Scindia (anglicized from Shinde and also spelled as Sindhia, Sindia) is a Maratha clan in India. This clan included rulers of the Gwalior State in the 18th and 19th centuries, collaborators of the colonial British government during the 19th and the 20th centuries until India became independent, as well as politicians in independent India.

History[link]

This unreferenced section requires citations to ensure verifiability.

The Shinde dynasty was founded by Ranoji Shinde, who was the son of Jankojirao Shinde, the Patil of Kanherkhed, a village in Satara District, Maharashtra. The closing years of Peshwa Baji Rao's career saw the strengthening of the Maratha confederacy. Ranoji was in charge of the Maratha conquests in Malwa in 1726. Ranoji established his capital at Ujjain in 1731. His successors included Jayajirao, Jyotibarao, Dattajirao, Jankojirao, Mahadji and Daulatrao Shinde. The Sindhia state of Gwalior became a major regional power in the latter half of the 18th century and figured prominently in the three Anglo-Maratha Wars. They held sway over many of the Rajput states, and conquered the state of Ajmer.

After the defeat of the allied Maratha states by the British in the Third Anglo-Maratha War of 1818, Daulatrao Scindia was forced to accept local autonomy as a princely state within British India and to give up Ajmer to the British. After the death of Daulatrao, Maharani Baiza Bai ruled the empire, saving it from the British power, till the adopted child Jankoji Rao took over the charge. Jankoji died in 1843, and his widow Tarabai Raje Shinde successfully maintained the position and adopted a child from close lineage named Jayajirao.

The Scindia family ruled Gwalior until India's independence from the United Kingdom in 1947, when the Maharaja Jivajirao Scindia acceded to the Government of India. Gwalior was merged with a number of other princely states to become the new Indian state of Madhya Bharat. George Jivajirao served as the state's rajpramukh, or appointed governor, from 28 May 1948 to 31 October 1956, when Madhya Bharat was merged into Madhya Pradesh.

In 1962, Rajmata Vijayraje Scindia, the widow of Maharaja Jiwajirao, was elected to the Lok Sabha, beginning the family's career in electoral politics. She was first a member of the Congress Party, and later became an influential member of the Bharatiya Janata Party. Her son Madhavrao Scindia was elected to the Lok Sabha in 1971 representing the Congress Party, and served until his death in 2001. His son, Jyotiraditya Scindia, also in the Congress Party, was elected to the seat formerly held by his father in 2004.

Vijayaraje's daughters have supported the Bharatiya Janata Party. Vasundhara Raje Scindia contested and won five parliamentary elections from Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan. Under the Vajpayee government from 1998 onwards, Vasundhara was in charge of several different ministries. In 2003 she led the Bharatiya Janata Party to its largest majority in Rajasthan, and became the state's Chief Minister. Her other daughter, Yashodhara Raje Scindia, contested assembly elections from Shivpuri in Madhya Pradesh and won in 1998 and 2003. Upon the BJP's win in the state, she became the state's Minister for Tourism, Sports and Youth Affairs. Vasundhara's son Dushyant Singh entered the Lok Sabha in 2004 from Rajasthan.

Origins[link]

The Scindia family is traditionally considered to be descendants of King Shinde ( Sendrak ) and Old Maratha stem. The Shinde served the Peshwa, and were also Shiledars under the Bahamani sultanates of the Deccan.^[2]

Branches[link]

This unreferenced section requires citations to ensure verifiability.

Aapteekar, Bhuse, Desai, Kulhar, Kolhe, Kurvasinde, Jatayoo, Jadbuddhe, Jade, Jayshinde, Dable, Dorge, Durdayshinde, Nagawade, Nekulshinde, Neknamdar, Nebhale, Pratapshinde, Bhagalkar, Bhure, Bhore, Bhed, Mung, Ghate, Muke, Mungekar, Mugool, Tingre, Vijayshinde, Valekar, Wable,Shishupalshinde, Saktpalshinde, Sitajashinde, Bhairavshinde, Mahakalshinde, Mulshinde, Mude, Paigude. (Total 35)

Subclans[link]

This unreferenced section requires citations to ensure verifiability.

• Paygude, Deshmukhs of 35 villages of Prant Pune along with Karanjavane Deshmukh.
• Desai, Surname of Patan, Satara District, holds Deshmukhi of a number of villages.
• Shinde, a clan of Torgal intermarried to Chhatrapati Bhosales of Kolhapur on a number of occasions,
• Shinde, clan of Majalgaon, were Saranjamdars of Majalgaon from time of Bijapur sultanates.
• Shinde, Known as Subhedar, Khor, Taluka, Daund, Dist: Pune.

"Wable", deshmukh of Kopergaon [Ahmednagar] district

Titles[link]

This unreferenced section requires citations to ensure verifiability.

In the course of their military service, the Scindia were bestowed numerous titles by the British Empire, which grew more elaborate with the passage of time:

• 1745: Shrimant Sardar (name) Scindia Bahadur (Brave Chief of the Scindia)
• 1745-1787: Meherban Shrimant Sardar (name) Scindia Bahadur (High and Brave Chief of the Scindia)
• 1787-1790: His Highness Maharajadhiraj Maharaja Sahib Subadar Shrimant (name) Scindia Bahadur Maharaja Scindia of Gwalior (His Highness the Great King over Kings, High and Brave Lord of the Scindia, Scindia King of Gwalior)
• 1790-1794: His Highness Ali Jah, Umdat ul-Umara, Farzand-i-Arjumand, Maharajadhiraj Maharaja Sahib Subadar Shrimant (name) Scindia Bahadur, Shrinath, Mansur-i-Zaman, Naib ul-Istiqlal-i-Maharajadhiraj Sawai Madhav Rao Narayan, Maharaja Scindia of Gwalior (His Highness the Exalted Dignity, Pillar of the Nobility, Worthy Son, Great King over Kings and Lord Chieftain of the Brave Scindia, Lord of Fortune, Victorious of the Age, Permanent Deputy of the Peshwar, Scindia King of Gwalior)
• 1794-1827: His Highness Ali Jah, Naib Vakil-i-Mutlaq, Amir ul-Umara, Mukhtar ul-Mulk, Maharajadhiraj Maharaja Shrimant (name) Scindia Bahadur, Maharaja Scindia of Gwalior (His Highness the Exalted Dignity, Deputy Agent, Amir of Amirs, Agent of the Kingdom, Great King over Kings of the Brave Scindia, Scindia King of Gwalior)
• 1827-1845: His Highness Ali Jah, Umdat ul-Umara, Hisam us-Sultanat, Mukhtar ul-Mulk, Maharajadhiraj Maharaja Shrimant (name) Scindia Bahadur, Shrinath, Mansur-i-Zaman, Maharaja Scindia of Gwalior (His Highness the Exalted Dignity, Pillar of the Nobility, Sword of the Kingdom, Agent of the Kingdom, Great King over Kings of the Brave Scindia, Lord of Fortune, Victorious of the Age, Scindia King of Gwalior)
• 1845-1861: His Highness Ali Jah, Umdat ul-Umara, Hisam us-Sultanat, Mukhtar ul-Mulk, Azim ul-Iqtidar, Rafi-us-Shan, Wala Shikoh, Muhtasham-i-Dauran, Maharajadhiraj Maharaja Shrimant (name) Scindia Bahadur, Shrinath, Mansur-i-Zaman (His Highness the Exalted Dignity, Pillar of the Nobility, Sword of the Kingdom, Agent of the Kingdom, Chief of the Highest Authority, High in Prestige, Exalted in Dignity, Great Prince over Princes of the Brave Scindia, Lord of Fortune, Victorious of the Age)
• 1861-1901: His Highness Ali Jah, Umdat ul-Umara, Hisam us-Sultanat, Mukhtar ul-Mulk, Azim ul-Iqtidar, Rafi-us-Shan, Wala Shikoh, Muhtasham-i-Dauran, Maharajadhiraj Maharaja Shrimant (name) Scindia Bahadur, Shrinath, Mansur-i-Zaman, Fidvi-i-Hazrat-i-Malika-i-Mua'zzama-i-Rafi-ud-Darja-i-Inglistan (His Highness the Exalted Dignity, Pillar of the Nobility, Sword of the Kingdom, Agent of the Kingdom, Chief of the Highest Authority, High in Prestige, Exalted in Dignity, Great Prince over Princes of the Brave Scindia, Lord of Fortune, Victorious of the Age, Vassal of Her Majesty the Honoured and Exalted Queen of England)
• 1901-1952: His Highness Ali Jah, Umdat ul-Umara, Hisam us-Sultanat, Mukhtar ul-Mulk, Azim ul-Iqtidar, Rafi-us-Shan, Wala Shikoh, Muhtasham-i-Dauran, Maharajadhiraj Maharaja Shrimant (name) Scindia Bahadur, Shrinath, Mansur-i-Zaman, Fidvi-i-Hazrat-i-Malik-i-Mua'zzam-i-Rafi-ud-Darjat-i-Inglistan (His Highness the Exalted Dignity, Pillar of the Nobility, Sword of the Kingdom, Agent of the Kingdom, Chief of the Highest Authority, High in Prestige, Exalted in Dignity, Great Prince over Princes of the Brave Scindia, Lord of Fortune, Victorious of the Age, Vassal of His Majesty the Honoured and Exalted King of England)
• 1952-1969: His Highness Ali Jah, Umdat ul-Umara, Hisam us-Sultanat, Mukhtar ul-Mulk, Azim ul-Iqtidar, Rafi-us-Shan, Wala Shikoh, Muhtasham-i-Dauran, Maharajadhiraj Maharaja Shrimant (name) Scindia Bahadur, Shrinath, Mansur-i-Zaman, Fidvi-i-Hazrat-i-Malika-i-Mua'zzama-i-Rafi-ud-Darja-i-Inglistan (His Highness the Exalted Dignity, Pillar of the Nobility, Sword of the Kingdom, Agent of the Kingdom, Chief of the Highest Authority, High in Prestige, Exalted in Dignity, Great Prince over Princes of the Brave Scindia, Lord of Fortune, Victorious of the Age, Vassal of Her Majesty the Honoured and Exalted Queen of England)

Scindia Maharajas of Ujjain and Gwalior[link]

Mahadaji Sindhia.

This unreferenced section requires citations to ensure verifiability.

• Ranojirao Scindia (1731 – 19 July 1745)
• Jayapparao Scindia (1745 – 25 July 1755)
• Jankojirao I Scindia (25 July 1755 – 15 January 1761). Born 1745.
• Meharban Dattaji Rao Shinde, Regent (1755 – 10 January 1760). Died 1760.
• Vacant 15 January 1761 – 25 November 1763
• Kedarjirao Scindia (25 November 1763 – 10 July 1764)
• Manajirao Scindia Phakade (10 July 1764 – 18 January 1768)
• Mahadaji Shinde (18 January 1768 – 12 February 1794). Born c.1730, died 1794.
• Daulatrao Scindia (12 February 1794 – 21 March 1827). Born 1779, died 1827.
• Jankojirao II Scindia (18 June 1827 – 7 February 1843). Born 1805, died 1843.
• Jayajirao Scindia (7 February 1843 – 20 June 1886). Born 1835, died 1886.
• Madho Rao Scindia (20 June 1886 – 5 June 1925). Born 1876, died 1925.
• George Jivajirao Scindia (Maharaja 5 June 1925 – 15 August 1947, Rajpramukh 28 May 1948 – 31 October 1956, later Rajpramukh) Born 1916, died 1961.
• Madhavrao Scindia (Feb 6, 1949, died 2001)
• Jyotiraditya Madhavrao Scindia (born 1 January 1971)
• Mahanaryaman JyotiradityaScindia

See also[link]

• Jai Vilas Mahal, the current residence of the Scindia family.

References[link]

Further reading[link]

• Hope, John (1863). The House of Scindea — A Sketch by John Hope. Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts & Green, London. http://www.archive.org/stream/houseofscindeask00hoperich#page/n5/mode/2up. 

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Scindia

This article may require copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling. You can assist by editing it. (March 2012)

Rahul Dravid

Personal information
Full name	Rahul Sharad Dravid
Born	(1973-01-11) 11 January 1973 (age 39) Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
Nickname	The Wall, Jammy, Mr. Dependable
Height	5 ft 11 in (1.80 m)
Batting style	Right-handed
Bowling style	Right arm off spin
Role	Batsman, Wicketkeeper
International information
National side	India
Test debut (cap 207)	20 June 1996 v England
Last Test	24 January 2012 v Australia
ODI debut (cap 339)	3 April 1996 v Sri Lanka
Last ODI	16 September 2011 v England
ODI shirt no.	19
Only T20I	31 August 2011 v England
Domestic team information
Years	Team
1990–present	Karnataka
2000	Kent
2003	Scotland
2008–2010	Royal Challengers Bangalore
2011–present	Rajasthan Royals
Career statistics
Competition	Test	ODI	FC	LA
Matches	164	344	298	449
Runs scored	13,288	10,889	23,794	15,271
Batting average	52.31	39.16	55.33	42.30
100s/50s	36/63	12/83	68/117	21/112
Top score	270	153	270	153
Balls bowled	120	186	617	477
Wickets	1	4	5	4
Bowling average	39.00	42.50	54.60	105.25
5 wickets in innings	0	0	0	0
10 wickets in match	0	0	0	0
Best bowling	1/18	2/43	2/16	2/43
Catches/stumpings	210/0	196/14	353/1	233/17
Source: Cricinfo, 30 January 2012

Rahul Sharad Dravid  pronunciation (help·info) (born 11 January 1973) is a former Indian cricketer and captain of the Indian Test and One Day International teams. Dravid was honoured as one of the top-five Wisden Cricketers of the Year in 2000.^[1] Dravid was also awarded the ICC Player of the Year and the Test Player of the Year at the inaugural awards ceremony held in 2004.^[2] Dravid also holds the record of having taken the most number of catches in Test matches. On 9 March 2012, he announced his retirement from international cricket.^[3]

On 7 August 2011 after getting a surprise call to play in ODI series against England he declared his retirement from One Day Internationals and T20.^[4]

Popularly hailed as "The Wall of Indian cricket", Dravid is regarded by many to be one of the greatest batsmen in the history of the game. Dravid holds multiple cricketing records. He is only the second player, after Sachin Tendulkar, to reach 13,000 runs in Test cricket.^[5] On 14 February 2007, he became the sixth player overall and the third Indian (after Sachin Tendulkar and Sourav Ganguly), to score 10,000 runs in ODI cricket in cricketing history.^[6] He is the first and only batsman to score a century in all ten Test playing nations.^[7] With more than 200 catches, Dravid currently holds the world record for the most number of catches in Test cricket.^[8] Dravid has also been involved in more than 80 century partnerships with 18 different partners and has been involved in 19 century partnerships with Sachin Tendulkar – a world record.^[9]

On 24 November 2011, he became the second international player to reach 13,000 runs in Test Cricket after Sachin Tendulkar.^[10]

On 14 December 2011, he became the first non-Australian cricketer to address at the Bradman Oration in Canberra.^[11]

Dravid has been bowled 55 times in Test cricket, going past Allan Border's previous record of 53.

On 9 March 2012, Rahul Dravid announced his retirement from international and first class cricket. Dravid made the announcement with the BCCI president, N Srinivasan and former captain Anil Kumble at a press conference in Bangalore. He was however slated to appear in the 2012 edition of the Indian Premier League as captain of the Rajasthan Royals^[12]

Early life and family[link]

Dravid was born in Indore, Madhya Pradesh.^[13] He belongs to a Maharashtrian^[14] family settled in Bangalore, Karnataka.^[15] He has a younger brother, Vijay. Dravid's father worked for Kissan, a company known for producing jams and preserves and thus he earned the nickname Jammy from his teammates at St. Joseph's Boys' High School. His mother, Pushpa, was a professor of architecture at Bangalore University.^[16] Rahul Dravid has a degree in commerce from St. Joseph's College of Commerce, Bangalore.

Dravid started playing cricket at the age of 12, and represented the state at the under-15, under-17 and under-19 level.^[17] Rahul's talents were first spotted by former cricketer Keki Tarapore who was coaching at a summer coaching camp at the Chinnaswamy Stadium.^[18] He went on to score a century on debut for his school team.^[15] Along with the batting, he was keeping wickets. However, he later stopped keeping wickets on advice from former Test players Gundappa Vishwanath, Roger Binny, Brijesh Patel and Tarapore.

He was selected to make his Ranji Trophy debut in February 1991 against Maharashtra in Pune (while still attending college at St. Joseph's College of Commerce in Bangalore), alongside future Indian teammates Anil Kumble and Javagal Srinath, scoring 82 in a drawn match after batting in the No. 7 position.^[19] His first full season was in 1991–92, when he scored two centuries to finish with 380 runs at an average of 63.3,^[20] and was selected for South Zone in the Duleep Trophy.^[21]

On 4 May 2003, he married Vijeta Pendharkar, a surgeon from Nagpur.^[22] They have two children, Samit (born 2005)^[23] and Anvay (born 2009).^[24]

Cricketing career[link]

1995–98: Beginning[link]

Dravid in action during a Test match

Dravid had a disappointing start to his career making his debut in one-dayers against Sri Lankan cricket team in the Singer Cup in Singapore immediately after World Cup in March 1996, replacing Vinod Kambli. Subsequently, he was dropped from the team, until he was picked again for the tour of England.

He then made his debut in the Second Test against England along with Sourav Ganguly,when Sanjay Manjrekar got injured after the first Test match on that tour.

Dravid scored 95^[25] and held his position on Manjrekar's return for the Third Test, scoring 84.^[26] After moderate performance in home series against Australia and South Africa, Dravid broke through on the 1996–97 tour of South Africa. He batted at No. 3 in the third Test in Johannesburg, scoring his maiden century with 148 and 81, the top score in each innings to claim his first man of the match award.^[27] He made his first half-century against Pakistan in the Sahara Cup in 1996, scoring 90 in his 10th ODI.^[28]

In the 18 months ending in mid-1998, he played in an away series against the West Indies, home and away series against Sri Lanka and a home series against Australia, he scored consistently, with 964 runs at an average of 56.7. He scored eleven half-centuries but was unable to convert them to triple figures^{[citation needed]}. He scored his second century in late 1998 against Zimbabwe in a one-off Test match, top-scoring in both innings with 148 and 44, but was unable to prevent an Indian defeat^{[citation needed]}. He became the third Indian batsman after Vijay Hazare and Sunil Gavaskar to score centuries in both innings of a match during the 1999 New Year's Test match against New Zealand with 190 and 103* to force a draw.^[29][30] He had a moderate season in the subcontinent in early 1999, scoring 269 runs at an average of 38.42 with one century before scoring 239 at an average of 39.8 including a century against New Zealand in late 1999^{[citation needed]}. This was followed by a poor away series against Australia and another poor home series against South Africa, accumulating just 187 runs at an average of 18.7. He then scored 200*, his first double century, against Zimbabwe in Delhi, which along with 70* in the second innings helped India to victory. It was the first time he had passed 50 in 12 months and he followed this with a 162 in the following Test, giving him 432 runs in the two match series at an average of 432^{[citation needed]}.

1999: World Cup success[link]

Dravid was top scorer in the 7th World Cup (1999), scoring 461 runs. He is the only Indian to score two back to back centuries at the World Cup. He scored 110 vs Kenya and followed it with a masterly 145 against Sri Lanka in Taunton, in a match where he kept wickets. He was vice captain during 2003 World cup where India reached the final, serving his team in the dual capacity of a batsman and wicket keeper to accommodate an additional batsman, a move that paid huge dividends for India. Dravid was the captain during the 2007 cricket world cup in West Indies, where Indian cricket team had a dismal campaign.

Post 2000[link]

Dravid gestures while fielding during a Test match against Sri Lanka in Galle in 2008.

In the second test of a three match test series against Australia at Kolkata in 2001, Dravid joined hands with VVS Laxman to produce one of the greatest comeback victories in the history of the game. Following on, the pair put on 376 runs for the fifth wicket in the second innings of the match. Dravid scored 180 while Laxman made 281.^[31] Though Dravid ended up second-best, it remains one of his greatest performances till date. Later that year in Port Elizabeth against South Africa, he made a crucial match-saving 87 runs in the second innings to deny South Africa the win.^[32]

2002 was the year, when Dravid started to emerge out of Tendulkar's shadow and established himself as India's premier Test batsman. In the month of April, at Georgetown, West Indies in first test match of the series, he scored an unbeaten 144^[33] in the first innings after being hit by a Mervyn Dillon delivery. Later that year, he raked up four consecutive centuries against England (3) and West Indies (1). In August 2002, against England at Headingley Stadium, Leeds in the third test match of the series, he scored a 148 in the first innings on a seamer-friendly pitch to set up a famous Indian win.^[34] He won the man of the match award for this performance. Dravid's astonishing aggregate of 602 runs in the four match test series against England also fetched him the man of the series award.

In 2003–2004 season, Dravid scored three double centuries, one each against New Zealand, Australia and Pakistan. Against Australia at Adelaide in second match of the four match series, the batting pair of Dravid and VVS Laxman proved to be Australia's nemesis again. In the first innings, India were looking down the barrel at 4 wickets down for 85 runs in reply to Australia's massive 556 when the duo joined hands. By the time their partnership was broken, the pair had put on 303 runs. Laxman was dismissed for 148 while Dravid went on make 233. At that time, this was the highest individual score by an Indian batsman overseas. By the time Dravid was done, India was only 33 short of Australia's first innings score. Dravid followed this with an unbeaten 72 under immense pressure in the second innings to set up a famous victory.^[35] Dravid scored 619 runs in that four-match series against Australia at an average of 103.16 and won the man of the series award. During the later part of the season, Dravid, in Ganguly's absence, led India to its first test victory over Pakistan in Pakistan in the first test match at Multan. In the third and the final match of the series At Rawalpindi, Dravid stroked a masterly 270 to take India to a historic test series win over Pakistan.^[36] Dravid was the India's lifesaver in the disastrous tour of England in 2011, which costed India the top rankings in test cricket which they lost 4-0. However, only Dravid stood up and hit up 3 watchful centuries as India tumbled.

Retirement[link]

Rahul Dravid had been dropped from the ODI team in 2009 until he was included in the team in 2011 for a ODI series in England. The decision surprised many, including Dravid himself.^[37] Though Dravid had not officially retired from ODI cricket, he accepted that he didn't expect to be recalled.^[38][39] After being selected, Dravid announced that the series would be his last ODI appearance.^[37] Rahul Dravid played his last ODI innings against England at Sophia Gardens, Cardiff on Friday, 16 September 2011. He scored a crucial 69 runs from 79 balls before eventually being bowled by Graeme Swann.^[40] He had the distinction of playing his last limited overs international match on his debut match in a T20I. He announced his retirement before playing his first T20I match.^[41]

After the tour of Australia in 2011-12, Rahul Dravid announced his retirement from test and domestic cricket on 9 March 2012, although he will be leading Rajasthan Royals in the 2012 Indian Premier League. Dravid was the second highest run scorer and player with the highest number of catches in test cricket at the time of his retirement.^[42]

Playing style[link]

With a strong technique, he has been the backbone for the Indian cricket team. Beginning with the reputation of being a defensive batsman who should be confined to Test cricket, he was dropped from ODIs as he was slow in making runs. However, in a period of his career he began consistently scoring runs in ODIs as well, earning him the award of ICC player of the year. His nickname of 'The Wall' in Reebok advertisements has now become a tribute to his consistency. Dravid has scored 36 centuries in Test cricket at an average of 53.19, including 5 double centuries. In one-dayers too he has an impressive average of 39.49, although at a strike rate of 71.22. He is one of the few Indians who average more at away Test matches than at home, averaging about 5 more runs a match abroad than on Indian pitches.^[43] As of 23 September 2010, Dravid's average in overseas Tests stood at 55.53 as against his home Test average of 50.76,^[43] and his average for away ODI stands at 37.93^[44] as against home ODI average of 43.11.^[45] In matches that India has won, Dravid averages 66.34 in Tests^[46] and 50.69 in ODIs.^[47]

Dravid's sole Test wicket was that of Ridley Jacobs in the fourth Test against the West Indies during the 2001–2002 series. While he has no pretensions to being a bowler, Dravid often kept wicket for India in ODIs. He has since delegated the wicket-keeping gloves, first to Parthiv Patel and more recently to Mahendra Singh Dhoni. Dravid is now purely a batsman, one who has averaged 63.51 in matches played since 1 January 2000.

Dravid was involved in two of the largest partnerships in ODIs: a 318-run partnership with Sourav Ganguly, the first pair to combine for a 300-run partnership, and then a 331-run partnership with Sachin Tendulkar, which is the present world record. He also holds the record for the greatest number of innings since debut before being dismissed for a duck. His highest scores in ODIs and Tests are 153 and 270 respectively. Uniquely, each of his five double centuries in Tests was a higher score than his previous double century (200*, 217, 222, 233, 270).

Also, Dravid is the current world record holder for the highest percentage(%) contribution of runs scored in matches won under a single captain, where the captain has won more than 20 Tests.^[48] In the 21 Test matches India won under Sourav Ganguly's leadership, Dravid played his part in every single one of those wins, scoring at a record average of 102.84 and piling up an astonishing 2571 runs, with nine hundreds – three of them double-centuries – and ten fifties in 32 innings. He contributed nearly 23% of the total runs scored by India those 21 matches, which is almost one run out of every four runs the team scored.

An innings-by-innings breakdown of Dravid's Test match batting career, showing runs scored (red bars) and the average of the last ten innings (blue line).

He was named one of the Wisden cricketers of the year 2000. Though primarily a defensive batsman,Dravid has scored 50 not out in 22 balls(Strike Rate-227.27)vs NewZealand in Hydrabad on 15 Nov 2003,second fastest 50 among Indians.Only Ajit Agarkar 67 of 21 balls is faster than Dravid.

In 2004, Dravid was awarded the Padma Shri by the Government of India. On 7 September 2004, he was awarded the inaugural Player of the year award and the Test player of the year by the International Cricket Council, ICC (associated image below). On 18 March 2006, Dravid played his 100th Test against England in Mumbai.

In 2006, it was announced that he would remain captain of the Indian team up to the 2007 World Cup in the West Indies.

After the England Series however, he stepped down as captain of India due to personal reasons. Mahendra Singh Dhoni took over as ODI captain. Anil Kumble replaced him in test matches.

In 2007, he was dropped from the Indian ODI Squad following poor series against Australia. Dravid went back to play for Karnataka in the Ranji Trophy, scoring 218 against Mumbai.

In 2008, he made 93 in the first innings of the Perth test, the highest score of the match, to help India win and make the series 1–2. However, he was ignored by selectors for the subsequent one-day tri-series.

After a barren run in Test matches in 2008, Dravid came under increasing media pressure to retire or be dropped. In the Second Test against England in Mohali, he scored 136, putting on a triple-century stand with Gautam Gambhir.

After reaching 10,000 test runs milestone, he was quoted saying, "It's a proud moment for sure. For me, growing up, I dreamt of playing for India. When I look back, I probably exceeded my expectations with what I have done over the last 10 to 12 years. I never had an ambition to do it because I never believed – it is just a reflection of my longevity in the game."^[49]

Dravid is also one of the two batsmen to score 10,000 runs at a single batting position and is now the second highest run getter in Test Cricket next to Sachin Tendulkar.

The neutrality of this article is disputed. Please see the discussion on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until the dispute is resolved. (April 2011)

Praises and Accolades[link]

In 1999,Glenn McGrath is believed to have been said if there was one Indian player who would get an automatic entry into an Australian team filled with stars, it would be Rahul Dravid.^[50]

Facts[link]

• Rahul Dravid is the first batsmen who has registered a score of century in all test playing nations.
• He has played 93 consecutive five day test matches for India
• The first player to score 10000-run at No.3 position
• Rahul Dravid has a record of most number of catches in Test Cricket.^[51]
• His highest knock of 270 runs is the longest innings played by an Indian batsmen in terms of minutes.^[52]
• He holds a record for not being dismissed on a duck for 120 innings consecutive one-day matches.
• He is only the second non-English cricketer to have hit 3 or more centuries in a two different test series in England, the other being Donald Bradman.

Teams[link]

International[link]

• India
• ACC Asian XI
• ICC World XI
• MCC

Indian first-class[link]

• Karnataka
• South Zone

Indian Premier League[link]

• Royal Challengers Bangalore
• Rajasthan Royals

English county[link]

• Kent
• Scotland

Controversies[link]

Ball-tampering incident[link]

In January 2004 Dravid was found guilty of ball tampering during an ODI with Zimbabwe. Match referee Clive Lloyd adjudged the application of an energy sweet to the ball as a deliberate offence although Dravid himself denied this was his intent.^[53] Lloyd emphasised that television footage caught Dravid putting a lozenge on the ball during the Zimbabwean innings on Tuesday night at the Gabba.^[53] According to the ICC's Code of Conduct, players are not allowed to apply substances to the ball other than sweat and saliva.^[53] Dravid was fined half of his earnings from the match.^[53]

Indian coach John Wright came out in defence of Dravid, stating that "It was an innocent mistake". Wright argued that Dravid had been trying to apply saliva to the ball when parts of a losenge he had been chewing stuck to the ball; Dravid then tried to wipe it off.^[54] ICC regulations prevented Dravid from commenting about the issue, but former Indian captain Sourav Ganguly also stated that Dravid's act was "just an accident".^[54]

Multan declaration[link]

One of Dravid's most debated decisions was taken in March 2004, when he was standing in as captain for an injured Sourav Ganguly. The Indian first innings was declared at a point when Sachin Tendulkar was at 194 with 16 overs remaining on Day 2.^[55] Rahul Dravid has had a mixed record when leading India in Tests. India lost the Karachi Test in 2006, giving Pakistan the series 1–0. In March 2006, India lost the Mumbai Test, giving England its first Test victory in India since 1985, enabling Flintoff's men to draw the series 1–1. While the loss in Karachi could be put down to several Indian batsmen playing badly, the defeat in Mumbai was arguably the result of Dravid's decision to bowl first on a flat dry pitch which later deteriorated and ended with an Indian collapse in the run chase. Coincidentally, it was Dravid's 100th test match in which the Indians were all out for 100 runs in the second innings. He was criticised by Vijay Mallya for not picking the team with right balance after the Bangalore Royal Challengers finished seventh out of the eight teams that played in the 2008 Indian Premier League.^[56] After India failed to qualify for the Finals of the DLF Cup, Indian skipper Rahul Dravid was criticised by former all-rounder Ravi Shastri who said that he was not assertive enough and let Greg Chappell make too many decisions.^[57] When asked for a response, Dravid said that Shastri, while a 'fair critic', was 'not privy' to the internal decision-making process of the team.^[58]

Captaincy Record[link]

Test Matches (Against Other Nations)[link]

Opposition	Span	Matches	Won	Lost	Tied	Draw
Australia	2004-2004	2	1	1	0	0
Bangladesh	2007-2007	2	1	0	0	1
England	2006–2007	6	2	1	0	3
New Zealand	2003-2003	1	0	0	0	1
Pakistan	2004–2006	5	1	2	0	2
South Africa	2006–2007	3	1	2	0	0
Sri Lanka	2005-2005	2	1	0	0	1
West Indies	2006-2006	4	1	0	0	3
Total	2003-2007	25	8	6	0	11 [59]

[edit] One Day Internationals (Against Other Nations) ^[60]

Opposition	Matches	Won	Lost	Tied	NR
Australia	6	1	4	0	1
Bangladesh	3	2	1	0	0
Bermuda	1	1	0	0	0
England	13	9	4	0	0
New Zealand	2	0	1	0	1
Pakistan	9	5	4	0	0
Scotland	1	1	0	0	0
South Africa	9	4	5	0	0
Sri Lanka	16	8	6	0	2
West Indies	16	8	8	0	0
Zimbabwe	3	3	0	0	0
Total	79	42	33	0	4 [61]

Biographies[link]

Rahul Dravid has 2 biographies written on his career:

• Rahul Dravid – A Biography written by Vedam Jaishankar (ISBN 978-81-7476-481-2). Publisher: UBSPD Publications. Date: January 2004^[62]
• The Nice Guy Who Finished First written by Devendra Prabhudesai. Publisher: Rupa Publications. Date: November 2005^[63]

Other work[link]

Commercial endorsements[link]

• Reebok: 1996 – present^[64]
• Pepsi: 1997 present^[65]
• Kissan: Unknown^[66]
• Castrol: 2001 – present^[67]
• Hutch: 2003^{[citation needed]}
• Karnataka Tourism: 2004^[68]
• Max Life: 2005 – present^[69]
• Bank of Baroda: 2005 – present^[70]
• Citizen: 2006 – present^[71]
• Skyline Construction: 2006 – present^[72]
• Sansui: 2007^[73]
• Gillette: 2007 – present^[74]
• Samsung: 2002^[75] – 2004^[76]

Social commitments[link]

• Children's Movement for Civic Awareness (CMCA)^[77][78]
• UNICEF Supporter and AIDS Awareness Campaign^[79]

See also[link]

cricket portal

• List of international cricket centuries by Rahul Dravid
• List of awards and achievements of Rahul Dravid
• Indian national cricket captains

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Rahul Dravid

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Rahul Dravid

• Player profile: Rahul Dravid from ESPNcricinfo
• Player profile: Rahul Dravid from CricketArchive
• Player Profile: Rahul Dravid from Yahoo! Cricket
• CricketFundas Interview with Rahul Dravid
• HindustanTimes.com Player Profile
• HowSTAT! statistical profile on Rahul Dravid
• PwC Batsman Rankings
• Rahul Dravid-ToI
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahul_Dravid
• http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/28114.html
• http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/556769.html
• http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/current/story/556793.html
• http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/current/story/556782.html
• http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/current/story/556771.html
• http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/current/story/556792.html
• http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/current/story/556766.html
• http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/current/story/556786.html

v t e India squad – 2006 ICC Champions Trophy 1 Dravid 2 Tendulkar 3 Agarkar 4 Dhoni 5 Harbhajan Singh 6 Kaif 7 Mongia 8 Patel 9 Pathan 10 Powar 11 Raina 12 Sehwag 13 R. P. Singh 14 Sreesanth 15 Yuvraj Singh Coach: G Chappell