In 2014, two journalists, an aid worker, and an unknown number of soldiers were
beheaded by the
Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (IS/ISIL/ISIS), a radical
Sunni Islamist group operating in
Iraq and parts of
Syria, with
beheading videos being posted to
social media. A central figure, nicknamed "
Jihadi John", is shown in several videos speaking English with a
British accent and appears to be the executioner in the aforementioned videos. The beheadings received wide coverage and condemnation in the West. Political scientist Max Abrahms has posited that ISIL may be using well-publicized beheadings as a means of differentiating itself from
Al-Qaeda in Iraq (AQI) and identifying itself with
Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, the
jihadi who beheaded
Daniel Pearl.
Executions
James Foley
James Wright Foley (October 18, 1973 August 19, 2014) was an American freelance journalist and
photojournalist of the
Syrian Civil War when he was abducted on November 22, 2012, in northwestern
Syria. Foley is the first American citizen to be killed by Jihadi John. Foley's beheading by ISIS received wide condemnation in the United States.
Steven Sotloff
Steven Joel Sotloff (May 11, 1983 – September 2, 2014) was an
Israeli-American journalist for
TIME magazine and
The Jerusalem Post, although the
Post disavowed any relationship once Sotloff's life was threatened. In 2013, he was kidnapped in
Aleppo, Syria, and was held captive by Islamic militants. On September 2, 2014, a video was released showing Jihadi John beheading Sotloff.
Ali al-Sayyed
Lebanese Army Sergeant Ali al-Sayyed (July 15, 1985c. August 28, 2014) was beheaded following his capture by ISIL during the
Battle of Arsal. ISIS member Abu Musaab Hafid al-Baghdadi posted pictures of the beheading on Twitter. The beheading sparked public outrage in Lebanon. Sergeant Al-Sayed's body was delivered to Lebanese authorities on September 1, and the body confirmed through DNA tests on Tuesday September 2. The funeral ceremony was held on September 3, with family, friends, members of the public, comrades, and Lebanese Army Commander Gen.
Jean Kahwaji.
Abbas Medlej
Lebanese Army soldier Abbas Medlej is believed to have been beheaded following an attempted escape from his captors. ISIL members claim that he was contained following an escape attempt, where he fired upon his captors, according to comments made by an IS Leader on the Turkish Anatolia news channel. Gruesome photos of the slaughtered soldier were posted on several pro-jihadist
Twitter accounts on 6 September. Abbas Medlej was captured by ISIL during the
Battle of Arsal.
Kurdish soldier
An unidentified
Kurdish soldier was beheaded following capture.
Syrian soldiers
Photos of the executions by beheading of an unknown number of Syrian soldiers were posted by ISIS members to social media on July 25.
Khaled Sharrouf incident
In 2014, Khaled Sharrouf, an Australian citizen, joined the ISIS group, proscribed by Australian authorities as a terrorist organisation. Sharrouf's activities reached wide coverage in Australia following his posting of a photo of his seven-year-old son holding the decapitated head of a Syrian soldier. The incident received strong condemnation from Australian leaders and from the public. Sharrouf's activities are thought to be
war crimes. The incident raised concerns over Australian Muslims being recruited for terrorist activity abroad and the possibility that the recruits would return to Australia and conduct further attacks.
David Haines
David Cawthorne Haines (9 May 1970 – 13 September 2014) was a British aid worker who was captured by ISIL in early 2013, and later executed by beheading in early September 2014. Haines was born in
East Yorkshire, moving to
Perth, Scotland as a child and prior to his capture resided in
Sisak, Croatia as a father of two. Haines had been an aircraft engineer in the
Royal Air Force before turning to work in
humanitarian aid in 1999. He helped victims of conflict in the
Former Yugoslavia,
Africa and the
Middle East. In 2012, he was an unarmed security worker for
Nonviolent Peaceforce, a civilian peacekeeping group in
South Sudan.
Haines was abducted in March 2013 by ISIL while working in Syria for the aid group, ACTED, assessing refugee camp locations in the north of the country. He was kidnapped near the Atmeh refugee camp near the Turkish border and the Syrian province of Idlib. He was seized along with an Italian aid worker and two Syrians who have since been freed. The Syrian translator who was with Haines, now freed, claimed that insurgents shot out the tires and surrounded their vehicle on a country road.
Haines' family requested that his abduction be kept a secret. The abduction became public when Haines appeared in the Sotloff execution video, being held by Jihadi John who threatened that Haines would be the next victim. The UK Foreign Office originally requested the British media to not publish Haines' identity fearing for his safety, though international press had published his name. Later, the UK Foreign Secretary Philip Hammond confirmed that Haines was one of the intended targets of the 2014 American rescue mission in Syria. The mission failed reportedly because the jihadist group had moved the hostages prior to the arrival of American commandos. Hammond suggested that the UK could launch another rescue attempt to recover the captured Briton.
A video of Haines' beheading, entitled "A Message to the Allies of America", was released by ISIS on September 13, 2014. The video, following a similar format to the ones for Foley and Sotloff, started with a clip of a press statement by UK Prime Minister David Cameron followed by a title screen. Next it showed Haines delivering a prepared speech. Next the executioner makes a statement then puts his knife to Haines throat and makes cutting motions as the video fades to black. The next scene is a shot of the camera panning over Haines' body with his dismembered head on his back. In the final scene, the executioner is holding the orange jumpsuit of another person, named as British aid worker Alan Henning, saying "If you, Cameron, insist on fighting the Islamic State then you, like your master Obama, will have the blood of your people on your hands."
Alan Henning
Alan Henning (born August 15, 1967) is a British
humanitarian aid worker. He is currently held captive by the ISIL. He is the fourth Western hostage whom they have threatened to kill; they have already killed three others. He was captured during ISIL's occupation of the Syrian city of
Al-Dana in December 2013, where he was helping with humanitarian relief. The
UK Foreign Office withheld news of Henning's capture while they attempted to negotiate his release. Henning was shown at the end of Haines's execution video, released on September 13, 2014, and referred to by "
Jihadi John" as the next victim.
Alleged Australian beheading plot
In a pre-dawn
police raid on 18 September 2014, Australian law enforcement detained 15 individuals in
Sydney and
Brisbane allegedly plotting a "demonstration execution". The purported plan was to kidnap a random resident of Sydney and behead the individual on camera draped in the black flag of the Islamic State.
Hervé Gourdel
Hervé Gourdel (12 September 1959 – 24 September 2014) was a French citizen and
mountaineering guide. On 22 September 2014, a recently formed ISIL affiliate in
Algeria,
Jund al-Khilafah, released a video which showed Gourdel being held hostage. On 24 September, they carried through on threats to behead him. The beheading was captured in a video titled "A Message of Blood for French Government."
The video is similar to other ISIL execution videos. Opening with a news clip of French President Francois Hollande and a title screen, it then showed Gourdel handcuffed and kneeling in front of four armed masked men. After Gourdel delivered a statement, one of the militants then read a statement, declaring that Gourdel's kidnapping and execution were in response to the order of ISIL spokesman Abu Mohammad al-Adnani to attack citizens of countries participating in the US-led coalition against the Islamic State. Like the other beheading videos, Gourdel's beheading is not shown, but the final scene depicts Gourdel's dead body with his severed head in his lap, and then the fighters holding it up.
International response
The day after the video of the
execution of Sotloff surfaced, British Prime Minister
David Cameron told the
House of Commons: "I am sure the whole House, and the whole country, will join with me in condemning the sickening and brutal murder of another American hostage, and share our shock and anger that it again appears to have been carried out by a British citizen. All our thoughts are with the British hostage and his family. Their ordeal is unimaginable." He concluded: "A country like ours will not be cowed by these barbaric killers. If they think we will weaken in the face of their threats, they are wrong. It will have the opposite effect. We will be more forthright in the defence of the values, liberty under the rule of law, freedom, democracy that we hold dear."
Soon after the David Haines video surfaced, British Prime Minister David Cameron released a statement by Twitter: "The murder of David Haines is an act of pure evil. My heart goes out to his family who have shown extraordinary courage and fortitude. We will do everything in our power to hunt down these murderers and ensure they face justice, however long it takes."
The White House released this statement via Twitter: "The United States strongly condemns the barbaric murder of UK citizen David Haines by the terrorist group ISIL [ISIS.] Our hearts go out to the family of Mr. Haines and to the people of the United Kingdom. The United States stands shoulder to shoulder tonight with our close friend and ally in grief and resolve. We will work with the United Kingdom and a broad coalition of nations from the region and around the world to bring the perpetrators of this outrageous act to justice, and to degrade and destroy this threat to the people of our countries, the region and the world."
The British Counter Terrorism Internet Referral Unit (CTIRU) has been working to "take extremist material off the internet" and has removed over 28,000 pieces of "unlawful terrorist-related content" between December 2013 and August 2014.
See also
Beheading in Islamism
Beheading video
The Beatles, terrorist cell of the Islamic State that guarded and beheaded a number of hostages
Notes
References
Category:Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant activities
Category:Foreign hostages in Syria
Category:Kidnappings by Islamists
Category:People executed by Jihadi John