Bond v. Floyd
Supreme Court of the United States
Argued November 10, 1966 Decided December 5, 1966
Full case name	Bond, et al. v. Floyd, et al.
Citations	385 U.S. 116 (more) 87 S. Ct. 339; 17 L. Ed. 2d 235; 1966 U.S. LEXIS 75
Holding
Though a State may impose all oath requirement on legislators, it cannot limit their capacity to express views on local or national policy.
Court membership
Chief Justice Earl Warren Associate Justices Hugo Black · William O. Douglas Tom C. Clark · John M. Harlan II William J. Brennan, Jr. · Potter Stewart Byron White · Abe Fortas
Case opinions
Majority	Warren, joined by unanimous
Laws applied
U.S. Const. amends. I, XIV

Bond v. Floyd, 385 U.S. 116 (1966), was a United States Supreme Court case.

Background[link]

Julian Bond, an African American, was elected to the Georgia House of Representatives in June 1965. Bond was a member of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) which opposed the Vietnam war. After election, during a news interview, Bond endorsed the SNCC's views, and stated that he did not support the war, and, as a pacifist, he was opposed to all war. Members of the Georgia House of Representatives objected to Bond's statements, and petitioned to prohibit him from joining the House. A hearing was held, and Bond repeated his pacifist viewpoints, but maintained that he never urged draft card burning or other law violations. The House committee voted to prohibit Bond from joining the House.

Bond sued in federal court, but the District Court upheld the House, concluding that Bond's remarks exceeded criticism of national policy and that he could not in good faith take an oath to support the State and Federal Constitutions. Bond appealed to the Supreme Court.

Opinion of the Court[link]

The Supreme Court, in a unanimous decision, ordered the Georgia House of Representatives to permit Bond to take his seat. The Court held:

• Though a State may impose all oath requirement on legislators, it cannot limit their capacity to express views on local or national policy.
• A majority of state legislators is not authorized to test the sincerity with which another duly elected legislator meets the requirement for holding office of swearing to support the Federal and State Constitutions.
• The State may not apply to a legislator a First Amendment standard stricter than that applicable to a private citizen.

Notes and references[link]

External links[link]

Wikisource has original text related to this article: Bond v. Floyd

• Text of Bond v. Floyd - 385 U.S. 116 (1966) is available from: Justia

Look up bond in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Bond, bonds, bonded, and bonding may refer to:

• Peace-bonding, something which makes a weapon unusable as a weapon

Fiduciary[link]

• Bond market
• Bond (finance), in finance, a type of debt security
  • Government bond, a bond issued by a national government
    • War bonds, a type of government bond used to raise funding for a war effort
  • Municipal bond, a bond issued by a city or local government
  • Corporate bond, a bond issued by a corporation
  • Mortgage bond, in South Africa a bond or mortgage bond is the usual term for property mortgage.
• Insurance bond (or investment bond), a life assurance-based single premium investment
• Surety bond, a three party contract, where the surety promises to pay the obligee for non-performance or dishonesty by the principal
  • Performance bond, a surety bond for completion of work under a contract
  • Bail bond agent, or bail bondsman, a person or corporation providing a surety bond for return of a person to a court
• Tenancy bond (or damage deposit), a deposit taken by a landlord in relation to rental of a property
• Catastrophe bond (or cat bond), a form of reinsurance
• Bonded labor (or debt bondage), a system of servitude where someone must work to pay off a debt
• Bond of association, a basic building block of credit unions and co-operative banks
• Bond vigilante, a form of political protest by selling bonds

Judiciary[link]

• Peace bond, a protection order from a Canadian court
• Bond of manrent, a Scottish clan treaty
• Bond of Association, a British legal document from the 16th century
• Bond v. United States (2000), a U.S. Supreme Court case regarding the fourth amendment
• Bond v The Queen, a 2000 High Court of Australia case

Physical sciences[link]

• Bond number, in fluid mechanics, a dimensionless number expressing the ratio of gravitational forces to surface tension forces
• Chemical bond, the physical phenomenon of chemical substances being held together by attraction of atoms
  • Covalent bond, between nonmetals
  • Ionic bond, between metal and nonmetals
  • Metallic bond, between metals
• Bond albedo, a measure of the electromagnetic radiation reflected from an astronomical body
• Bond graph, a graphical description of a physical dynamic system
• Bond fluctuation model, a lattice model for simulating the conformation and dynamics of polymer systems
• The Bond (Chinese constellation), both a mansion in the White Tiger constellation and an asterism within that mansion
• Bond Crater, a crater on Mars

Social sciences[link]

• Pair bond, in biology, the strong affinity that develops in some species between the male and female in a breeding pair, or, sometimes, between individuals of the same sex
  • Human bonding
  • Maternal bond
  • Paternal bond
  • Male bonding
  • Female bonding
  • Affectional bond

Anthropology[link]

• Village-bonded society
• Land-bonded society
• Lineage-bonded society

Manufacturing, construction and electronics[link]

• Bond, the manner in which the bricks overlap as they are laid in brickwork
• Bond paper, a high quality durable writing paper
• Bonded leather (or reconstituted leather)
• Bottled in bond, referring to a type of American whiskey
• Bond store, another name for bonded warehouse, where alcohol may be held without tax under strict conditions
• "Bonding" may refer to a method for creating electric interconnects:
  • Chip bonding, method of wiring some chips (also from different manufactures) together on die an integrated circuit
  • Wire bonding, a method of making interconnections between a microchip and the outside world as part of semiconductor device fabrication
  • Ball bonding, a method very similar to wire bondin
• Channel bonding (or modem bonding), an arrangement in which two or more network interfaces on a host computer are combined
  • NIC bonding, an alternate name for link aggregation
• Electrical bonding, practice of connecting all metal objects in a room to protect from electric shock

Company and product names[link]

• Bond (sheep), Australian breed of sheep
• Bond (wine), California cult wine producer
• Bonds (clothing), Australian clothing company
• Bond Clothing Stores, a former New York clothing company
• Bonds, formerly the name of a department store in Norwich, England, now called John Lewis Norwich
• Bonds, formerly the name of a department store in Chelmsford, Essex, now called Debenhams Chelmsford
• Bond Arms, a Texas gun manufacturer
• Bond Aviation Group, a British helicopter operator
  • Bond Offshore Helicopters, a subsidiary of the above
• Bond Cars Ltd, a small scale car manufacturer between 1949 and 1971:
  • Bond 875, three-wheeled motor car
  • Bond Bug, three-wheeled motor car
  • Bond Equipe, their first four-wheeled motor car
  • Bond Minicar, three-wheeled motor car
• BOND, RAD software tool
• Bond Street (cigarette), brand of cigarette
• The Bond Electraglide electric guitar, manufactured by Bond Guitars
• Bond Market Association, the former international trade association for the bond market industry
• Bond Wireless, an Australian wireless company

Organizations[link]

• Afrikaner Bond, a political party in the Cape Colony in the 19th century
• bonding-studenteninitiative e.V., a German student organisation
• Church of the Universal Bond, a British religious group
• Brotherhood Organization of a New Destiny (BOND), created By Rev. Jesse Lee Peterson
• Bond (for international development), the membership body for UK-based NGOs working in international development.

Entertainment[link]

• The James Bond series of spy fiction originally created by Ian Fleming
  • James Bond (character), a British secret agent who is the central character in the series
  • James Bond novels, the original literary works by Fleming, plus works by other authors after Fleming's death (usually commissioned by the owner of the Fleming copyrights, a company now known as Ian Fleming Publications)
  • James Bond film series, a popular series of 23 films featuring Fleming's secret agent
  • Bond girl, the 'love' interest in a James Bond film
• Campion Bond, the fictional character from The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen
• Bond (band), an Australian/British string quartet
  • Bond: Video Clip Collection, a video collection from the band
• The Bond, a film by Charlie Chaplin supporting Liberty bonds'
• "The Bonding", a third-season episode of Star Trek: The Next Generation
• Bond Street (film), a 1948 British film

Places[link]

• Bond Street, a major shopping street in the West End of London
  • Bond Street tube station
• Bond University, Gold Coast, Australia
  • Bond South Africa, South African campus of Bond University
• Bond Education Group, Toronto, Ontario
• Bond Head, Regional Municipality of Durham, Ontario
• Bond Head, Simcoe County, Ontario, part of Bradford West Gwillimbury, Ontario
• Bond Island, Queensland, an island in the Torres Strait
• Bond Inlet, a body of water in Nunavut's Qikiqtaaluk Region in Canada
• Bonds, Lancashire, an English village

United States[link]

• Bond, Colorado
• Bond County, Illinois
  • Bond County Community Unit School District 2
• Bond Township, Lawrence County, Illinois
• Bond, Mississippi
• Bond Hill, Ohio
• Bond Court Building, the former name of a highrise in Cleveland, Ohio
• Bond Falls, a waterfall in the Ontonagon River, Michigan
  • Bond Falls Scenic Site, a state park for the above waterfall
• Mount Bond, a mountain in Grafton County, New Hampshire
• Bond's Chapel Methodist Episcopal Church, an historic church in Missouri
• Bond House (disambiguation), various National Registered Historic Places in the United States

People[link]

• Alan Bond (businessman) (born 1938), Australian businessman
• Edward Bond (born 1934) English playwright
• Edward A. Bond (1849–1929), NY State Engineer and Surveyor 1899-1904
• Edward August Bond (1813–1898), English scientist
• Francis Bond Head (1792–1875), Lieutenant-Governor of Upper Canada
• Gerald Bond (1909–1965), South African Test cricketer
• George Phillips Bond (1825–1865), American astronomer, son of William Cranch Bond (below)
• Graham Bond (1937–1974), an English musician, considered a founding father of the English rhythm and blues boom of the 1960s
• James Bond (ornithologist) (1900–1989), American ornithologist
• Julia Bond (born 1987), American porn star
• Kit Bond (born 1939), senior United States Senator of Missouri and member of the Republican Party
• John Bond (Born 1939), Irish American Business man, proprietor of "BOND45" restaurant, managing director of "Bond NYC" Properties
• Michael Bond (born 1926), English children's author
• Nigel Bond (born 1965), English snooker player
• Oliver Bond (died 1797), Irish revolutionary
• Ruskin Bond, Author
• Samantha Bond (born 1961), English actress, best known for her role of Miss Moneypenny in the fictional James Bond movies
• Shane Bond, Cricketer
• Steve Bond, Actor
• Ward Bond (1903–1960), American actor
• William Cranch Bond (1789–1859), American astronomer, father of George Phillips Bond (above)
• William K. Bond (1792–1864), American politician
• Bond Baronets
  • Sir Thomas Bond, 1st Baronet
  • Sir James Bond, 1st Baronet

See also[link]

• Bonds (disambiguation)
• Bonde (disambiguation)
• Bondage (disambiguation)
• Bond Street (disambiguation)
• James Bond (disambiguation)
• Bond Head (disambiguation)
• Guarantee

This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

Floyd is either a variant spelling of the Scottish name Flood or the Welsh name Lloyd which means grey, and may refer to:

Places in the United States[link]

• Floyd, Arkansas
• Floyd, California (disambiguation)
  • Floyd, Fresno County, California
  • Floyd, Glenn County, California
• Floyd County, Georgia
• Floyd, Iowa, community in Floyd County
• Floyd, New Mexico, community in Roosevelt County
• Floyd, New York, town in Oneida County
• Floyd, Texas, community in Hunt County
• Floyd, Virginia, town in Floyd County
• Floyd's Bluff, hill near Sioux City, Iowa

[edit] People with the surname Floyd

• Andress Small Floyd of the Self-Masters Colony
• Bubba Floyd (1917–2000), American baseball player
• Carlisle Floyd (born 1926), American opera composer
• Charles Floyd (disambiguation), several people
• Cliff Floyd, Retired American Major League Baseball players
• Darrell Floyd (c. 1933–2000), American college basketball player
• David R. Floyd-Jones (1813–1871), Lt. Gov. of New York
• DeLancey Floyd-Jones (1826–1902), U.S. Army officer
• Eddie Floyd, an R&B/soul singer-songwriter
• Elson S. Floyd, president, Washington State University
• George Rogers Clark Floyd, American politician
• Henry Floyd-Jones (1792–1862), New York politician
• James Floyd (disambiguation), several people
• John Floyd (disambiguation), several people
• Keith Floyd (1943–2009), British chef
• Malcolm Floyd (born 1972), retired American football player
• Malcom Floyd (born 1981), American football player
• Leela Floyd, musician and artist
• Pretty Boy Floyd (1904–1934), American bank robber
• Raymond Floyd (born 1942), American golfer
• Robert Floyd (1936–2001), computer scientist
• Sleepy Floyd (born 1960), American professional basketball player
• Stanley Floyd (born 1961), American track and field sprinter
• William Floyd (1734–1821), American signer of the Declaration of Independence as a representative of New York
• William Floyd (American football), Retired American football fullback

[edit] People with the given name Floyd

Look up Floyd in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• Floyd Abrams (born 1936), American attorney
• Floyd Collins (1887–1925), American pioneer caver
• Floyd Council (1911–1976), American blues musician
• Floyd Cramer, American pianist
• Floyd Favors (born 1963), American boxer
• Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink (born 1972), Suriname-born Dutch footballer
• Floyd Heard (born 1966), American track and field sprinter
• Floyd Landis (born 1975), American cyclist
• Floyd Mayweather Jr. (born 1977), American five-division boxing champion
• Floyd Mayweather Sr., American welterweight boxer and trainer
• Floyd B. Olson (1891–1936), Governor of Minnesota
• Floyd Patterson (1935–2006), two-time heavyweight boxing champion
• Floyd D. Rose, inventor of Floyd Rose guitar bridge
• Floyd Vivino (born 1951), American comedian known as Uncle Floyd

Fictional people[link]

• Heywood Floyd, fictional character in the Space Odyssey series by Arthur C. Clarke
• Floyd Lawson, fictional barber from The Andy Griffith Show
• Sally Floyd, fictional reporter in the Marvel Comics universe
• Floyd Pepper, a puppet character of TV series The Muppet Show
• Pink Floyd (fictional character), main character from the Pink Floyd album The Wall

Storms[link]

• Hurricane Floyd, major hurricane of 1999
• Tropical Storm Floyd (disambiguation), for other storms named Floyd

Music[link]

• Floyd Rose, guitar manufacturing company
• Pink Floyd, English progressive rock band
• Pretty Boy Floyd (band), American band
• "Floyd" – Lynyrd Skynyrd (American rock band) song from God & Guns album
• "Floyd" A 1959 Reimagined Les Paul Guitar used by Green Day guitarist Billie Joe Armstrong in many songs from the bands seventh studio album, American Idiot

Sports[link]

• Floyd of Rosedale, bronze trophy awarded to the winner of each college football game between Iowa and Minnesota
• Floyd (horse) – a National Hunt racehorse

Movie & TV[link]

• "Floyd," a 2010 episode of the sitcom 30 Rock

Mathematics[link]

• Floyd–Warshall algorithm, graph shortest-path algorithm

Videogames[link]

• Floyd: Es gibt noch Helden is the German title of the 1997 video game The Feeble Files by Adventure Soft.

This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (July 2008)

Julian Bond
Julian Bond in 2005.
Member of the Georgia House of Representatives from the 32nd district
In office 1967–1974
Succeeded by	Mildred Glover[1]
Member of the Georgia Senate from the 39th district
In office 1975–1987
Preceded by	Horace T. Ward[2]
Succeeded by	Hildred W. Shumake[3]
Personal details
Born	Horace Julian Bond (1940-01-14) January 14, 1940 (age 72) Nashville, Tennessee, USA
Political party	Democratic
Spouse(s)	(1) Alice Clopton (1961–1989, divorced) (2)Pamela S. Horowitz (1990–present)
Alma mater	George School Morehouse College (BA, English, 1971)

Horace Julian Bond (born January 14, 1940), known as Julian Bond, is an American social activist and leader in the American civil rights movement, politician, professor, and writer. While a student at Morehouse College in Atlanta, Georgia, during the early 1960s, he helped to establish the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). He was the first president of the Southern Poverty Law Center. Bond was elected to four terms in the Georgia House of Representatives and later to six terms in the Georgia Senate, having served a combined twenty years in both legislative chambers. From 1998 to 2010, he was chairman of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.

Early life and education[link]

Bond was born in Nashville, Tennessee, to the former Julia Agnes Washington and Horace Mann Bond. The family moved to Pennsylvania when Julian was five because his father was selected as the first African-American president of Lincoln University, also his father's alma mater. In 1957, Bond graduated from George School, a private Quaker preparatory boarding school near Newtown in Bucks County, Pennsylvania.

In 1957, Bond attended Morehouse College, a historically black college in Atlanta. While there, he earned a varsity letter for swimming. He also helped found a literary magazine called The Pegasus. Bond worked as an intern at Time magazine. He was also a member of the only class taught by the Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr Ph.D.TogetherinParis (talk) 07:55, 22 May 2012 (UTC)

In 1960, Bond was a founding member of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) and served as its communications director from 1961 to 1966. From 1960 to 1963, he led student protests against segregation in public facilities in Georgia.

Bond left Morehouse in 1961 and returned to complete his BA in English in 1971 at age 31. With Morris Dees, Bond helped found the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC), a public-interest law firm based in Montgomery, Alabama. He served as its president from 1971 to 1979. Bond continues on the board of directors of the SPLC.

Career[link]

In 1965, Bond was one of eight African Americans elected to the Georgia House of Representatives after passage of civil rights legislation, including the Voting Rights Act of 1965. On January 10, 1966, however, Georgia state representatives voted 184-12 not to seat him because he publicly endorsed SNCC's policy regarding opposition to U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War. They disliked Bond's stated sympathy for persons who were "unwilling to respond to a military draft".^[4] A federal District Court panel ruled 2-1 that the Georgia House had not violated any of Bond's federal constitutional rights. In 1966, the United States Supreme Court ruled 9-0 in the case of Bond v. Floyd (385 U.S. 116) that the Georgia House of Representatives had denied Bond his freedom of speech and was required to seat him. From 1967 to 1975, Bond was elected for four terms as a Democratic member in the Georgia House. There he organized the Georgia Legislative Black Caucus.

In January 1967, Bond was among eleven House members who refused to vote when the legislature elected segregationist Lester Maddox of Atlanta as governor of Georgia over the Republican Howard Callaway, who had led in the 1966 general election by some three thousand votes. The choice fell on state lawmakers under the Georgia Constitution of 1824 because neither major party candidate had polled a majority in the general election. Former Governor Ellis Arnall polled more than fifty thousad votes as a write-in cadidate, a factor which led to the impasse. Bond would not support either Maddox or Callaway though he was ordered to vote by lame duck Lieutenant Governor Peter Zack Geer.^[5]

Throughout his House career, Bond's district was repeatedly altered:

• 1967–1969: 136th^[6]
• 1969–1973: 111th^[7]
• 1973–1974: 32nd^[8]

He went on to be elected for six terms in the Georgia Senate in which he served from 1975 to 1987.

During the 1968 presidential election, Bond led an alternate delegation from Georgia to the Democratic National Convention in Chicago. There, unexpectedly and contrary to his intention, he became the first African American to be proposed as a major-party candidate for Vice President of the United States. While expressing gratitude for the honor, the 28-year-old Bond quickly declined, citing the constitutional requirement that one must be at least 35 years of age to serve in that office.

Bond resigned from the Georgia Senate in 1987 to run for the United States House of Representatives from Georgia's 5th congressional district. He lost the Democratic nomination in a runoff to rival civil rights leader John Lewis in a bitter contest, in which Bond was accused of using cocaine and other drugs.^[9] As the 5th district had a huge Democratic majority, the nomination delivered the seat to Lewis, who still serves as congressman.

In the 1980s and 1990s, Bond taught at several universities in major cities of the North and South, including American, Drexel, Harvard, and the University of Virginia.

In 1998, Bond was selected as chairman of the NAACP. In November 2008, he announced that he would not seek another term as chairman.^[10] Bond agreed to stay on in the position through 2009 as the organization celebrated its 100th anniversary. Roslyn M. Brock was chosen as Bond's successor on February 20, 2010.^[11]

He continues to write and lecture about the history of the civil rights movement and the condition of African Americans and the poor. He is President Emeritus of the Southern Poverty Law Center.

From 1980 to 1997 he hosted America's Black Forum. He remains a commentator for the Forum, for radio's Byline, and for NBC's The Today Show. He authored the nationally syndicated newspaper column Viewpoint. He narrated the critically acclaimed PBS series Eyes on the Prize in 1987 and 1990.

Bond has been an outspoken supporter of the rights of gays and lesbians. He has publicly stated his support for same-sex marriage. Most notably he boycotted the funeral services for Coretta Scott King on the grounds that the King children had chosen an anti-gay megachurch. This was in contradiction to their mother's longstanding support for the rights of gay and lesbian people.^[12] In a 2005 speech in Richmond, VA, Bond stated:

African Americans ... were the only Americans who were enslaved for two centuries, but we were far from the only Americans suffering discrimination then and now. ... Sexual disposition parallels race. I was born this way. I have no choice. I wouldn’t change it if I could. Sexuality is unchangeable.^[13]

In a 2007 speech on the Martin Luther King Day Celebration at Clayton State University in Morrow, GA, Bond said, "If you don't like gay marriage, don't get gay married." His positions have pitted elements of the NAACP against religious groups in the Black Civil Rights movement who oppose gay marriage mostly within the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) who was blamed partly for the success of the recent gay marriage ban amendment in California.^{[citation needed]}

Today, Bond is a Distinguished Professor in Residence at American University in Washington, D.C. He also is a faculty member in the history department at the University of Virginia at Charlottesville, where he teaches history of the Civil Rights Movement.^[14]

In January 2007, he delivered the annual Martin Luther King lecture at Siena College.

Personal life[link]

On July 28, 1961, Bond married Alice Clopton, a student at Spelman College. They divorced on November 10, 1989. They had five children: Phyllis Jane Bond-McMillan, Horace Mann Bond II, Michael Julian Bond, (an At-large member of Atlanta’s Council), Jeffrey Alvin Bond and Julia "Cookie" Louise Bond. He married Pamela S. Horowitz, an attorney, on March 17, 1990.

Legacy and honors[link]

• 2002 - National Freedom Award
• In 1999, an honorary LL.D. from Bates College.
• In 2008, an honorary degree from George Washington University. Bond was the 2008 Commencement Keynote Speaker.^[15]
• On October 1, 2009, an honorary L.H.D. from Macalester College.

The above four are among 25 honorary degrees which he has been awarded.

Eyes on the Prize[link]

Bond was the narrator of the PBS video, Eyes on the Prize, recounting the civil rights controversies of the 1950s and 1960s.

Controversial comments[link]

As NAACP chairman, Bond strongly criticized the Republican Party. WorldNetDaily, a conservative Internet-based news service, which inaccurately reported Bond as saying: "[The Republicans'] idea of equal rights is the American flag and the Confederate swastika flying side-by-side." WorldNetDaily accused him of calling Secretary of State Rice and former Secretary Powell "tokens" and comparing the judicial nominees of President George W. Bush to the Taliban.^[16] His actual words were that the Republican Party uses them "as kinds of human shields against any criticism of their record on civil rights."^[17] The issue was resolved when the Fayetteville Observer reported on its review of the audio recordings of the speech.

Bond was a strong critic of the Bush administration from its assumption of office in 2001, in large part because Bond believed the administration was illegitimate. Twice that year, first in February to the NAACP board and then in July at that organization's national convention, he attacked the administration for selecting Cabinet secretaries "from the Taliban wing of American politics". Bond specifically targeted Attorney General John Ashcroft, who had opposed affirmative action, and Interior Secretary Gale Norton, who defended the Confederacy in a 1996 speech on states' rights. The selection of these two individuals, Bond said, "...whose devotion to the Confederacy is nearly canine in its uncritical affection", "appeased the wretched appetites of the extreme right wing". Then-House Majority Leader Dick Armey responded to Bond's statement with a letter accusing NAACP leaders of "racial McCarthyism."^[18]

In 2003 Bond was quoted in a New York Times article criticizing the names of public schools named for Confederate leaders by saying, "If it had been up to Robert E. Lee, these kids wouldn't be going to school as they are today. They can't help but wonder about honoring a man who wanted to keep them in servitude."

Media appearances[link]

During his tenure with the NAACP, Bond was frequently interviewed and appeared on numerous news shows. He also had a small appearance in the movie Ray (2004).

He hosted Saturday Night Live on April 9, 1977, becoming the first black political figure to host the show. The famous segment from this appearance is the "Black Perspective" skit with then-SNL cast member Garrett Morris. Bond explained perceptions of white and black IQ differences with the tongue-in-cheek "theory" that "light-skinned blacks are smarter than dark-skinned blacks."^[19]

On October 11, 2009 Julian appeared at the National Equality March in Washington, D.C. and spoke upon the rights of LGBT community which was aired live on C-SPAN.^[20][21]

Writings[link]

• Black Candidates: Southern Campaign Experiences. Atlanta: Voter Education Project, Southern Regional Council, 1969.
• A Time To Speak, A Time To Act: The Movement in Politics. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1972.
• Gonna Sit at the Welcome Table: A Documentary History of the Civil Rights Movement. (with Andrew Lewis). American Heritage, 1995.
• Lift Every Voice and Sing: A Celebration of the Negro National Anthem, 100 Years, 100 Voices. (with Sondra Kathryn Wilson, eds.) New York: Random House, 2000.
• Nationally syndicated column Viewpoint.
• Poems and articles have appeared in a national list of magazines and newspapers.
• Julian Bond's papers reside at the Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia.

Further reading[link]

References[link]

1. ^ "Members of Georgia House of Representatives alphabetically arranged according to names, with districts and post offices for the term 1974-1975", Acts and resolutions of the General Assembly of the State of Georgia (Georgia Legislature) 1: p. 2019, 1974, http://metis.galib.uga.edu/ssp/cgi-bin/legis-idx.pl?sessionid=ae3209bc-778f764566-3062&type=backdiv&byte=357672973 
2. ^ "Members of the Senate of Georgia by Districts in Numberical Order and Post Offices for the Term 1973-1974", Acts and Resolutions of the General Assembly of the State of Georgia 1: p. 1671, 1973, http://metis.galib.uga.edu/ssp/cgi-bin/legis-idx.pl?sessionid=ae3209bc-778f764566-3062&type=backdiv&byte=347539990 
3. ^ "Members of Georgia House of Representatives for the term 1987-1988 by districts and addresses", Acts and resolutions of the General Assembly of the State of Georgia (Georgia Legislature): p. CLXXIV, http://metis.galib.uga.edu/ssp/cgi-bin/legis-idx.pl?sessionid=ae3209bc-778f764566-3062&type=backdiv&byte=480518459 
4. ^ The World Almanac 1967, pp. 54–55
5. ^ Billy Hathorn, "The Frustration of Opportunity: Georgia Republicans and the Election of 1966", Atlanta History: A Journal of Georgia and the South, XXXI (Winter 1987-1988), p. 47
6. ^ Acts and resolutions, 1967, 1968
7. ^ 1969-1970 house roster (page 1284)
8. ^ [1]
9. ^ Jet Magazine (Johnson Publishing Company) 72 (5): 54–55. 1987. 
10. ^ "Bond won't seek re-election as NAACP Chairman". International Herald Tribune. 2008-11-18. http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/11/18/america/NAACP-Bond.php. Retrieved 2008-11-20. 
11. ^ "NAACP chooses successor to Chairman Julian Bond". CNN. 2010-02-20. http://www.cnn.com/2010/US/02/20/naacp.leadership/index.html. Retrieved 2010-02-20. 
12. ^ Black Voices Q&A 09/25/06 http://www.blackvoices.com/black_news/canvas_directory_headlines_features/_a/bv-qanda-with-julian-bond/20060908115409990002
13. ^ "NAACP chair says ‘gay rights are civil rights’". Washington Blade. 2004-04-08. Archived from the original on March 21, 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20060321202124/http://www.washblade.com/2005/4-8/news/localnews/naacp.cfm. Retrieved 2009-09-24. 
14. ^ http://www.american.edu/spa/faculty/hjb7g.cfm
15. ^ "NAACP chairman will speak at Commencement". The GW Hatchet. 2008-03-13. http://media.www.gwhatchet.com/media/storage/paper332/news/2008/03/13/News/Naacp.Chairman.Will.Speak.At.Commencement-3280172.shtml. Retrieved 2008-11-18. 
16. ^ WorldNetDaily: NAACP chairman compares GOP to Nazis
17. ^ http://www.fayettevillenc.com/article?id=225894^{[dead link]}
18. ^ Wickham, DeWayne (2001-07-16). "Julian Bond: Master needler" (Opinion). USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/news/opinion/columnists/wickham/2001-07-12-wickham.htm. Retrieved 2007-05-07. 
19. ^ "SNL Transcripts: Julian Bond / Tom Waits". http://snltranscripts.jt.org/76/76rblackperspective.phtml. Retrieved 2008-11-18. 
20. ^ Street vs. suite by Richard J. Rosendall. October 13, 2009. Bay Windows
21. ^ C-Span archive

External links[link]

• NAACP biography
• SPLC biography
• Julian Bond at the Internet Movie Database
• Brief video clip From the State Library & Archives of Florida.
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Robert Guerrero
Statistics
Real name	Robert Joseph Guerrero
Nickname(s)	The Ghost
Rated at	Lightweight Super Featherweight Featherweight
Height	5 ft. 8 in. (172 cm.)
Nationality	American
Born	(1983-03-27) March 27, 1983 (age 29) Gilroy, California
Stance	Southpaw
Boxing record
Total fights	33
Wins	29
Wins by KO	18
Losses	1
Draws	1
No contests	2

Robert Joseph Guerrero (born March 27, 1983 in Gilroy, California) is a professional American boxer of Mexican descent. He is the former IBF Super Featherweight champion and a former two-time IBF featherweight champion of the world. Nicknamed The Ghost, Guerrero's record is 29 wins, 1 loss, and 1 draw, and 2 no contest, with 18 of his wins coming by way of knockout. He vacated the IBF Super Featherweight belt due to his wife's battle with leukemia.^[1]

Guerrero's coaches are Rubin Guerrero and Bob Santos.

Professional career[link]

Featherweight[link]

After an impressive amateur career begun at a very young age, Guerrero turned professional, at the age of 18, on May 22, 2001 with a four-round unanimous decision win against Alejandro Cruz. After several wins and only a single draw later, Guerrero won the WBC NABF Featherweight title against Cesar Figueroa on December 9, 2004. Defending his NABF title twice, Guerrero was seen as a rising prospect, until meeting Gamaliel Diaz in a bout televised on ShoBox, on the Showtime channel, on December 12, 2005. An aggressive Diaz upset Guerrero, winning by split decision and taking the NABF belt in the process.

Guerrero rebounded from his first loss by defeating Sandros Marcos via third-round technical knock-out, setting up a rematch against Diaz, again on Showtime. Guerrero knocked down Diaz in the first round, and eventually knocking out Diaz early in the sixth round. The win set him up to face IBF champion Eric Aiken.

Winning the title[link]

In his first world championship fight on September 2, 2006, Guerrero defeated Aiken by an eighth-round technical knockout in Los Angeles. Guerrero used inside fighting, neutralizing Aiken's power, and eventually making Aiken quit on his stool after the eighth round to earn his first world title belt.

Guerrero lost the belt in his next fight in a mandatory defense to unheralded Orlando Salido in Las Vegas. Salido dominated the majority of the bout and pulled off an upset decision win with scores of 115-113, 117-111, 118-110 [1]. However, Salido would subsequently be stripped of the IBF title after testing positive for steroids, thus vacating the belt; the result of the bout would also be changed to a twelve-round no decision by the Nevada State Athletic Commission.

The IBF subsequently gave Guerrero the shot at the vacant featherweight title, which he won by ninth-round technical knockout in Copenhagen, Denmark on February 23, 2007, against local Spend Abazi.

Guerrero's first defense of his second title was to be against Rocky Juarez (27-3, 19 KOs); however, Juarez chose to meet WBC Super Featherweight Champion Juan Manuel Márquez in a money fight instead. Guerrero's first defense was scheduled to be against Martin Honorio (24-3-1) on November 3, 2007, and was televised on Showtime, on the undercard of the Marquez-Juarez match. Guerrero was unable to attend the final press conference before the match after his wife was diagnosed with leukemia. Guerrero defeated Honorio in a first round knock-out.

On February 29, 2008, Guerrero defeated Jason Litzau via an eighth round knock out.^[2] Guerrero then vacated the title to move up in weight.

Super Featherweight[link]

On March 7, 2009, Guerrero fought Daud Yordan in his HBO debut. The fight ended in a second round "no contest" decision after Guerrero suffered a headbutt resulting in a gash above his eye. After the bout Guerrero offered Yordan a rematch, however, Yordan reportedly declined.^[3]

On June 12, 2009, Guerrero faced Efren Hinojosa (30-5-1). He suffered another deep cut near his left eye from a head-butt in the seventh round, but this time it did not slow his progress as he scored an 8th round TKO victory. After the bout, the media described him as having redeemed himself for his previous lackluster effort.^[4][5]

On August 22, 2009, Guerrero challenged Malcolm Klassen for his IBF Super Featherweight title. Guerrero won the fight by a unanimous decision to claim the world title. The scores were 117-112, 116-112 and 115-113 in his favor.^[6]

In February 2010, Guerrero vacated his Featherweight title in order to care for his ailing wife.

Moving up in weight[link]

On April 30, 2010, Guerrero moved up to the lightweight division to fight Robert Arrieta (35-15-4). The bout took place at the Tropicana Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas, Nevada, United States.^[7] Guerrero won the fight by TKO in the 8th round.^[8]

After the bout, Guerrero expressed his interest in fighting Mexican champion Juan Manuel Márquez.^[9]

On July 31, 2010, Guerrero moved up to the junior welterweight division and faced Cuban fighter Joel Casamayor on the undercard of the Marquez vs. Diaz pay-per-view at the Mandalay Bay in Las Vegas.^[10] Guerrero defeated Casamayor by a 10 round unanimous decision.^[11] On November 6, 2010, he faced Vicente Escobedo for the vacant WBO Inter-Continental lightweight title. Guerrero knocked Escobedo down in the third and sixth rounds en route to a ten round unanimous decision.^[12] On April 9, 2011, Guerrero faced Michael Katsidis for the interim WBA and WBO lightweight titles. Guerrero won the bout with a 12 round unanimous decision.In a post fight interview when asked on his hometown he said,"It's nice when your pretty much there biggest thing besides garlic in Gilroy." Guerrero was scheduled to face Marcos Maidana in August for the WBA jr welterweight title, however, he was forced to pull out of the bout after suffering a torn tendon in his rotator cuff. He underwent surgery to repair the injury and could be out of the ring for up to 6 months.^[13]

Professional boxing record[link]

29 Wins (18 knockouts, 11 decisions), 1 Losses 1 Draws 2 No Contests
Res.	Opponent	Type	Rd	Date	Location	Notes
N/A	Selcuk Aydin	-	? (12)	2012-07-28	HP Pavilion, San Jose, California, United States	Welterweight bout.
Win	Michael Katsidis	UD	12 (12)	2011-04-09	Mandalay Bay Resort and Casino, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States	Won Interim WBA World & Interim WBO Lightweight Titles.
Win	Vicente Escobedo	UD	10 (10)	2010-11-06	Prudential Center, Newark, New Jersey, United States	Won WBO Inter-Continental Lightweight Title.
Win	Joel Casamayor	UD	10 (10)	2010-07-31	Mandalay Bay Resort & Casino, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
Win	Roberto David Arrieta	TKO	8 (10)	2010-04-30	Tropicana Hotel & Casino, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
Robert Guerrero later vacated the IBF Super Featherweight Title for personal reasons.[14]
Win	Malcolm Klassen	UD	12 (12)	2009-08-22	Toyota Center, Houston, Texas, United States	Won IBF Super Featherweight Title.
Win	Efren Hinojosa	RTD	8 (10)	2009-06-12	HP Pavilion, San Jose, California, United States
NC	Daud Yordan	N/D	2 (10)	2009-03-07	HP Pavilion, San Jose, California, United States	vacant WBO NABO Super Featherweight Title. Clash of heads caused a cut over the right eye for Guerrero who was unable to continue.
Win	Edel Ruiz	TKO	1 (10)	2009-01-24	Staples Center, Los Angeles, California
Win	Jason Litzau	KO	8 (12)	2008-02-29	Tachi Palace Hotel & Casino, Lemoore, California, United States	Defended IBF Featherweight Title.
Win	Martin Honorio	TKO	1 (12)	2007-11-03	Desert Diamond Casino, Tucson, Arizona, United States	Defended IBF Featherweight Title.
Win	Spend Abazi	TKO	9 (12)	2007-02-23	Falconer Centret, Copenhagen, Denmark	Vacant IBF Featherweight Title.
NC	Orlando Salido	N/D	12 (12)	2006-11-04	Mandalay Bay Resort & Casino, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States	Defended IBF Featherweight Title. Result changed to ND; Salido tested positive for Steroids.
Win	Eric Aiken	RTD	8 (12)	2006-09-02	Staples Center, Los Angeles, California, United States	Won IBF Featherweight Title.
Win	Gamaliel Diaz	KO	6 (12)	2006-06-23	Oakland Arena, Oakland, California, United States	Won NABF featherweight title. WBC Featherweight Title Eliminator.
Win	Sandro Marcos	TKO	3 (10)	2006-05-18	HP Pavilion, San Jose, California, United States
Loss	Gamaliel Diaz	SD	12 (12)	2006-03-09	Tachi Palace Hotel & Casino, Lemoore, California, United States	Lost NABF featherweight title.
Win	Sammy Ventura	KO	1 (12)	2005-09-16	Palace Indian Gaming Center, Lemoore, California, United States	NABF featherweight title.
Win	Adrian Valdez	TKO	12 (12)	2005-04-01	Palace Indian Gaming Center, Lemoore, California, United States	NABF featherweight title.
Win	Cesar Figueroa	KO	4 (12)	2004-12-09	Pechanga Resort & Casino, Temecula, California, United States	Won NABF featherweight title.
Win	Enrique Sanchez	TKO	8 (10)	2004-06-03	Chinook Winds Casino, Lincoln City, Oregon, United States
Win	Juan Polo Perez	TKO	2 (6)	2004-04-24	Miccosukee Indian Gaming Resort, Miami, Florida, United States
Draw	Julian Rodriguez	TD	1 (8)	2004-03-14	Pechanga Entertainment Center, Temecula, California, United States	Fight ruled a technical draw when Rodriguez is unable to continue after getting hit on the break.
Win	Jose Luis Tula	TKO	1 (10)	2003-06-08	Texas Station Casino, North Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
Win	David Vasquez	TKO	1 (10)	2003-05-04	Spotlight 29 Casino, Coachella, California, United States
Win	Jose Alfonso Rodriguez	TKO	2 (6)	2002-12-20	American Airlines Arena, Miami, Florida, United States
Win	Freddy Castro	UD	6 (6)	2002-07-03	Hyatt Hotel, Monterey, California, United States
Win	Marcos Badillo	UD	6 (6)	2002-04-14	Hard Rock Hotel and Casino, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
Win	Robert Enriquez	UD	4 (4)	2002-03-10	Green Valley Ranch Resort, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
Win	Joaquin Candelario	UD	4 (4)	2002-02-08	Pechanga Entertainment Center, Temecula, California, United States
Win	Arthur Trevino	UD	4 (4)	2002-01-25	Young Pavilion, Pembroke Pines, Florida, United States
Win	Oscar Rosales	UD	4 (4)	2001-11-02	Sunset Station, San Antonio, Texas, United States
Win	Javier Gonzalez	TKO	3 (4)	2001-09-29	Miccosukee Indian Gaming Resort, Miami, Florida, United States
Win	Alejandro Cruz	UD	4 (4)	2001-04-22	Fantasy Springs Casino, Indio, California, United States	Guerrero's Professional Debut.