatherhead Center for International Affairs and a fellow for Middle Eastern Studies at Harvard University.

Allama Khalid Mhamood is an Islamic scholar and retired justice of Supreme court of Pakistan (sharia applite branch) and the director of the Islamic Academy of Manchester U.K.

He is the patron of many Islamic organizations and research foundations. He is also known for his remarkable knowledge on fiqh issues and comparative religions such as Christianity, Judaism, Hinduism, qadianiat and many others.

Khalid Mahmood (born 13 July 1961) is a British Labour Party politician who has been the Member of Parliament (MP) for Birmingham Perry Barr since 2001.

Mahmood is a graduate of UCE Birmingham and a former engineer with a trade union background. He was a Birmingham City Councillor from 1990–1992.

In 2001, Mahmood was selected for the Perry Barr seat by an election of local Labour party members.

Though Khalid held the seat for Labour in the 2001 election, his share of the vote fell by 16.5%, much of which went to the Liberal Democrat candidate Jon Hunt, who ran on an 'anti-sleaze' ticket. Mahmood subsequently increased his share of the vote slightly at the 2005 election, though his majority fell by 805 votes. He was again elected in 2010.

He has voted for the introduction of national ID cards, student top-up fees, anti-terrorism laws and he voted against investigating the Iraq war.

He served as Parliamentary Private Secretary to Home Office Minister Tony McNulty from 10 November 2005 until 6 September 2006, when he resigned after signing a letter calling for Prime Minister Tony Blair to step down. Pakistani-born Mahmood stated that he was "flabbergasted and shocked" after he learned that bin Laden was living in a city with thousands of Pakistani troops, reviving questions about alleged links between al-Qaeda and elements in Pakistan's security forces.