Ali Fethi Okyar (29 April 1880, Prilep, Ottoman Empire – 7 May 1943, Istanbul, Turkey) was a Turkish diplomat and politician who also served as a military officer and as a diplomat during the last decade of the Ottoman Empire. He was the second Prime Minister of Turkey (1924-25) and the second Speaker of the Turkish Parliament after Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.

He was born in the Ottoman town of Prilep, in today's Republic of Macedonia. In 1913, he joined the Committee of Union and Progress (İttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti) and was elected as the secretary general. In 1930, while serving as Turkey's Ambassador in Paris, he was asked by Atatürk, during a meeting in Yalova, to establish the Serbest Cumhuriyet Fırkası (Liberal Republican Party), an early party of opposition, in order to establish the tradition of multi-party democracy in Turkey. However, when the government noticed the support of this opposition among the population, it was declared illegal and closed down, just like the Terakkiperver Cumhuriyet Fırkası which had lasted for a few months in 1924.

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (pronounced [musˈtäfä ceˈmäl ätäˈtyɾc]; 19 May 1881 (Conventional)–10 November 1938) was an Ottoman and Turkish army officer, revolutionary statesman, writer, and the first President of Turkey. He is credited with being the founder of the Republic of Turkey.

Atatürk was a military officer during World War I. Following the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I, he led the Turkish national movement in the Turkish War of Independence. Having established a provisional government in Ankara, he defeated the forces sent by the Allies. His military campaigns gained Turkey independence. Atatürk then embarked upon a program of political, economic, and cultural reforms, seeking to transform the former Ottoman Empire into a modern, westernized and secular nation-state. The principles of Atatürk's reforms, upon which modern Turkey was established, are referred to as Kemalism.