Wadi in Nachal Paran, the Negev, Israel.

Wadi (Arabic: وادي‎ wādī; also: Vadi) is the Arabic term traditionally referring to a valley. In some cases, it may refer to a dry (ephemeral) riverbed that contains water only during times of heavy rain or simply an intermittent stream.

Variant names[link]

Oued Tissint, Morocco.

In North Africa the transcription Oued, pronounced as Wad, is used. The term kouri is used in Hausa speaking and surrounding areas of West Africa. The Hebrew term nahal (נחל) and Hindi/Urdu term "Nala" is synonymous in meaning and usage.

Some names of Spanish locations are derived from Andalusian Arabic toponyms where wādī was used to mean a permanent river, for example: Guadalcanal, Guadalajara from wādī al-hidjārah = "river of stones", or Guadalquivir from al-wādī al-kabīr = "the great river". Seasonal streams, frequent in south-east Spain, are called rambla instead.

The term wādī is very widely found in Arabic toponyms.

Hydrological action[link]

Nahal Ashan, a wadi in Beersheba, Israel

Modern English usage differentiates a wadi from another canyon or wash by the action and prevalence of water. Wadis, as drainage courses, are formed by water, but are distinguished from river valleys or gullies in that surface water is intermittent or ephemeral. Wadis, cut by stream in a desert environment, generally are dry year round except after a rain. The desert environment is characterized by a sudden but infrequent heavy rainfall often resulting in flash floods. Crossing wadis at certain times of the year can be dangerous because of unexpected flash floods. Such flash floods cause several deaths each year in North America and many Middle Eastern countries.

Wadis tend to be associated with centers of human population because sub-surface water is sometimes available in them. Nomadic and pastoral desert peoples will rely on seasonal vegetation found in wadis, even in regions as dry as the Sahara, as they travel in complex transhumance routes.

The centrality of wadis to water - and human life - in desert environments gave birth to the distinct sub-field of "Wadi Hydrology" in the 1990s.^[1]

Wadi deposits[link]

Deposition in a wadi is rapid because of the sudden loss of stream velocity and seepage of water into the porous sediment. Wadi deposits are thus usually poorly-sorted gravels and sands. These sediments are often reworked by eolian processes.^[2]

Over time, wadi deposits may become "Inverted Wadis" where the presence at one time of underground water caused vegetation and sediment to fill in the Wadi's eroded channel to the point that previous washes appear as ridges running through desert regions.

Biblical references[link]

Job speaks of his friends whom he calls brothers as being like these wadis. The Jewish Study Bible transliterated the word "brook" in Job  6:15 for the word "nachal" נחל, the Hebrew equivalent of the Arabic "wadi". The commentator notes, "Wadi, a seasonal stream that may be dangerously overflowing in winter and dry in summer". In his books of commentary, Albert Barnes notes: "The idea here is, that travelers in a caravan would approach the place where water had been found before, but would find the fountain dried up or the stream lost in the sand; and when they looked for refreshment, they found only disappointment".

See also[link]

• Alluvial desert
• Arroyo (creek)
• Canyon
• Gulch
• Gully

References[link]

Bibliography[link]

• Summary: Drainage Courses, Wadis. United States Army Corps of Engineers. Desert Processes Working Group; Knowledge Sciences, Inc. (n.d), retrieved 2008-08-26.
• Summary: Summary: Drainage Courses, Wadis - Inverted. United States Army Corps of Engineers. Desert Processes Working Group; Knowledge Sciences, Inc. (n.d), retrieved 2008-08-26.

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Wadi

• IHP REGIONAL WADI HYDROLOGY NETWORK, International Hydrological Programme, UNESCO.
• Arab Center for Studies of Arid Zones and Dry lands (ACSAD): Water resources division.

Coordinates: 30°36′48″N 34°55′24″E / 30.61333°N 34.92333°E / 30.61333; 34.92333

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Mohamed Hamaki
Mohamed Hamaki
Background information
Birth name	Mohamed Ibrahim Mohamed El-Hamaki
Also known as	Master Pop Music
Born	(1975-11-04) November 4, 1975 (age 36) Cairo, Egypt
Genres	Pop Music
Occupations	Singer
Instruments	Guitar & Piano
Years active	1997–present
Labels	Voice Of Delta

Mohamed Hamaki (Arabic: محمد حماقي‎; born Mohamed Ibrahim Hamaki in Cairo, on November 4, 1975) is an Egyptian singer. In 2010 he won the award "Best Arabia Act" in the MTV Europe Music Awards and music award in 2006 for "Ahla Haga Fiki"

Biography[link]

Mohamed Hamaki's mother is from Aswan, Egypt. His first appearance was through his song "El Helw Yeheb El Heneya" which was released in 1996 in the album "Leqaa Al Nogoom". The album was the work of Hamid El Shari who discovered and introduced young Hamaky to the music business and to the public. Hamaky's first album "Khallena N'eesh" (Let us Live) in 2003 featured 10 songs all arranged by the famous arranger Tarek Madkour. Hamaki shot one song included in this first album "Betedhak" (You laughing?).

Hamaki stayed nearly 2 years after the release of his first album that is produced by DeltaSound - that was a great success - not releasing any new songs until he released his single "Yana Yanta" (Either Me or You!) and shot it. After that it was reported that he decided to break up with audio producer Tarek Madkour and working on his own without him and with his same producer Nassif Kauzman the owner of DeltaSound because Madkour has been always busy working on songs for other famous singers. However, these rumors have been denied as Madkour stated on his official site that he will cooperate with Hamaki again on his new album.

Months later, he released his second album "Kheles El Kalam" (All The Words Have Finished!) in 2006 and was awarded with the Platinum CD for being the best selling middle eastern artist for year 2006. Hamaki worked mainly in this album with his friend Hatem Abdel-Aziz or "Tooma" as he used to be called, who replaced Madkour's leading role in Hamaki's work under the umbrella of DeltaSound.

The song "Wahda Wahda" (One By One) which was included in the album and was the soundtrack song of the movie "Ga'alatny Mogreman" was shot featuring the movie star Ahmed Helmy and aired on TV as soon as the album was released. It achieved a great success and wide popularity among different audiences. The song "Ahla Haga Feki" (Best Thing About You) was remixed by DJ.Idriss and shot some time after the album release. In the clip, the Rapper Perry Mystique was there with Hamaki. The clip is also produced by DeltaSound and was shot in Dubai, UAE.

Hamaki released his newest album 18 July 2010, Haga Mosh Tabe3eya (Something Isn't real ) . This album included 11 songs. Hamaki use traditional Arabic musical instruments in this album too. Also Hamaki used techno style in this album firstly.

Hamaki released his newest song for an Arabic movie, November 2010, Zekrayatak Meeh .

On 3 July 2011, Hamaki was rushed to hospital after suffering multiple heart attacks whilst recording his latest album.^[1] He underwent several cardiac catheterisation procedures, to insert three stents into his coronary arteries. Following several days of uncertainty, his health stabilised. Doctors are quoted as saying, that "Hamaki escaped death narrowly".

Discography[link]

• Leqa2 El Nogoom - 1997
• el 7elw - 1997
• welak welak - 1998
• Soltan jmalek - 1999
• Ro7i (ana 3aref) - 2000
• S2ltak 7abibi - 2000
• 5allena N3eesh - 2003
• 2alo lina shajar el lamon - 2003
• Gaylak fe el Kalam - 2004
• Yana Yanta (Delta Hits) - 2005
• Wa7da Wa7da - 2005
• 5eles El Kalam - 2006
• Ba7ebak Kol Youm Aktar - 2007
• Naweeha - 2008
• 2ali kalam - 2008
• ab3ed tigini - 2009
• Kol lela - 2009
• Haga Mosh Tabe3eya - 2010
• Zekrayatak Meeh - November 2010
• [[Ede fe Edek 2011
• sh5bata 3ala el 7eet - 2012

References[link]

Further reading[link]

• Karim (2008). "A blog about Hamaki; Hamaki started working on his next album". Waleg.com. http://www.waleg.com/archives/010452.html. Retrieved 2008-02-11. 

External links[link]

• Hamaki Albums on Mazika
• Hamaki's Page on Nogomi
• Mohamed Hamaki on Ghaneli