Paulo Freire

Paulo Reglus Neves Freire (/ˈfrɛəri/, Portuguese: [ˈpawlu ˈfɾeiɾi]; September 19, 1921 – May 2, 1997) was a Brazilian educator who was a leading advocate of critical pedagogy. He is best known for his influential work, Pedagogy of the Oppressed, which is considered one of the foundational texts of the critical pedagogy movement.

Biography

Freire was born September 19, 1921 to a middle-class family in Recife, Brazil. Freire became familiar with poverty and hunger during the Great Depression of the 1930s. In 1931, the family moved to the less expensive city of Jaboatão dos Guararapes, and on October 31, 1934 his father died. In school, he ended up four grades behind, and his social life revolved around playing pick up football with other poor children, from whom he learned a great deal. These experiences would shape his concerns for the poor and would help to construct his particular educational viewpoint. Freire stated that poverty and hunger severely affected his ability to learn. This influenced his decision to dedicate his life to improving the lives of the poor: "I didn't understand anything because of my hunger. I wasn't dumb. It wasn't lack of interest. My social condition didn't allow me to have an education. Experience showed me once again the relationship between social class and knowledge" (Freire as quoted in Stevens, 2002). Eventually his family's misfortunes turned around and their prospects improved.

Paulo Freire (astronomer)

Paulo Freire (born 1970) is a Portuguese astronomer.

He was born Oct 27, 1970 in Lisbon. He obtained his Ph.D. in 2001, at the University of Manchester in Manchester, England; his supervisor was Andrew Lyne. From 2001 to 2009 he worked at Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico, and since 2009 he has been working at the Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy, in Bonn, Germany.

In 2011, he won a 1.9-million euro Consolidator Grant from the European Research Council.

In April 2013, he was part of the team addressing the expansion of the experimentally verified scope of Einstein's theory of relativity as a result of observations of the pulsar PSR J0348+0432.

References

Karl Marx

Karl Marx (/mɑːrks/;German pronunciation: [ˈkaɐ̯l ˈmaɐ̯ks]; 5 May 1818 – 14 March 1883) was a philosopher, economist, sociologist, journalist and revolutionary socialist. Born in Prussia (now Rhineland-Palatinate), he later became stateless and spent much of his life in London. Marx's work in economics laid the basis for much of the current understanding of labour and its relation to capital, and subsequent economic thought. He published numerous books during his lifetime, the most notable being The Communist Manifesto (1848) and Das Kapital (1867–1894).

Born into a wealthy middle-class family in Trier in the Prussian Rhineland, Marx studied at the universities of Bonn and Berlin where he became interested in the philosophical ideas of the Young Hegelians. After his studies he wrote for the Rheinische Zeitung, a radical newspaper in Cologne, and began to work out the theory of the materialist conception of history. He moved to Paris in 1843, where he began writing for other radical newspapers and met Friedrich Engels, who would become his lifelong friend and collaborator. In 1849 he was exiled and moved to London together with his wife and children, where he continued writing and formulating his theories about social and economic activity. He also campaigned for socialism and became a significant figure in the International Workingmen's Association.

2807 Karl Marx

2807 Karl Marx, provisional designation 1969 TH₆, is a carbonaceous asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, roughly 13 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 15 October 1969, by Russian female astronomer Lyudmila Chernykh at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory in Nauchnyj on the Crimean peninsula.

The asteroid is classified as a dark C-type asteroid in the SMASS taxonomy. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.3–3.3 AU once every 4 years and 8 months (1,708 days). Its orbit is tilted by 8 degrees to the plane of the ecliptic and shows an eccentricity of 0.18. Little is known about the asteroids exact size, albedo and rotation period, despite having a well-observed orbit with the lowest possible uncertainty – a condition code of 0 – and an observation arc that spans over a period of almost a century, with precovery images on photographic plates already taken in the 1920s. The asteroid is also a member of the Dora family.

Based on its absolute magnitude of 12.7, its diameter could be anywhere between 8 and 18 kilometers, assuming an albedo in the range of 0.05 to 0.25. Since the outer main-belt asteroid is of a carbonaceous rather than of a silicaceous composition, with low albedos, typically around 0.05, the asteroid's diameter might be on the upper end of NASA's published conversion table, as the lower the albedo (reflectivity), the larger the body's diameter for a given absolute magnitude (brightness).

Karl Marx (composer)

Karl Marx (12 November 1897 – 8 May 1985) was a German composer, conductor, and educator.

Life and career

Marx was born in Munich. He first studied natural sciences but, after having met Carl Orff, decided to make music his career, and studied musical composition with Orff, Siegmund von Hausegger, and Anton Beer-Waldbrunn among others. In 1928 he became choir director of the Munich Bach Society, and in 1929 was appointed professor of compositional technique at the Akademie der Tonkunst, Munich. From 1939 to 1945 he taught music theory at the Johann Joseph Fux Conservatory in Graz, composed music for Nazi ceremonies and contributed to songbooks for the Hitler Youth. From 1946 until given emeritus status he was professor of composition at the Musikhochschule Stuttgart. He died in Stuttgart.

Works

Marx composed orchestral works, concerti, chamber music, piano music, works for organ, cantatas, numerous choral works and lieder set to words by German poets. One of his primary causes was to write music for young people; his compositions for youth orchestras were well received in his day. His works include: