Spindletop
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
U.S. National Historic Landmark
The Lucas gusher at Spindletop, January 10, 1901. This was the first major gusher of the Texas Oil Boom.
Location:	Spindletop Hill, South of Beaumont, Texas, USA
Nearest city:	Beaumont
Coordinates:	30°1′9″N 94°4′26″W / 30.01917°N 94.07389°W / 30.01917; -94.07389Coordinates: 30°1′9″N 94°4′26″W / 30.01917°N 94.07389°W / 30.01917; -94.07389
Built:	1900
NRHP Reference#:	66000818
Significant dates
Added to NRHP:	November 13, 1966
Designated NHL:	November 13, 1966

Spindletop is a salt dome oil field located in the southern portion of Beaumont, Texas in the United States. The Spindletop dome was derived from the Louann Salt evaporite layer of the Jurassic geologic period.^[1] On January 10, 1901, a well at Spindletop struck oil ("came in"). The new oil field soon produced more than 100,000 barrels (16,000 m³) of oil per day.^[2] Gulf Oil and Texaco, now part of Chevron Corporation, were formed to develop production at Spindletop.^[3]

The strike at Spindletop represented a turning point for Texas and the United States; no oil field in the world had ever been so productive.^[2] The frenzy of oil exploration and the economic development it generated in the state became known as the Texas Oil Boom. The United States soon became the world's leading oil producer.

History[link]

There had long been suspicions that oil might be under "Spindletop Hill." The area was known for its vast sulfur springs and bubbling gas seepages that would ignite if lit. In August 1892, George W. O'Brien, George W. Carroll, Pattillo Higgins and others formed the Gladys City Oil, Gas, and Manufacturing Company to do exploratory drilling on Spindletop Hill. The company drilled many dry holes and ran into trouble, as investors began to balk at pouring more money into drilling with no oil to show for it.

Pattillo Higgins left the company and teamed with Captain Anthony F. Lucas, the leading expert in the U.S. on salt dome formations. Lucas made a lease agreement in 1899 with the Gladys City Company and a subsequent agreement with Higgins. Lucas drilled to 575 feet (180 m) before running out of money. He secured additional funding from John H. Galey and James M. Guffey of Pittsburgh, but the deal left Lucas with only a small share of the lease and Higgins with nothing.^[4]

Lucas continued drilling and on January 10, 1901, at a depth of 1,139 ft (347 m), what is known as the Lucas Gusher or the Lucas Geyser blew oil over 150 feet (50 m) in the air at a rate of 100,000 barrels per day (16,000 m³/d)(4,200,000 gallons). It took nine days before the well was brought under control.^[2] Spindletop was the largest gusher the world had seen and catapulted Beaumont into an oil-fueled boomtown. Beaumont's population of 10,000 tripled in three months and eventually rose to 50,000.^[5] Speculation led land prices to increase rapidly. By the end of 1902, more than 500 companies had been formed and 285 wells were in operation.^[2]

Among those drilling at Spindletop was W. Scott Heywood, a native of Cleveland, Ohio, who in 1901 made the first oil discovery in nearby Jeff Davis Parish in southwestern Louisiana. In 1932, Heywood was elected to a single term in the Louisiana State Senate.^[6]

Production at Spindletop began to decline rapidly after 1902, and the wells produced only 10,000 barrels per day (1,600 m³/d) by 1904.^[2] On November 14, 1925, the Yount-Lee Oil Company brought in its McFaddin No. 2 at a depth of about 2,500 feet (800 m), sparking a second boom, which culminated in the field's peak production year of 1927, during which 21 millions barrels (3.3 GL) were produced.^[2] Over the ten years following the McFaddin discovery, more than 72 million barrels (11.4 GL) of oil were produced, mostly from the newer areas of the field.^{[citation needed]} Spindletop continued as a productive source of oil until about 1936.^{[citation needed]} It was then mined for sulfur from the 1950s to about 1975.^{[citation needed]}

Spindletop-Gladys City Boomtown Museum[link]

In 1976 Lamar University dedicated the Spindletop-Gladys City Boomtown Museum to preserve the history of the Spindletop oil gusher era in Beaumont. The museum features an oil derrick and many reconstructed Gladys City building interiors furnished with authentic artifacts from the Spindletop boomtown period.^[7]

References[link]

• McKinley, Fred B., and Greg Riley. Black Gold to Bluegrass: From the Oil Fields of Texas to Spindletop Farm of Kentucky, historical non-fiction, Austin: Eakin Press, 2005, ISBN 1-4241-7751-0

External links[link]

Texas portal

• Spindletop-Gladys City Boomtown Museum (flash)
• Spindletop Oilfield from the Handbook of Texas Online
• Oil and Gas Industry from the Handbook of Texas Online
• Spindletop: The Original Salt Dome – World Energy Magazine Vol. 3 No. 2

Jimmy McGriff
Jimmy McGriff at Organ Summit, Toronto 2004
Background information
Birth name	James Harrell McGriff
Born	(1936-04-03)April 3, 1936 Germantown, Pennsylvania United States
Died	May 24, 2008(2008-05-24) (aged 72) Voorhees Township, New Jersey United States
Genres	Jazz, hard bop, blues, soul-jazz
Occupations	Musician, bandleader
Instruments	Vocals, violin, guitar, organ, piano, vibes, alto saxophone, drums and upright bass
Years active	1960 - 2007
Labels	Groove Merchant, Jell Records, Sue, Solid State
Notable instruments
Hammond B-3 organ Hammond XB-3 synthesizer

James Harrell McGriff (April 3, 1936—May 24, 2008)^[1] was an American hard bop and soul-jazz organist and organ trio bandleader who developed a distinctive style of playing the Hammond B-3 organ.

Biography[link]

Early years and influences[link]

Born in Germantown, Pennsylvania, McGriff started playing piano at the age of five and by his teens had also learned to play vibes, alto sax, drums and upright bass.^[2] His first group was as bassist in a piano trio. When he joined the United States Army, McGriff served as an MP during the Korean War and he later became a police officer in Philadelphia for two years.^[1]

Music kept drawing McGriff's attention away from the police force. His childhood friend, organist Jimmy Smith, had begun earning a substantial reputation in jazz for his Blue Note records (the two played together once in 1967) and McGriff became entranced by the organ sound while Richard "Groove" Holmes played at his sister's wedding. Holmes went on to become McGriff's teacher and friend and they recorded together on two occasions in 1973 for two Groove Merchant records.

McGriff bought his first Hammond B-3 organ in 1956, spent six months learning the instrument, then studied at New York's Juilliard School. He also studied privately with Milt Buckner, Jimmy Smith, and Sonny Gatewood. He was influenced by the energy and dynamics of organist Milt Buckner and the diplomatic aplomb of Count Basie, and by local pianists such as Howard Whaley and pianist Austin Mitchell.

1960s: First combos[link]

McGriff formed a combo that played around Philadelphia and often featured tenor saxophonist Charles Earland (who soon switched permanently to organ, and became one of the instrument's renowned performers). During this time, McGriff also accompanied such artists as Don Gardner, Arthur Prysock, Candido and Carmen McRae, who came through town for local club dates.^[1]

In 1961, McGriff's trio was offered the chance to record an instrumental version of Ray Charles' hit "I've Got a Woman" by Joe Lederman's Jell Records, a small independent label. When the record received substantial local airplay, Juggy Murray's Sue label picked it up and recorded a full album of McGriff's trio, released in 1962. The album also turned out another huge hit in McGriff's "All About My Girl",^[2] establishing McGriff's credentials as a fiery blues-based organist, well-versed in gospel, soul and "fatback groove".

McGriff recorded a series of popular albums for the Sue label between 1962 and 1965, ending with what still stands as one of his finest examples of blues-based jazz, Blues for Mister Jimmy. When producer Sonny Lester started his Solid State record label in 1966, he recruited McGriff to be his star attraction. Lester framed McGriff in many different groups, performing a wide variety of styles and giving the organist nearly unlimited opportunities to record. McGriff was heard everywhere from an all-star tribute to Count Basie; The Big Band, a series of organ and blues band records such as A Thing to Come By (1969), pop hits ("Cherry", "The Way You Look Tonight") and funk classics (Electric Funk and singles such as "The Worm" and "Step 1").

During this time, McGriff performed at clubs and concert halls worldwide. He settled in Newark, New Jersey, and eventually opened his own supper club, the Golden Slipper - where he recorded Black Pearl and a live album, Love Ain’t Nothin’ But A Business Goin’ On with Junior Parker in 1971. Beginning in 1969, he also performed regularly with Buddy Rich's band, though the two were only recorded once together in 1974 on The Last Blues Album Volume 1.

1970s-1980s[link]

McGriff "retired" from the music industry in 1972 to start a horse farm in Connecticut. But Sonny Lester's new record company, Groove Merchant, kept issuing McGriff records at a rate of three or four a year. By 1973, McGriff was touring relentlessly and actively recording again. Around this time, disco was gaining a hold in jazz music and McGriff's flexibility proved infallible.^[2] He produced some of his best music during this period: Stump Juice (1975), Red Beans (1976) and Outside Looking In (1978). These albums still stand out today as excellent documents of McGriff's organ playing.^[1]

By 1980, McGriff broke away from Sonny Lester and began working actively with producer Bob Porter (and recording engineer Rudy Van Gelder). McGriff began a long relationship with Fantasy Records' Milestone label, collaborating with Rusty Bryant, Al Grey, Red Holloway, David "Fathead" Newman, Frank Wess and Eric Alexander.

In 1986, McGriff started a popular partnership with alto saxophone player Hank Crawford. Their partnership yielded 1987's Soul Survivors and 1997's Road Tested. But it was only during their brief period at Telarc in the mid 1990s that McGriff's name headlined the popular club and cruise ship attraction.

1990s-2000s[link]

Between 1994 and 1998, McGriff also experimented with the Hammond XB-3, an organ synthesizer that increased the organ's capabilities with MIDI enhancements.^[2] This gave McGriff an unnatural synthesized sound, which probably explains his retreat from the instrument on late recordings such as 2000's McGriff's House Party (featuring fellow organist Lonnie Smith). House Party did include the use of the XB-3; however, he did not use the MIDI functions.

McGriff was one of the first B3 players to add MIDI to the upper keyboard his personal B3 to add and extend "his sound" beyond just the drawbar sound of the B3. He incorporated synthesizers in his live performances as he liked vibes, piano, string, brass and other sounds that could only be created by a synthesizer and which the classic B3 cannot provide. Jimmy purchased the XB-3 as he had more control over the MIDI functions, and the XB-3 weighs about half of the classic B3, which made it easier to move.

Jimmy, as well as Groove Holmes, spent a great deal of time experimenting and modifying their B3's and Leslie speakers over the years. Some of these modifications made their way into products manufactured by both Hammond and Leslie, for which they did not always receive credit.^{[citation needed]}

Along with the soul-jazz sound, McGriff experienced renewed popularity in the mid-1990s, forming The Dream Team group, which featured David "Fathead" Newman (a longtime saxophonist with Ray Charles) and drummer Bernard Purdie, and recording the Straight Up (1998), McGriff's House Party (2000), Feelin' It (2001), and McGriff Avenue (2002) albums.

On March 29, 2008, McGriff was given a last private concert by "Mr. B3" Bill Dilks and Grant Macavoy in his honor in Voorhees, New Jersey. Dilks brought his B3 and played for McGriff his wife Margaret, their guests, and the folks at Genesis HealthCare. As Dilks said, "The Hammond reaches its players far beyond where the conscious mind lives".

A resident of Voorhees Township, New Jersey, McGriff died there at age 72 on May 24, 2008, due to complications of multiple sclerosis.^[3]

Discography[link]

• I've Got a Woman, Sue, 1962
• One of Mine, Sue, 1963
• Jimmy McGriff at the Apollo, Sue, 1963
• Christmas With McGriff, Sue, 1964
• Jimmy McGriff at the Organ, Sue, 1964
• Topkapi, Sue, 1964
• Blues for Mister Jimmy, Sue, 1965
• The Big Band of Jimmy McGriff, Solid State, 1966
• Cherry, Solid State, 1966
• A Bag Full of Soul, Solid State, 1966
• A Bag Full of Blues, Solid State, 1967
• I've Got a New Woman, Solid State, 1967
• The Worm, Solid State, 1968
• Honey, Solid State, 1968
• Step 1, Solid State, 1969
• A Thing to Come By, Solid State, 1969
• Electric Funk, Blue Note, 1969
• Something to Listen To, Blue Note, 1970
• Black Pearl, Blue Note, 1971
• Good Things Don't Happen Everyday, Groove Merchant, 1971
• Groove Grease, Groove Merchant, 1971
• Black and Blues, Groove Merchant, 1971
• Soul Sugar, Capitol, 1971
• Let's Stay Together, Groove Merchant, 1972
• Fly Dude, Groove Merchant, 1972
• Giants of the Organ Come Together, Groove Merchant, 1973
• The Main Squeeze, Groove Merchant, 1974
• Stump Juice, Groove Merchant, Groove Merchant, 1975
• The Mean Machine, Groove Merchant, 1976 Feat. Joe Thomas
• Red Beans, Groove Merchant, 1976
• Tailgunner, Lester Radio Corp. 1977
• Outside Looking In, Lester Radio Corp. 1978
• City Lights, Jazz America, 1980
• Movin' Upside the Blues, JAM, 1980
• The Groover, JAM, 1982
• Countdown, Milestone, 1983
• Skywalk, Milestone, 1984
• State of the Art, Milestone, 1985
• Soul Survivors, Milestone, 1986 with Hank Crawford
• The Starting Five, Milestone, 1986
• Steppin' Up, Milestone, 1987 with Hank Crawford
• Blue to the Bone, Milestone, 1988
• On the Blue Side, Milestone, 1989 with Hank Crawford
• You Ought To Think About Me, Headfirst, 1990
• In A Blue Mood, Headfirst, 1991
• Right Turn on Blues, Telarc, 1994 with Hank Crawford
• Blues Groove, Telarc, 1995 with Hank Crawford
• The Dream Team, Milestone, 1996 Feat. David 'Fathead' Newman
• Charles Earland's Jazz Organ Summit, Cannonball, 1997
• Road Tested, Milestone, 1997 with Hank Crawford
• Straight Up, Milestone, 1998 Feat. David 'Fathead' Newman
• Crunch Time, Milestone, 1999 with Hank Crawford
• McGriff's House Party, Milestone, 1999 Feat. Dr. Lonnie Smith
• Feelin' It, Milestone, 2000
• McGriff Avenue, Milestone, 2001

References[link]

External links[link]

• Jimmy McGriff at Allmusic
• The New York Times Obituary
• Washington Post Obituary
• Illustrated Discography