Look up troika in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

The general meaning of the Russian word troika (Russian: тройка) is three of a kind, a collection of three or simply the number three. It may also mean:

Politics[link]

• Troika (triumvirate) of judges or political leaders
• NKVD troika, a commission of three for express judgment in the Soviet Union during the time of Joseph Stalin
• The tripartite committee led by the European Commission with the European Central Bank and the International Monetary Fund, that organised loans to the governments of Greece, Ireland and Portugal. See European sovereign debt crisis#Austerity and loan agreement
• Troika (political ad), a controversial advertisement video released by presidential candidate Vladimir Zhirinovsky as a part of his campaign during the 2012 Russian presidential election, in the video Zhirinovsky whipped a donkey and claimed the animal was a symbol of Russia

Cultural tradition[link]

• Troika (driving), a sled or carriage drawn by three horses harnessed side-by-side, iconic symbol of Russia.

Music and art[link]

• "Troika", the fourth movement of Suite from Lieutenant Kijé by Sergei Prokofiev
• "Troika", the eleventh movement of The Seasons by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
• "Troika", a painting by Perov
• Troika, a 2011 contemporary classical album by Julia Kogan and The St. Petersburg Chamber Philharmonic.
• Troika Pottery a pottery company St Ives and Newlyn, Cornwall (1963-1983)

Books[link]

• The Troika, a 1997 novel by Stepan Chapman
• Troika, a Hugo-Award nominated 2011 novella by Alastair Reynolds

Other uses[link]

• Troika (dance), a folk dance
• Troika Games, a now defunct computer game developer
• Troika Pottery, a Cornish pottery studio
• Troika (ride), a carnival/amusement park thrill ride
• Troika (confection), a brand of confection by Nidar AS (Norway)
• The Troika (Kuala Lumpur), a condominium in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

See also[link]

• Trojka (disambiguation)

This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

Sergei Prokofiev in New York, 1918

Sergei Sergeyevich Prokofiev (Russian: Сергей Сергеевич Прокофьев;^[1] 23 April 1891 – 5 March 1953) was a Russian composer, pianist and conductor who mastered numerous musical genres and is regarded as one of the major composers of the 20th century. His best-known works include the March from The Love for Three Oranges, the suite Lieutenant Kijé, the ballet Romeo and Juliet – from which "Dance of the Knights" is taken – and Peter and the Wolf. Besides many other works, Prokofiev also composed five piano concertos, nine completed piano sonatas and seven symphonies.

A graduate of the St Petersburg Conservatory, Prokofiev initially made his name as an iconoclastic composer-pianist, achieving notoriety with a series of ferociously dissonant and virtuosic works for his instrument and his first two piano concertos. Prokofiev's first major success breaking out of the composer-pianist mould was with his purely orchestral Scythian Suite, compiled from music originally composed for a ballet commissioned by Sergei Diaghilev of the Ballets Russes; Diaghilev commissioned three further ballets from Prokofiev – Chout, Le pas d'acier and The Prodigal Son – which at the time of their original production were all highly successful. Prokofiev's greatest interest, however, was opera, and he composed several works in that genre, including The Gambler and The Fiery Angel. Prokofiev's one relative success in that genre during his lifetime was The Love for Three Oranges, composed for Chicago and subsequently performed over the following decade in Europe and Russia.

After the Revolution, Prokofiev left Russia with the official blessing of the Soviet minister Anatoly Lunacharsky, and he lived in the United States, then Germany, then Paris, during which time he married a Spanish singer, Carolina ('Lina') Codina, who bore him two sons. Because of the increasing economic deprivation of Europe, Prokofiev returned to Russia in 1936. He enjoyed some success there – notably with Lieutenant Kijé, Peter and the Wolf, Romeo and Juliet, and perhaps above all with Alexander Nevsky. The Nazi invasion of the USSR spurred him to compose his most ambitious work, an operatic version of Leo Tolstoy's War and Peace. In 1948 Prokofiev was officially attacked for allegedly indulging in "anti-democratic formalism", and was forced to compose such officially sanctioned works as On Guard for Peace. However, he also enjoyed personal and artistic support from a new generation of Russian performers, notably Sviatoslav Richter and Mstislav Rostropovich and for the latter he composed his Symphony-Concerto, perhaps his most personal work to be completed in the last five years of his life.

Biography[link]

Childhood compositions[link]

Prokofiev was born in 1891^[2] in Sontsovka (now Krasne in the Donetsk Oblast province of eastern Ukraine, an isolated rural estate in the Yekaterinoslav Governorate) of the Russian Empire. He was inspired by hearing his mother practising the piano in the evenings – mostly works by Chopin and Beethoven – and composed his first piano composition at the age of five, an 'Indian Gallop', which was written down by his mother: this was in the Lydian mode (a major scale with a raised 4th scale degree) as the young Prokofiev felt 'reluctance to tackle the black notes'.^[3] By seven, he had also learned to play chess.^[4] Much like music, chess would remain a passion, and he became acquainted with world chess champions José Raúl Capablanca, whom he beat in a simultaneous exhibition match in 1914, and Mikhail Botvinnik.^[5] At the age of nine he was composing his first opera, The Giant,^[6] as well as an overture and various other pieces.

Formal education and controversial early works[link]

In 1902, Prokofiev's mother met Sergei Taneyev, director of the Moscow Conservatory, who initially suggested that Prokofiev should start lessons in piano and composition with Alexander Goldenweiser.^[7] When Taneyev was unable to arrange this,^[8] he instead arranged for composer and pianist Reinhold Glière to spend the summer of 1902 in Sontsovka teaching Prokofiev.^[8] This first series of lessons culminated, at the 11-year-old Prokofiev's insistence, with the budding composer making his first attempt to write a symphony.^[9] Glière subsequently revisited Sontsovka the following summer to give further tuition.^[10] When decades later Prokofiev wrote about his lessons with Glière, he gave due credit to Glière's sympathetic qualities as a teacher but complained that Glière had introduced him to "square" phrase structure and conventional modulations which he subsequently had to unlearn.^[11] Nonetheless, equipped with the necessary theoretical tools, Prokofiev started experimenting with dissonant harmonies and unusual time signatures in a series of short piano pieces which he called "ditties" (after the so-called "song form" – more accurately ternary form – they were based on), laying the basis for his own musical style.^[12]

After a while, Prokofiev's mother felt that the isolation in Sontsovka was restricting his further musical development,^[13] yet his parents hesitated over starting their son on a musical career at such an early age.^[14] Then in 1904, while Prokofiev and his mother were in Saint Petersburg to explore the possibility of their moving there for his education,^[15] they were introduced to composer Alexander Glazunov, a professor at the Conservatory. Glazunov agreed to see Prokofiev and his music, and was so impressed that he urged Prokofiev's mother that her son apply to the Saint Petersburg Conservatory.^[16] By this point Prokofiev had composed two more operas, Desert Islands and The Feast during the Plague, and was working on his fourth, Undine.^[17] He passed the introductory tests and entered the Conservatory that same year.

Several years younger than most of his classmates, he was viewed as eccentric and arrogant, and he often expressed dissatisfaction with much of the education, which he found boring.^[18] During this period he studied under, among others, Anatoly Lyadov, Nikolai Tcherepnin and Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov (though when Rimsky-Korsakov died in 1908, Prokofiev noted that he had only studied orchestration with him 'after a fashion' – that is, he was just one of many students in a heavily attended class—and regretted that he otherwise 'never had the opportunity to study with him').^[19] He also shared classes with the composers Boris Asafyev and Nikolai Myaskovsky, the latter becoming a relatively close and life-long friend.

As a member of the Saint Petersburg music scene, Prokofiev developed a reputation as a musical rebel, while getting praise for his original compositions, which he would perform himself on the piano.^[20][21] In 1909, he graduated from his class in composition with unimpressive marks. He continued at the Conservatory, studying piano under Anna Yesipova and conducting under Nikolai Tcherepnin.^[22]

In 1910, Prokofiev's father died and Sergei's financial support ceased. Fortunately he had started making a name for himself as a composer, although he frequently caused scandals with his forward-looking works.^[23] The Sarcasms for piano, Op. 17 (1912), for example, make extensive use of polytonality,^[24] and Etudes, Op. 2 (1909) and Four Pieces, Op. 4 (1908) are highly chromatic and dissonant works. He composed his first two piano concertos around this time, the latter of which caused a scandal at its premiere (23 August 1913, Pavlovsk). According to one account, the audience left the hall with exclamations of "'To hell with this futuristic music! The cats on the roof make better music!'", but the modernists were in rapture.^[25]

In 1911, help arrived from renowned Russian musicologist and critic Alexander Ossovsky, who wrote a supportive letter to music publisher Boris P. Jurgenson,^[26] thus a contract was offered to the composer.^[27] Prokofiev made his first foreign trip in 1913, travelling to Paris and London where he first encountered Sergei Diaghilev's Ballets Russes.

The first ballets[link]

In 1914, Prokofiev finished his career at the Conservatory by entering the so-called 'battle of the pianos', a competition open to the five best piano students for which the prize was a Schreder grand piano: Prokofiev won by performing his own Piano Concerto No. 1.^[28] Soon afterwards, he journeyed to London where he made contact with the impresario Sergei Diaghilev. Diaghilev commissioned Prokofiev's first ballet, Ala and Lolli, but rejected the work in progress when Prokofiev brought it to him in Italy in 1915. Diaghilev then commissioned Prokofiev to compose the ballet Chout (The Fool, the original Russian-language full title was Сказка про шута, семерых шутов перешутившего (Skazka pro shuta, semerykh shutov pereshutivshavo), meaning "The Tale of the Buffoon who Outwits Seven Other Buffoons"). Under Diaghilev's guidance, Prokofiev chose his subject from a collection of folktales by the ethnographer Alexander Afanasyev;^[29] the story, concerning a buffoon and a series of confidence tricks, had been previously suggested to Diaghilev by Igor Stravinsky as a possible subject for a ballet, and Diaghilev and his choreographer Léonide Massine helped Prokofiev to shape this into a ballet scenario.^[30] Prokofiev's inexperience in ballet led him to revise the work extensively in the 1920s, following Diaghilev's detailed critique,^[31] prior to its first production.^[32] The ballet's premiere in Paris on 17 May 1921 was a huge success and was greeted with great admiration by an audience that included Jean Cocteau, Igor Stravinsky and Maurice Ravel. Stravinsky called the ballet "the single piece of modern music he could listen to with pleasure," while Ravel called it "a work of genius."^[33]

First World War and Revolution[link]

During World War I, Prokofiev returned to the Conservatory. He studied organ in order to avoid conscription. He composed The Gambler based on Fyodor Dostoyevsky's novel of the same name, but rehearsals were plagued by problems and the scheduled 1917 première had to be canceled because of the February Revolution. In the summer of that year, Prokofiev composed his first symphony, the Classical. This was his own name for the symphony, which was written in the style that, according to Prokofiev, Joseph Haydn would have used if he had been alive at the time.^[34] It is more or less classical in style but incorporates more modern musical elements (see Neoclassicism). This symphony was also an exact contemporary of Prokofiev's Violin Concerto No. 1 in D major, Op. 19, which was scheduled to premiere in November 1917. The first performances of both works had to wait until 21 April 1918 and 18 October 1923, respectively. He stayed briefly with his mother in Kislovodsk in the Caucasus. Worried about the enemy capturing Saint Petersburg, he returned in 1918. By then he was determined to leave Russia, at least temporarily.^[35] He saw no room for his experimental music and, in May, he headed for the USA. Before leaving, he developed acquaintances with senior Bolsheviks including Anatoly Lunacharsky, the People's Commissar for Education, who told him: "You are a revolutionary in music, we are revolutionaries in life. We ought to work together. But if you want to go to America I shall not stand in your way."^[36]

Life abroad[link]

Sergei Prokofiev (circa 1918)

Arriving in San Francisco after having been released from questioning by immigration officials on Angel Island on 11 August 1918,^[37] Prokofiev was soon compared to other famous Russian exiles (such as Sergei Rachmaninoff), and he started out successfully with a solo concert in New York, leading to several further engagements. He also received a contract for the production of his new opera The Love for Three Oranges but, due to illness and the death of the director, the premiere was postponed and took place in Chicago on 30 September 1921. This delay was another example of Prokofiev's bad luck in operatic matters. The failure also cost him his American solo career, since the opera took too much time and effort. He soon found himself in financial difficulties, and, in April 1920, he left for Paris, not wanting to return to Russia as a failure.^[38]

Paris was better prepared for Prokofiev's musical style. He reaffirmed his contacts with Diaghilev's Ballets Russes. He also returned to some of his older, unfinished works, such as the Third Piano Concerto. The Love for Three Oranges finally premièred in Chicago in December 1921, under the composer's baton.

In March 1922, Prokofiev moved with his mother to the town of Ettal in the Bavarian Alps for over a year so he could concentrate on composing. Most of his time was spent on an opera project, The Fiery Angel, based on the novel The Fiery Angel by Valery Bryusov. By this time his later music had acquired a following in Russia, and he received invitations to return there, but he decided to stay in Europe. In 1923 he married the Spanish singer Carolina Codina (1897–1989, whose stage name was Lina Llubera)^[39] before moving back to Paris.

There, several of his works (for example the Second Symphony) were performed, but critical reception was lukewarm.^[40] However the Symphony appeared to prompt Diaghilev to commission Le pas d'acier (The Steel Step), a 'modernist' ballet score intended to portray the industrialisation of the Soviet Union. It was enthusiastically received by Parisian audiences and critics.

Prokofiev and Stravinsky restored their friendship, though Prokofiev did not particularly like Stravinsky's later works;^[41] it has been suggested that his use of text from Stravinsky's A Symphony of Psalms to characterise the invading Teutonic knights in the film score for Eisenstein's Alexander Nevsky (1938) was intended as an attack on Stravinsky's musical idiom.^[42] However, Stravinsky himself described Prokofiev as the greatest Russian composer of his day, after himself.^[43]

Around 1927, the virtuoso's situation brightened; he had exciting commissions from Diaghilev and made concert tours in Russia; in addition, he enjoyed a very successful staging of The Love for Three Oranges in Leningrad (as Saint Petersburg was then known). Two older operas (one of them The Gambler) played in Europe and in 1928 Prokofiev produced his Third Symphony, which was broadly based on his unperformed opera The Fiery Angel. The conductor Serge Koussevitzky characterized the Third as "the greatest symphony since Tchaikovsky's Sixth."

During 1928–29 Prokofiev composed what was to be the last ballet for Diaghilev, The Prodigal Son, which was staged on 21 May 1929 in Paris with Serge Lifar in the title role.^[44] Diaghilev died only months later.

In 1929, Prokofiev wrote the Divertimento, Op. 43 and revised his Sinfonietta, Op. 5/48, a work started in his days at the Conservatory. Prokofiev wrote in his autobiography that he could never understand why the Sinfonietta was so rarely performed, whereas the "Classical" Symphony was played everywhere. Later in this year, however, he slightly injured his hands in a car crash, which prevented him from performing in Moscow, but in turn permitted him to enjoy contemporary Russian music. After his hands healed, he toured the United States successfully, propped up by his recent European success. This, in turn, propelled him on another tour through Europe.

In 1930 Prokofiev began his first non-Diaghilev ballet On the Dnieper, Op. 51, a work commissioned by Serge Lifar, who had been appointed maitre de ballet at the Paris Opéra.^[45] In 1931 and 1932 he completed his fourth and fifth piano concertos. The following year saw the completion of the Symphonic Song, Op. 57, a darkly scored piece in one movement.

In the early 1930s, Prokofiev was starting to long for Russia again;^[46] he moved more and more of his premieres and commissions to his home country from Paris. One such was Lieutenant Kijé, which was commissioned as the score to a Soviet film. Another commission, from the Kirov Theater in Leningrad, was the ballet Romeo and Juliet. Today, this is one of Prokofiev's best-known works, and it contains some of the most inspired and poignant passages in his body of work.^[47] However, the ballet's original happy ending (contrary to Shakespeare), caused the premiere to be postponed for several years.

In this period he began to practice the religion and teachings of Christian Science, to which, according to biographer Simon Morrison, he remained faithful for the rest of his life.^[48]

Return to the Soviet Union[link]

Prokofiev and his partner, Mira

In 1936, Prokofiev returned permanently to the Soviet Union; his family followed a year later. At this time, the official Soviet policy towards music changed; a special bureau, the "Composers' Union", was established in order to keep track of the artists and their doings. By limiting outside influences, these policies would gradually cause almost complete isolation of Soviet composers from the rest of the world. Both Prokofiev and Shostakovich came under particular scrutiny for "formalist tendencies." Forced to adapt to the new circumstances (whatever misgivings he had about them in private), Prokofiev wrote a series of "mass songs" (Opp. 66, 79, 89), using the lyrics of officially approved Soviet poets. At the same time Prokofiev also composed music for children (Three Songs for Children and Peter and the Wolf, among others) as well as the gigantic Cantata for the 20th Anniversary of the October Revolution, which was banned from performance and had to wait until May 1966 for a partial premiere.

In 1938, Prokofiev collaborated with Eisenstein on the historical epic Alexander Nevsky. For this he composed some of his most inventive and dramatic music. Although the film had a very poor sound recording, Prokofiev adapted much of his score into a large-scale cantata for mezzo-soprano, orchestra and chorus, which was extensively performed and recorded. In the wake of Alexander Nevsky's success, Prokofiev composed his first Soviet opera Semyon Kotko, which was intended to be produced by the director Vsevolod Meyerhold. However the première of the opera was postponed because Meyerhold was arrested on 20 June 1939 by the NKVD (Joseph Stalin's Secret Police), and shot on 2 February 1940.^[49] Only months after Meyerhold's arrest, Prokofiev was 'invited' to compose Zdravitsa (literally translated 'Cheers!', but more often given the English title Hail to Stalin) (Op. 85) to celebrate Joseph Stalin's 60th birthday.^[50]

Later in 1939, Prokofiev composed his Piano Sonatas Nos. 6, 7, and 8, Opp. 82–84, widely known today as the "War Sonatas." Premiered respectively by Prokofiev (No. 6: 8 April 1940),^[51] Sviatoslav Richter (No. 7: Moscow, 18 January 1943) and Emil Gilels (No. 8: Moscow, 30 December 1944),^[52] they were subsequently championed in particular by Richter. Biographer Daniel Jaffé argued that Prokofiev, "having forced himself to compose a cheerful evocation of the nirvana Stalin wanted everyone to believe he had created" (i.e. in Zdravitsa) then subsequently, in these three sonatas, "expressed his true feelings".^[53] As evidence of this, Jaffé has pointed out that the central movement of Sonata No. 7 opens with a theme based on a Robert Schumann lied, 'Wehmut' ('Sadness', which appears in Schumann's Liederkreis, Op. 39): the words to this translate "I can sometimes sing as if I were glad, yet secretly tears well and so free my heart. Nightingales... sing their song of longing from their dungeon's depth... everyone delights, yet no one feels the pain, the deep sorrow in the song."^[54] Ironically (because, it appears, no one had noticed his allusion) Sonata No. 7 received a Stalin Prize (Second Class), and No. 8 a Stalin Prize First Class,^[52] even though the works have been subsequently interpreted as representing Prokofiev "venting his anger and frustration with the Soviet regime.^[55]

War years[link]

Prokofiev had been considering making an opera out of Leo Tolstoy's epic novel War and Peace, when news of the German invasion of Russia on 22 June 1941 made the subject seem all the more timely. Prokofiev took two years to compose his original version of War and Peace. Because of the war he was evacuated together with a large number of other artists, initially to the Caucasus where he composed his Second String Quartet. By this time his relationship with the 25-year-old writer Mira Mendelson (1915–1968) had finally led to his separation from his wife Lina, although they were never technically divorced: indeed Prokofiev had tried to persuade Lina and their sons to accompany him as evacuees out of Moscow, but Lina opted to stay.^[56]

During the war years, restrictions on style and the demand that composers should write in a 'socialist realist' style were slackened, and Prokofiev was generally able to compose in his own way. The Violin Sonata No. 1, Op. 80, The Year 1941, Op. 90, and the Ballade for the Boy Who Remained Unknown, Op. 93 all came from this period. Some critics have said that the emotional springboard of the First Violin Sonata and many other of Prokofiev's compositions of this time "may have more to do with anti-Stalinism than the war",^[57] and most of his later works "resonated with darkly tragic ironies that can only be interpreted as critiques of Stalin's repressions."^[58]

In 1943 Prokofiev joined Eisenstein in Alma-Ata, the largest city in Kazakhstan, to compose more film music (Ivan the Terrible), and the ballet Cinderella (Op. 87), one of his most melodious and celebrated compositions. Early that year he also played excerpts from War and Peace to members of the Bolshoi Theatre collective.^[59] However, the Soviet government had opinions about the opera which resulted in many revisions.^[60] In 1944, Prokofiev moved to a composer's colony outside Moscow in order to compose his Fifth Symphony (Op. 100) which would turn out to be the most popular of all his symphonies, both within Russia and abroad.^[61] Shortly afterwards, he suffered a concussion after a fall due to chronic high blood pressure.^[62] He never fully recovered from this injury, which severely reduced his productivity in the ensuing years, though some of his last pieces were as fine as anything before.^[63]

Post-war[link]

Sergei Prokofiev with Mstislav Rostropovich

Prokofiev had time to write his postwar Sixth Symphony and a ninth piano sonata (for Sviatoslav Richter) before the Party, as part of the so-called "Zhdanov Decree", suddenly changed its opinion about his music.^[64] The war's end allowed the Party to tighten its reins on domestic artists, forcing creative attention to turn inward again. Prokofiev's music was now seen as a grave example of formalism, and was branded as "anti-democratic". With many works banned, most concert and theatre administrators panicked and would not program Prokofiev's music at all, leaving him in severe financial straits.

On 20 February 1948, Prokofiev's wife Lina was arrested for 'espionage', as she tried to send money to her mother in Spain. She was sentenced to 20 years, but was eventually released after Stalin's death in 1953 and in 1974 left the Soviet Union.^[65]

His latest opera projects were quickly cancelled by the Kirov Theatre. This snub, in combination with his declining health, caused Prokofiev to progressively withdraw from active musical life. His doctors ordered him to limit his activities, limiting him to composing for only an hour or two each day. In 1949 he wrote his Cello Sonata in C, Op. 119, for the 22-year old Mstislav Rostropovich, who gave the first performance in 1950, with Sviatoslav Richter. For Rostropovich, Prokofiev also extensively recomposed his Cello Concerto, transforming it into a Symphony-Concerto, his last major masterpiece and a landmark in the cello and orchestra repertory today. The last public performance of his lifetime was the première of the somewhat bittersweet Seventh Symphony in 1952.^[66] The music was written for a children's television program.

Death[link]

Grave of Sergei Sergeyevich Prokofiev

Prokofiev died at the age of 61 on 5 March 1953, the day Joseph Stalin's death was announced. He had lived near Red Square, and for three days the throngs gathered to mourn Stalin, making it impossible to carry Prokofiev's body out for the funeral service at the headquarters of the Soviet Composer's Union. He is buried in the Novodevichy Cemetery in Moscow.^[67]

The leading Soviet musical periodical reported Prokofiev's death as a brief item on page 116. The first 115 pages were devoted to the death of Stalin. Usually Prokofiev's death is attributed to cerebral hemorrhage (bleeding into the brain). He had been chronically ill for the prior eight years;^[68] the precise nature of Prokofiev's terminal illness remains uncertain.

Lina Prokofieva outlived her estranged husband by many years, dying in London in early 1989. Royalties from her late husband's music provided her with a modest income. Their sons Sviatoslav (1924–2010), an architect, and Oleg (1928–1998), an artist, painter, sculptor and poet, dedicated a large part of their lives to the promotion of their father's life and work.^[69][70]

Works[link]

	Overture on Hebrew Themes noicon Overture on Hebrew Themes (1919), performed by members of the Advent Chamber Orchestra.
Problems listening to this file? See media help.

Important works include (in chronological order):

• Piano Concerto No. 1 in D-flat major, op. 10
• Toccata in D minor, Op. 11, for piano
• Piano Sonata No. 2 in D minor, Op. 14
• Piano Concerto No. 2 in G minor, Op. 16
• Sarcasms, Op. 17, for piano
• Violin Concerto No. 1 in D major, Op. 19
• Scythian Suite, Op. 20, suite for orchestra
• Chout, Op. 21, ballet in six scenes
• Visions fugitives, Op. 22, set of twenty piano pieces
• The Gambler, Op. 24, opera in four acts
• Symphony No. 1 in D major Classical, Op. 25, an archetypal neo-classical composition
• Piano Concerto No. 3 in C major, Op. 26
• The Love for Three Oranges, Op. 33, opera in four acts, includes the famous March from the Love for Three Oranges
• Overture on Hebrew Themes, Op. 34, for clarinet and piano quintet
• Quintet, Op. 39, for oboe, clarinet, violin, viola, and double-bass
• The Fiery Angel, Op. 37, opera in five acts
• Symphony No. 2 in D minor, Op. 40
• Le pas d'acier, ballet in two scenes, Op. 41
• Divertimento, Op. 43
• Symphony No. 3 in C minor, Op. 44
• The Prodigal Son, Op. 46, ballet in three scenes
• Symphony No. 4 in C major, Op. 47 (revised as Op. 112)
• Sinfonietta, Op. 5/48
• Four Portraits from The Gambler, Op. 49
• String Quartet No. 1 in B minor, Op. 50
• Symphonic Song, Op. 57
• Lieutenant Kije, Op. 60, suite for orchestra, includes the famous Troika
• Violin Concerto No. 2 in G minor, Op. 63
• Romeo and Juliet, Op. 64, ballet in four acts, contains the famous "Dance of the Knights"
  • Orchestral suites extracted from Romeo and Juliet:
    • Suite No. 1 from Romeo and Juliet, Op. 64bis
    • Suite No. 2 from Romeo and Juliet, Op. 64ter
    • Suite No. 3 from Romeo and Juliet, Op. 101
  • Ten Pieces for Piano from Romeo and Juliet, Op. 75
• Peter and the Wolf, Op. 67, a children's tale for narrator and orchestra
• Alexander Nevsky, Op. 78, cantata for mezzo-soprano, chorus, and orchestra
• Violin Sonata No. 1 in F minor, Op. 80
• The three so-called War Sonatas:
  • Piano Sonata No. 6 in A major, Op. 82
  • Piano Sonata No. 7 in B-flat major, Op. 83
  • Piano Sonata No. 8 in B-flat major, Op. 84
• Betrothal in a Monastery, Op. 86, opera.
• Cinderella, Op. 87, ballet in three acts
• War and Peace, Op. 91, opera in thirteen scenes
• String Quartet No. 2 in F major, Op. 92
• Flute Sonata in D, Op. 94 (later arranged as Violin Sonata No. 2, Op. 94a))
• Symphony No. 5 in B-flat major, Op. 100
• Piano Sonata No. 9 in C major, Op. 103
• Symphony No. 6 in E-flat minor, Op. 111
• Ivan the Terrible, Op. 116, music for Eisenstein's classic film of the same name.
• The Tale of the Stone Flower, Op. 118, ballet in two acts
• Symphony-Concerto for Cello and Orchestra in E minor, Op. 125, written for Mstislav Rostropovich
• Symphony No. 7 in C-sharp minor, Op. 131

Recordings[link]

Prokofiev was a soloist with the London Symphony Orchestra, conducted by Piero Coppola, in the first recording of his Piano Concerto No. 3, recorded in London by His Master's Voice in June 1932. Prokofiev also recorded some of his solo piano music for HMV in Paris in February 1935; these recordings were issued on CD by Pearl and Naxos.^[71] In 1938, he conducted the Moscow Philharmonic Orchestra in a recording of the second suite from his Romeo and Juliet ballet; this performance was later released on LP and CD.^[72] Another reported recording with Prokofiev and the Moscow Philharmonic was of the First Violin Concerto with David Oistrakh as soloist; Everest Records later released this recording on an LP. Despite the attribution, the conductor was Alexander Gauk. A short sound film of Prokofiev playing some of the music from his opera War and Peace and then explaining the music has been discovered.^[73]

Posthumous reputation[link]

A Soviet stamp marking Prokofiev's centenary in 1991

Prokofiev may well be the most popular composer of 20th century music.^[74] His orchestral music alone is played more frequently in the United States than that of any other composer of the last hundred years, save Richard Strauss,^[75] while his operas, ballets, chamber works, and piano music appear regularly throughout the major concert halls world-wide.

Yet he has never won the admiration of Western academics and critics currently enjoyed by Igor Stravinsky and Arnold Schoenberg, composers purported to have a greater influence on a younger generation of musicians.^[76] Even though his Symphony No. 1, Op. 25, "Classical" was composed some 4–5 years before such works as Stravinsky's Pulcinella, some contend that "the [neo-classical] movement started in earnest with Stravinsky",^[77] or even cite the influence of Stravinsky's neo-classicism on Prokofiev.^[78]

Nor has Prokofiev's biography captured the imagination of the public, in the way that Shostakovich appeared, for example, in sources such as Volkov's Testimony, as an impassioned dissident. Whilst Arthur Honegger proclaimed that Prokofiev would "remain for us the greatest figure of contemporary music",^[79] his reputation in the West has suffered greatly as a result of cold-war antipathies.^[80]

But Prokofiev's music and his reputation stand well-positioned to benefit from the demise of cultural politics.^[81] His fusion of melody and modernism and his "gift, virtually unparalleled among 20th-century composers, for writing distinctively original diatonic melodies",^[82] may stand him in good stead as we begin to appreciate the unique genius of this most prolific and enigmatic of composers.

Honours and awards[link]

This article incorporates information from the equivalent article on the Russian Wikipedia.

• Six Stalin Prizes:

(1943), 2nd degree - for the 7th Sonata

(1946), 1st degree - for the 5th Symphony and 8th Sonata

(1946), 1st degree - for the music for the film "Ivan the Terrible" Part 1 (1944)

(1946), 1st degree - for the ballet "Cinderella" (1944)

(1947), 1st degree - a sonata for violin and piano

(1951), 2nd degree - for vocal-symphonic suite "Winter fire" and the oratorio "On Guard for Peace" on poems by S. Marshak

• Lenin Prize (1957 - posthumous) - for the 7th Symphony
• People's Artist of RSFSR (1947)
• Order of the Red Banner of Labour

Bibliography[link]

Autobiography and diaries[link]

• Prokofiev, Sergei (1979). David H. Appel. ed. Prokofiev by Prokofiev: A Composer's Memoir. Guy Daniels (translator). New York: Doubleday & Co.. ISBN 0-385-09960-6. 
• Prokofiev, Sergei (1991). Soviet Diary 1927 and Other Writings. London: Faber and Faber. 
• Prokofiev, Sergei (2000) [1960]. S. Shlifstein. ed. Sergei Prokofiev: Autobiography, Articles, Reminiscences. Rose Prokofieva (translator). The Minerva Group, Inc.. ISBN 0-89875-149-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=VOnVVbaYt28C. 
• Prokofiev, Sergei (2006). Anthony Phillips. ed. Diaries 1907–1914. London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 0-571-22629-9. 
• Prokofiev, Sergei (2008). Anthony Phillips (translator and editor). ed. Diaries 1915–1923. London: Faber and Faber. ISBN [[Special:BookSources/0-571-22630-6|0-571-22630-6]]. 
• Prokofiev, Sergei (2002). Dnyevnik 1907–1933 (3 vols, in Russian). Paris. ISBN 2-9518138-0-5.  ISBN 2-9518138-1-3, ISBN 2-9518138-2-1
• Dissertations
• BIBLIOGRAPHY

Biographies[link]

• Dorigné, Michel (1994). Serge Prokofiev. Paris. 
• Jaffé, Daniel (1998). Sergey Prokofiev (2008 ed.). London. 
• Morrison, Simon (2008). The People's Artist: Prokofiev's Soviet Years. Oxford. 
• Nestyev, Israel (1946). Prokofiev, his Musical Life. New York. 
• Nestyev, Israel (1961). Prokofiev. Florence Jonas (translator). Stanford: Stanford University Press. 
• Nice, David (2003). Prokofiev: From Russia to the West 1891–1935. London. 
• Rakhmanova (ed.),, M. P., ed. (1991). Sergei Prokofiev on the 110th anniversary of his birth: letters, reminiscences and articles, (in Russian). Moscow. ISBN [[Special:BookSources/5-201-14607-3|5-201-14607-3]]. 
• Samuel, Claude (1971). Prokofiev. London. ISBN 0-7145-0490-4. 
• Seroff, Victor (1968). Sergei Prokofiev: A Soviet Tragedy. New York. 

Dictionary articles[link]

• The Concise Edition of Baker's Biographical Dictionary of Musicians, 8th ed. Revised by Nicolas Slonimsky. New York, Schirmer Books, 1993. ISBN 0-02-872416-X
• Prokofiev, Sergei by Richard Taruskin, in 'The New Grove Dictionary of Opera', ed. Stanley Sadie (London, 1992) ISBN 0-333-73432-7

Notes[link]

External links[link]

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Sergei Prokofiev

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Sergei Prokofiev

• Prokofiev Museum in Krasnoe
• The Serge Prokofiev Foundation
• Prokofiev-Center Information portal of Donetsk State Musical Academy named after S.Prokofiev
• Boosey and Hawkes' Prokofiev page – Most of Prokofiev's music is published by B&H.
• Free scores by Sergei Prokofiev at the International Music Score Library Project
• Holdings of the Serge Prokofiev Archive listed under AIM25.
• The chess games of Sergei Prokofiev Four for posterity
• List of Prokofiev's complete works
• Works by or about Sergei Prokofiev in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
• Prokofiev's gravesite at findagrave.com
• "Bad Boy of the Keyboard – An Interview with Recording Artist Barbara Nissman" on AdventuresInMusic.biz, 2008
• "Finding Unlikely Ideology in Prokofiev: Polyphonic and Anti-Authoritarian Gestures in The Gambler
• Bright Lights Film Journal article on Prokofiev and Meyerhold's Boris Godunov

Recordings[link]

• Piano Rolls (The Reproducing Piano Roll Foundation)

Mario Monti
Prime Minister of Italy
Incumbent
Assumed office 16 November 2011
President	Giorgio Napolitano
Preceded by	Silvio Berlusconi
Minister of Economy and Finance
Incumbent
Assumed office 16 November 2011
Preceded by	Giulio Tremonti
Senator for Life of the Italian Senate
Incumbent
Assumed office 9 November 2011
President	Giorgio Napolitano
European Commissioner for Competition
In office 15 September 1999 – 30 October 2004
President	Romano Prodi
Preceded by	Karel Van Miert
Succeeded by	Neelie Kroes
European Commissioner for Internal Market, Services, Customs and Taxation
In office 18 January 1995 – 15 September 1999
President	Jacques Santer Manuel Marín (Acting)
Preceded by	Raniero Vanni d'Archirafi
Succeeded by	Frits Bolkestein
Personal details
Born	(1943-03-19) 19 March 1943 (age 69) Varese, Italy
Political party	Independent
Spouse(s)	Elsa Antonioli
Children	Federica Monti Giovanni Monti
Residence	Palazzo Chigi
Alma mater	Bocconi University Yale University
Religion	Roman Catholic[1]
Signature

Mario Monti (Italian pronunciation: [ˈmaːrjo ˈmonti]; born 19 March 1943) is an Italian economist and academic who has been the 54th Prime Minister of Italy, as well as Minister of Economy and Finance, since November 2011.

Monti served as a European Commissioner from 1995 to 2004, with responsibility for the Internal Market, Services, Customs and Taxation from 1995 to 1999 and for Competition from 1999 to 2004. Monti has also been Rector and President of Bocconi University in Milan.

On 12 November 2011, in the midst of the European sovereign debt crisis, Monti was invited by President Giorgio Napolitano to form a new technocratic government (in Italian, governo tecnico) following the resignation of Silvio Berlusconi. Monti was sworn in as Prime Minister on 16 November 2011, just a week after having been appointed a Senator for Life.

Early life[link]

Monti was born in Varese on 19 March 1943.^[2] His mother was from Piacenza. Although his father grew up in Varese, he was born in Luján in the Buenos Aires Province, Argentina, where the Monti family had emigrated in the 19th century and built up a soft-drink and beer-production business.^[3][4] Monti's father went back to Argentina during World War II, but later returned to his family home in Varese.^[5]

Monti studied at the Leo XIII private catholic high school, and attended Bocconi University of Milan, where he obtained a degree in economics in 1965. Later he won a scholarship to Yale University,^[6] where he studied under James Tobin, a recipient of the Nobel Prize in Economics.^[7]

Academic career[link]

Monti began his academic career at the University of Trento; he then taught economics at the University of Turin from 1970 to 1985, before moving to Bocconi University, where he was appointed rector from 1989 to 1994, and of which he is president since 1994. He also served as president of the SUERF (The European Money and Finance Forum) from 1982 to 1985.^[8] His research helped to create the Klein-Monti model, aimed at describing the behaviour of banks operating under monopoly circumstances.^[9]

European Commissioner[link]

Mario Monti served as a European Commissioner from 1994 to 2004.

Santer Commission[link]

In 1994, Monti was appointed to the Santer Commission, along with Emma Bonino, by the first Silvio Berlusconi cabinet. In his office as a European Commissioner from 1994 to 1999, he was responsible for Internal Market, Financial Services and Financial Integration, Customs, and Taxation. His work with the commission has earned him the nickname "Super Mario" from his colleagues and from the press.^[10]

Prodi Commission[link]

In 1999, Prime Minister Massimo D'Alema confirmed his appointment to the new Prodi Commission and he was given one of the most powerful positions at the Commission, Competition Commissioner.^[11]

As Competition Commissioner Monti led the investigation into a number of high profile and controversial mergers, including: Scania AB & Volvo (1999),^[12] WorldCom & Sprint (2000),^[13] General Electric & Honeywell (2001), Schneider Electric & Legrand (2001)^[14] and Carnival Corporation & P&O Ferries (2002).^[15] His term in office also saw the European Court of Justice, for the first time, overrule the Commission's decision to block a merger in three separate cases, although two were decided by his predecessor.^[16] Monti was also responsible for levying the EU's largest ever fine at the time (€497 million) against Microsoft for abusing its dominant market position in 2004.^[17]

Monti was criticised in the media and by competition lawyers for the perceived inflexibility of the merger oversight process and the high number of cases that were being blocked.^[12][18][19] On 1 November 2002, Monti responding to the European Court of Justice's ruling which reversed his decision to block the merger between Airtours & First Choice Holidays said, "Last week was a tough week for the Commission's merger control policy - and of course for me."^[16][19] This ruling in combination with his decision to block the General Electric & Honeywell merger led to criticism in the United States against both the Commission's procedures and accusations that Monti's decisions were politically motivated.^[20] Monti, however, was defended by supporters who saw his actions as an important step in the development of competition law in the EU. Dan Rubinfeld, economics professor at the University of California who worked on the US Justice Department's antitrust case against Microsoft, said of Monti, "There has been a lot of talk of politics in this and other cases, but I believe he has been driven entirely by the desire to do the right thing."^[16]

On 11 December 2002, Monti proposed a series of reforms to the EU's merger rules and made structural changes within the Commission's Competition department which aimed to improve transparency for companies throughout the merger review process.^[21] The reforms were adopted by the EU as Regulation 139/2004 (known as ECMR).

In 2004, Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi returned to power in Italy and did not re-appoint Monti to the Barroso Commission.^[22]

Barroso Commission[link]

In 2010, Monti, then no longer a European Commissioner, was asked by Commission President Manuel Barroso to draft a "Report on the Future of the Single Market" proposing further measures towards the completion of the EU's Single Market.^[23][24] The published report, adopted by the EU on 13 April 2011, proposed 12 reforms to the Single Market and was intended to "give new momentum" to the European economy.^[25]

Prime Minister[link]

Appointment[link]

Monti's cabinet swearing ceremony at the presence of President Giorgio Napolitano.

On 9 November 2011, Monti was appointed a Lifetime Senator by Italian President Giorgio Napolitano.^[26] He was seen as a favourite to replace Silvio Berlusconi to lead a new unity government in Italy in order to implement reforms and austerity measures.^[27] On 12 November 2011, following Berlusconi's resignation, Napolitano invited Monti to form a new government.^[28] Monti accepted the offer, and held talks with the leaders of the main Italian political parties, declaring that he wanted to form a government that would remain in office until the next scheduled general elections in 2013.^[29] On 16 November 2011, Monti was officially sworn in as Prime Minister of Italy, after unveiling a technocratic cabinet composed entirely of unelected professionals.^[30] He also chose to hold the post of Minister of Economy and Finance.^[31][32] On 17 and 18 November 2011, the Italian Senate and Italian Chamber of Deputies both passed motions of confidence supporting Monti's government, with only Lega Nord voting against.^[33][34]

Austerity measures[link]

Monti during his swearing.

On 4 December 2011, Monti's government introduced emergency austerity measures intended to stem the worsening economic conditions in Italy and restore market confidence, especially after rising Italian government bond yields began to threaten Italy's financial stability.^[35] The austerity package called for increased taxes, pension reform and measures to fight tax evasion. Monti also announced that he would be giving up his own salary as part of the reforms.^[36] On 16 December 2011, the Lower House of the Italian Parliament adopted the measures by a vote of 495 to 88.^[37] Six days later the Upper House gave final approval to the package by a vote of 257 to 41.^[38]

Labour market reforms[link]

On 20 January 2012, Monti's government formally adopted a package of reforms targeting Italy's labour market. The reforms are intended to open certain professions (such as taxi drivers, pharmacists, doctors, lawyers and notaries) to more competition by reforming their licensing systems and abolishing minimum tariffs for their services.^[39][40] Article 18 of Italy's labour code, which requires companies that employ 15 or more workers to re-hire (rather than compensate) any employee found to have been fired without just cause,^[41][42] would also be reformed. The reforms to Article 18 are intended to make it easier for companies to dismiss or lay-off employees, which would hopefully encourage companies to hire more employees on permanent rather than short-term renewable contracts.^[42] The proposals have been met by strong opposition from labour unions and public protests.^[43] In early January 2012, consultations between the government and labour unions commenced^[44] and on 13 February it was reported in the Italian media that a compromise on the proposals was very close and the government was hopeful that reforms could be approved by the Italian parliament in March.^{[45][dated info]}

Think tanks[link]

Monti actively participates in several major think tanks. He is a member of the Praesidium of Friends of Europe. He was the founding chairman of Bruegel, another European think tank, which was formed in 2005. He is also the European Chairman of the Trilateral Commission, a think tank founded in 1973 by David Rockefeller.^[46]

Monti is a leading member of the exclusive Bilderberg Group.^[47] He has also been an international advisor to Goldman Sachs^[48] and The Coca-Cola Company.^[49] He has also been a member of the "Senior European Advisory Council" of Moody's^[50] and he is one of the members of the "Business and Economics Advisors Group" of the Atlantic Council.^[51]

In 2007, Mario Monti was one of the first supporters of the first European civic forum, États Généraux de l'Europe, initiated by European think tank EuropaNova and European Movement. He was also a member of the French government's Attali Commission from 2007 to 2008,^[6][52] appointed by Nicolas Sarkozy to provide recommendations to enhance economic growth in France.

Monti is a founding member of the Spinelli Group,^[53] an organization launched in September 2010 to facilitate integration within the European Union (other members of the steering group include Jacques Delors, Daniel Cohn-Bendit, Guy Verhofstadt, Andrew Duff and Elmar Brok).

Personal life[link]

Monti is married to his wife Elsa^[54] and has two children.^[55]

Known for his reserved character, Monti acknowledges not being especially sociable.^[56] He has said that his youth was given over to hard study; spare-time activities included cycling and keeping up with world affairs by tuning in to foreign short-wave radio stations.^[56]

Awards and decorations[link]

	Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic – awarded on 29 November 2004[57]
	Commander of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic – awarded on 27 December 1992[58]

See also[link]

	Biography portal
	Italy portal
	Politics portal

• List of Prime Ministers of Italy
• Monti Cabinet

References[link]