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A digital perm is a perm which uses hot rods with the temperature regulated by a machine, which has a digital display, hence the name. However, the process of the perm is quite analogous to that of a traditional perm. The name “Digital Perm” is also copyrighted by a Japanese company, PAIMORE Co., Ltd.^[1] Hairstylists usually call it a “hot perm”, but it is commonly known as a “digital perm”.

A normal perm basically requires only the perm solution. A digital perm requires a (different) solution plus heat. This type of perm is now popular in both South Korea and Japan and other countries.^[2]

Difference between a normal perm and a digital perm[link]

The biggest difference between other perms and a digital perm is the shape and the texture of the wave created by the digital process.

A normal perm, or a “cold perm”, makes the wave most prominent when the hair is wet, and loose when it is dry. The hair tends to look moist and as locks.

A digital perm makes the wave most prominent when the hair is dry, and loose when it is wet. Therefore you can create the dry and curly look of the curl iron or the hot curler. The digital perm requires heat, so it is also called a “hot perm” in comparison to the “cold perm”.

Digital perms thermally recondition the hair, though the chemicals and processing are similar to a straight perm. One's hair often feels softer, smoother, and shinier after a digital perm than before it.

Cost and time of a digital perm[link]

The price depends on the hair salon, but a digital perm is usually a little more expensive than a cold perm. Also, some hair salons have systems where they can use the machine one at a time, in which case the price could be a lot higher.

The time it takes to perm the hair also depends on the hair salon and the hair type, but it usually takes longer than a cold perm. In some cases, it takes about the same time, but different salons use different solutions and machines, so the time varies.

Styling[link]

A cold perm makes the hair most wavy when it is wet, so to put the styling gel/foam when it is wet and air-drying it makes the wave most prominent. A digital perm makes the hair wavy when it is dry, so you just need to dry it with a blow dryer, and use your hand to make the curl. Styling is very easy, and if you set the curl in the morning, at the end of the day when the wave loosens, you can revive the curl just by curling it with your finger.

Recommendation[link]

A cold perm does not work well with fine hair or coarse hair. A digital perm, on the other hand, can work well with coarse hair, but not well with fine and straight hair. However, most of the problems can be covered by the right selection of the perm solution and the hair stylist’s technique.

A digital perm won't get easily straightened with blow-drying. If you like to enjoy both wavy and straight hair, a cold perm would be better for you. Because a digital perm requires heat, it cannot be used close to your scalp. If you want volume and want to have the perm close to the roots, a digital perm is not for you. Also, a digital perm cannot create tight waves.

Because a digital-perm is so easy to style, it is recommended for people who have a hard time styling at home. It also works well with coarse hair. A digital perm can create loose waves and curls, which is difficult with a cold perm.

See also[link]

• Haircut

References[link]

Further reading[link]

• Liu, Christine, Le Gala Hair Group: Introducing the digital perm, Boston's Weekly Dig, Wednesday, January 31, 2007, Issue 9.5.
• Pastor, Pam, Hi-tech hair, Philippine Daily Inquirer
• Red, Isah V. (2006-09-22). "Erik Mana: strikes again". Philippines News - Manila Standard Today. http://www.manilastandardtoday.com/?page=goodLife02_sept22_2006. Retrieved 2008-03-12. 

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2009)

Perm (English) Пермь (Russian) Перем (Komi-Permyak)
-  City[1]  -
View of Perm
Location of Perm Krai in Russia
Perm Location of Perm in Perm Krai
Coordinates: 58°00′N 56°19′E / 58°N 56.317°E / 58; 56.317Coordinates: 58°00′N 56°19′E / 58°N 56.317°E / 58; 56.317
Coat of arms	Flag
City Day	June 12[citation needed]
Administrative status (as of October 2009)
Country	Russia
Federal subject	Perm Krai[1]
Administratively subordinated to	city of krai significance of Perm[1]
Administrative center of	Perm Krai,[citation needed] city of krai significance of Perm,[1] Permsky District[1]
Municipal status (as of October 2009)
Urban okrug	Perm Urban Okrug[2]
Administrative center of	Perm Urban Okrug[2]
City Head[citation needed]	Igor Shubin[citation needed]
Representative body	City Duma[citation needed]
Statistics
Area	799.68 km2 (308.76 sq mi)[citation needed]
Population (2010 Census, preliminary)	991,530 inhabitants[3]
- Rank in 2010	13th
Population (2002 Census)	1,001,653 inhabitants[4]
- Rank in 2002	13th
Density	1,240 /km2 (3,200 /sq mi)[5]
Time zone	YEKT (UTC+06:00)[6]
Founded	May 15, 1723[citation needed]
City status since	October 29, 1781[citation needed]
Previous names	Yegoshikha (until 1940),[citation needed] Molotov (until October 2, 1957)[citation needed]
Postal code(s)	614xxx[citation needed]
Dialing code(s)	+7 342[citation needed]
Official website
Perm on WikiCommons

Perm (Russian: Пермь; IPA: [pʲermʲ];^[7] Komi-Permyak: Перем, Perem; Komi: Перым, Perym) is a city and the administrative center of Perm Krai, Russia, located on the banks of the Kama River, in the European part of Russia near the Ural Mountains. From 1940 to 1957 it was named Molotov (Мо́лотов).^{[citation needed]}

According to the preliminary results of the 2010 Census, Perm's population is 991,530,^[3] down from 1,001,653 recorded in the 2002 Census^[4] and 1,090,944 recorded in 1989 Census.^[8] As of the 2010 Census, the city was the thirteenth most populous in Russia.^[3]

Perm is served by the Bolshoye Savino Airport and hosts Bakharevka air base.

Etymology[link]

The name Perm is of unknown etymology, likely of Uralic (Komi or Veps) origin. Komi is a member of the Permic group of Uralic languages, which is also named for Perm. Likewise, the geologic period of the Permian takes its name from the toponym.

Geography[link]

Kama River near Perm

With an area of 799.68 square kilometers (308.76 sq mi),^{[citation needed]} the city of Perm is located on the bank of the Kama River upon hilly terrain. The Kama is the main tributary of the Volga River and one of the deepest and most picturesque rivers of Russia. This river is the waterway which grants the Ural Mountains access to the White Sea, Baltic Sea, Sea of Azov, Black Sea, and Caspian Sea. The Kama divides the city into two parts: the central part and the right bank part. The city stretches for 70 kilometers (43 mi) along the Kama and 40 kilometers (25 mi) across it. The city street grid parallels the Kama River, traveling generally east-west, while other main streets run perpendicularly to those following the river. The grid pattern accommodates the hills of the city where it crosses them.

Another distinguishing feature of the city's relief is the large quantity of small rivers and brooks. The largest of them are the Mulyanka, the Yegoshikha, the Motovilikha (all are on the left bank of Kama River), and the Gayva (on the right bank).

Perm has a continental climate with warm summers and long, cold winters.

History[link]

Perm was first mentioned as the village of Yegoshikha in 1647; however, the history of the modern city of Perm starts with the development of the Ural region by Tsar Peter the Great. Vasily Tatishchev, appointed by the Tsar as a chief manager of Ural factories, founded Perm together with another major center of the Ural region, Yekaterinburg.

Perm was founded on May 15 (May 4 in Julian calendar), 1723, and has had town status since October 29, 1781.^{[citation needed]} By 1797, it was already the administrative center of Perm Governorate.

In the 19th century, Perm became a major trade and industrial center with a population of more than 20,000 people in the 1860s, with several metallurgy, paper, and steamboat producing factories, including one owned by a British entrepreneur. In 1870, an opera theater was opened in the city, and in 1871 the first phosphoric factory in Russia was built. In 1916, Perm State University—a major educational institution in modern Russia—was opened.

Pokrovskaya Street in central Perm around 1910

After the outbreak of the Russian Civil War, Perm became a prime target for both sides because of its military munitions factories. In December 1918, the Siberian White Army under Anatoly Pepelyayev (who acknowledged the authority of the Omsk Government of Aleksandr Kolchak), took Perm. In 1919, the city was retaken by the Red Army.

Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovich was executed in the outskirts of Perm with his secretary Nicholas Johnson on June 12, 1918 on the orders of the Perm Cheka.^{[citation needed]} Their bodies were never recovered. A few weeks later on July 7, 1918, Andronic Nikolsky, the Archbishop of Perm, was also murdered by the Bolsheviks in the city.^{[citation needed]} In 2000, the Russian Orthodox Church glorified him as Hieromartyr Andronik, Archbishop Of Perm, one of the Russian New Martyrs and Confessors.^{[citation needed]}

Soviet period[link]

In the 1930s, Perm grew as a major industrial city with aviation, shipbuilding, and chemical factories built during that period. Development continued after the 1940s and virtually every major industry became represented by numerous factories in Perm. To this day, almost 80% of the city's population is employed in manufacturing.^{[citation needed]} During the Great Patriotic War (World War II), Perm was a vital center of artillery production in the Soviet Union.

From 1940 until 1957, the city was named Molotov (Мо́лотов), after Vyacheslav Molotov.^{[citation needed]}

Modern city[link]

TGC-9

The city is a major administrative, industrial, scientific, and cultural center. The leading industries include machinery, defence, oil production (about 3% of Russian output), oil refining, chemical and petrochemical, timber and wood processing and the food industry.

Since 2004, in the city of Perm functioned modern Russia's first Muslim Cossack unit.

Administrative and municipal status[link]

Administratively, along with two rural localities, it is incorporated as the city of krai significance of Perm—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.^[1] Municipally, the city of krai significance of Perm is incorporated as Perm Urban Okrug.^[2]

City divisions[link]

Administrative divisions

Building of the Perm Administration

A view from the new bridge along the Stroiteley Street

Perm is divided into seven city districts:

Economy[link]

Perm has the largest industrial output among cities in the Urals, ahead of Yekaterinburg, Chelyabinsk and Ufa, although Perm has a smaller population than these. 35% of Perm Oblast's industry is located in Perm.^[9] The largest industries in the city are electric power engineering, oil and gas refining, machine building, chemicals and petrochemicals, forestry processing, printing and food industry.^[10]

Several major industrial companies are located in Perm. Engine-makers Perm Motors and Aviadvigatel are among the major players of the Russian aircraft industry. Rocket engine company Proton-PM will mass-produce the RD-191 engine for the upcoming Angara rocket family. In electric engineering, Morion JSC and Perm Scientific and Industrial Group, along with Perm Electrical Engineering Plant are the leading companies. JSC KAMKABEL is Russia's largest exporter of cables and wires. Oil-refining and natural gas processing are also among the city's leading industries. The largest companies in this sector are LUKoil-Perm Ltd., and LUKoilPernefteprodukt Ltd.^[9]

Transport[link]

Perm is an important railway junction on the Trans-Siberian Railway with lines radiating to Central Russia, the north part of the Urals, and the far east of Russia. The Kama River is an important link in the unifying deep-water system of the European part of Russia. The river connects the city with European waterways. It is possible to ship cargo from the Kama river area to the sea ports of the White, Baltic, Azov, Black, and Caspian seas without reloading.^[11]

Perm is served by the international airport Bolshoye Savino, 16 km southwest.

Perm's public transit network includes tram, bus, and trolleybus routes.

Culture[link]

The Perm Opera and Ballet House is one of the best in Russia.^[12] There are many other theatres in Perm, including the Drama theatre, the Puppet Theatre, the Theatre for Young Spectators, the Theatre "Stage Molot" and the Theatre "Near Bridge".

Perm Opera and Ballet House

Perm Museum of Contemporary Art in former building of River Station

Among the cities museums and galleries, the Perm State Art Gallery is recognized for its outstanding collections of art, including paintings from the 15th to 18th century art movements, and wooden sculptures from the region. It is housed in a notable early 19th century structure, once an orthodox cathedral. The spire of the museum towers over the rest of Perm, as it is situated on the Komsomolsky Prospect. [1] ^[13] Perm is receiving attention from the development of the new Museum of Contemporary Art, which came into existence officially in March 2009. ^[14][15]

Education[link]

Perm is a scientific center; some of the scientific institutes are combined in the Perm Scientific Center of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Perm is a home to several major universities including Perm State University,^[16] Perm State Technical University,^[17] Perm State Teachers' Training University, Perm State Medical Academy,^[18] Perm State Pharmaceutical Academy,^[19] Perm State Agricultural Academy, The Institute of Art and Culture, Perm State Choreographic School,^[20] Perm branch of state university Higher school of economics ^[21] and others. There are also three military schools in Perm.

Climate[link]

Perm has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb).

Sports[link]

The three main professional sports played in Perm are association football, ice hockey, and basketball. The largest association football club in Perm is Amkar, who play in the Russian Premier League.^[23] Perm was also home to the two-time Russian Basketball Super League champions, Ural Great. The largest Ice hockey team based in Perm is Molot-Prikame Perm who play in the Vysshaya Liga.^[24]

Notable people[link]

Monument to Fyodor Gral

The following people were either born in Perm or made names for themselves while residing there.

• Viktor Astafyev, short story writer
• Tatiana Borodina, opera soprano
• Sergei Diaghilev, ballet impresario
• Alexandra Kosteniuk, chess player
• Dmitry Mamin-Sibiryak, writer
• Nikolay Moiseyev, astronomer
• Fyodor Petrov, Soviet artillery designer
• Natasha Poly, supermodel
• Alexander Stepanovich Popov, physicist; widely regarded in Russia as the inventor of radio
• Arkadiy Shvetsov, aircraft engine designer
• Nikolay Slavyanov, inventor of an early method of arc welding
• Peter Berngardovich Struve, political economist, philosopher and editor
• Yuri Trutnev, Minister of Natural Resources of Russia
• Andrey Voronikhin, architect and painter
• Konstantin Zyryanov, association football player
• Andronic Nikolsky, the first Bishop of Kyoto, Japan

Twin towns and sister cities[link]

Perm is twinned with:

• Louisville, United States, since 1994
• Oxford, United Kingdom, 1995
• Qingdao, China
• Duisburg, Germany, since 2007^[25][26]

Gallery[link]

• Early color photographs by Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky, taken in 1910
• 

  General view of City of Perm

• 

  General view of the city of Perm from Gorodskiye Gorki

• 

  Razgulyay, outskirts of the city of Perm

• 

  Mary Magdalene Church of the city Perm

• 

  Summertime location of the exchange in the city Perm

• 

  Prokudin-Gorsky — Staro-Sibirskaya Gate in the city of Perm

• 

  Kama River near Perm. The bridge still stands today, but another similar bridge has been built along side it. Both are painted white.

• 

  Headquarters of the Ural Railway Administration in the city of Perm

See also[link]

• Stephen of Perm

References[link]

Notes[link]

Sources[link]

• Законодательное собрание Пермской области. Закон №416-67 от 28 февраля 1996 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Пермского края», в ред. Закона №863-ПК от 7 декабря 2011 г «Об административно-территориальных изменениях в Пермском крае». Вступил в силу с момента опубликования. Опубликован: "Звезда", №38, 12 марта 1996 г. (Legislative Assembly of Perm Oblast. Law #416-67 of February 28, 1996 On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Perm Krai, as amended by the Law #863-PK of December 7, 2011 On the Administrative-Territorial Changes in Perm Krai. Effective as of the moment of publication.).
• Законодательное собрание Пермской области. Закон №2038-446 от 11 февраля 2005 г. «Об утверждении границ и о наделении статусом муниципального образования "Город Пермь" Пермского края», в ред. Закона №499-ПК от 16 октября 2009 г «О внесении изменений в отдельные законодательные акты Пермской области и Коми-Пермяцкого автономного округа». Вступил в силу через десять дней со дня официального опубликования (12 марта 2005 г.), за исключением отдельных положений, вступивших в силу в иные сроки. Опубликован: "Российская газета", №41, 2 марта 2005 г. (Legislative Assembly of Perm Oblast. Law #2038-446 of February 11, 2005 On Establishing the Borders and on Granting the Status to the Municipal Formation of the "City of Perm" of Perm Krai, as amended by the Law #499-PK of October 16, 2009 On Amending Various Legislative Acts of Perm Oblast and Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug. Effective as of the day which is ten days following the day of the official publication (March 12, 2005), with the exception of certain clauses, which took effect on different dates.).

External links[link]

Education[link]

• Perm State University
• Perm State Technical University
• Perm State Pharmaceutical Academy
• Perm State Choreographic School