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Breadcrumbs on a plate from a box

Breadcrumbs or bread crumbs (regional variants: breading, crispies) are small particles of dry bread, which are used for breading or crumbing foods, topping casseroles, stuffing poultry, thickening stews, adding inexpensive bulk to meatloaves and similar foods, and are used to make a crisp and crunchy coating for fried foods. A Japanese variety of bread crumbs is called Panko.

Overview[link]

Dry breadcrumbs are made from very dry bread which has been baked or toasted to remove most remaining moisture, and may have a sandy or even powdery texture. Bread crumbs are most easily produced by pulverizing slices of bread in a food processor, using a steel blade to make coarse crumbs, or a grating blade to make fine crumbs. A grater or similar tool will also do.

The breads used to make soft or fresh bread crumbs are not quite as dry, so the crumbs are larger and produce a softer coating, crust, or stuffing. The crumb of bread is also a term that refers to the texture of the inner soft part of a loaf of bread, as distinguished from the crust, or "skin".

They are not to be confused with croutons; though both are made of dried bread, croutons are approximately cubic pieces averaging a cubic centimeter in size and breadcrumbs are roughly the same size and shape as a small pebble. Both probably originated as a way to use stale bread and unwanted crust.

Panko[link]

Baked panko crusted pork with pineapple sauce over udon

Panko (パン粉^?) is a variety of flaky bread crumb used in Japanese cuisine as a crunchy coating for fried foods, such as tonkatsu. Panko is made from bread baked by passing an electric current through the dough,^[1] yielding bread without crusts, and it has a crisper, airier texture than most types of breading found in Western cuisine. White Panko is made from bread which has had the crusts removed while tan “Panko” is made from the whole loaf of bread. Outside Japan, it is becoming more popular for use in Asian and non-Asian dishes, is often used on fish and seafood, and is often available in Asian markets and specialty stores. Increasingly, it is also available in many large supermarkets. In February 2012, the U.S. fast-food chain Wendy's introduced a cod fillet sandwich that they advertised as having a panko breading. Panko is produced worldwide, particularly in Asian countries, including Japan, Korea, Thailand, China, and Vietnam.

Etymology[link]

Container of panko bread crumbs typical of those available in U.S. health food stores.

The Japanese first learned to make bread from the Portuguese; the word "panko" is derived from pão (Portuguese for "bread") and -ko, a Japanese suffix indicating "flour", "crumb", or "powder" (as in komeko, "rice powder", sobako, "buckwheat flour", and komugiko, "wheat flour").^[2]

Breading[link]

Breading (also known as crumbing) is a dry grain-derived food coating for a piece of food such as meat, vegetable, poultry, fish, shellfish, crustacean, seitan, or textured soy, made from bread crumbs or a breading mixture with seasonings. Breading can also refer to the process of applying a bread-like coating to a food. Breading is well suited for frying because it lends itself to creating a crisp coating around the food. Breading mixtures can be made of breadcrumb, flour, cornmeal, and seasoning that the item to be breaded is dredged in before cooking. If the item to be breaded is too dry for the coating to stick, the item may first be moistened with a liquid such as buttermilk or raw egg.

Breading contrasts with batter, which is a grain-based liquid coating for food that produces a smoother and finer texture, but which can be less crisp overall.

References[link]

v t e Bread List of breads Types Brown bread White bread Whole wheat Flatbread Quick Rye bread Salt-rising Soda bread Sourdough Unleavened Ingredients Barm Calcium propanoate Flour Flour treatment agent Leavening agent Pre-ferment Improver Equipment Oven Bread machine Bread pan Dough scraper Lame Peel Stand mixer Processes Autolysis Baking Biga Chorleywood bread process Kneading Leavening Maillard reaction Proofing Pre-slicing Steaming Vienna process Uses Breadcrumbs Bread bowl Bread pudding Croutons French toast Stuffing Sandwiches Toast Other Breadmaking Baker percentage Recipes on WikiBooks Category:Breads The Food Portal

Seth D. Harris
Harris Official Portrait
Born	(1962-10-12) October 12, 1962 (age 49)
Education	BSILR (1983) J.D. (1990)
Alma mater	Cornell University New York University School of Law
Title	U.S. Deputy Secretary of Labor
Spouse	Karen Beth Rosen[1]

Seth D. Harris (born October 12, 1962) is the 11th United States Deputy Secretary of Labor. Nominated by Barack Obama in February 2009, Harris was confirmed unanimously by the U.S. Senate in May 2009. He has been described as Labor Secretary Hilda Solis's "right-hand man."^[2] Harris is also a member of the Overseas Private Investment Corporation's Board of Directors.^[3]

Biography[link]

Early life and education[link]

Harris was born and raised Jewish.^[4] Harris earned a BS from the Cornell University School of Industrial and Labor Relations in 1983 and was a member of the Quill and Dagger society.^[2] He later obtained a J.D. from New York University School of Law where he was editor-in-chief of the Review of Law & Social Change^[5] and a member of the Order of the Coif.^[2] Harris was a law clerk to Chief Judge Gene Carter of the U.S. District Court for the District of Maine and Judge William C. Canby, Jr. of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 9th Circuit.^[6]

Prior Labor Department service[link]

Harris served as Counselor to the Secretary and in other Labor Department policymaking roles for seven years advising both President Clinton’s first-term Labor Secretary Robert Reich and second-term Secretary Alexis Herman on legal, policy and management issues.^[2]

Academic career[link]

For nine years prior to joining the Obama Administration, Harris was a Professor of Law and Director of Labor & Employment Law Programs at New York Law School.^[6] Harris’s scholarship focused on the economics of labor and employment law, with a particular emphasis on the employment provisions of the Americans with Disabilities Act.^[7] He has also written about the National Labor Relations Act, the Fair Labor Standards Act, worker organizing, and employment discrimination laws in general.^[7]

Harris served as a Senior Fellow of the Life Without Limits Project of the United Cerebral Palsy Association^[8] and a member of Georgetown University Law School’s Workplace Flexibility 2010 National Advisory Commission^[9][10]

Obama connections[link]

Harris served as a member of the Agency Review Working Group of the Obama-Biden Transition Team with responsibility for the federal government’s transportation, labor, and education agencies.^[10] Harris also chaired Obama for America’s Labor, Employment and Workplace Policy Committee and Disability Policy Committee.^[10] He had served as a member of the Clinton-Gore Transition Team in 1992 and 1993.^[2]

Family[link]

Harris is married to Karen Beth Rosen, a social worker.^[11] His father is the late Dr. Jonathan Harris, a high school teacher and author of young adult non-fiction books.^[11] His mother is Martha Harris, a retired high school librarian.^[11] Harris’s brother is radio personality Paul Harris.^[12]

Articles and books[link]

• Dau-Schmidt, Kenneth G.; Harris, Seth D.; Lobel, Orly (2009). Labor and Employment Law & Economics (Edward Elgar Pub). http://www.e_elgar.co.uk/Bookentry_contents.lasso?id=13000. 
• Seth D. Harris and Michael Ashley Stein, "Workplace Disability" in Labor and Employment Law and Economics (Kenneth G. Dau-Schmidt, Seth D. Harris, and Orly Lobel, eds.), Edward Elgar Pub., 2009, webpage: "Labor and Employment Law".
• James P. Baker, David B. Mixner, and Seth D. Harris, The State of Disability in America: An Evaluation of the Disability Experience by the Life without Limits Project (UCP 2007), webpage: UCP-282, United Cerebral Palsy Association.
• Seth D. Harris, "The Mis-Directed Debate Over the Economics of Disabilities Accommodations," in Human Resources Economics and Public Policy: Essays in Honor of Vernon M. Briggs, Jr. (Charles J. Whalen, ed.), W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, 2009, webpage: Upj145.
• Seth D. Harris, “Law, Economics, and Accommodations in the Internal Labor Market,” 10 U. PA. J. BUS. & LAB. L. 1 (Fall 2007).Social Sciences Research Network
• Seth D. Harris, "Disabilities Accommodations, Transaction Costs, and Mediation: Evidence from the EEOC's Mediation Program", 13 Harv. Negot. L. Rev. 1 (Winter 2008), webpage: SSRN-648, Social Sciences Research Network.
• Seth D. Harris, "Don't Mourn — Reorganize!: An Introduction to the Next Wave Organizing Conference Volume", 49 N.Y.L.Sch. L. Rev. 303 (2005-2006).Social Sciences Research Network
• Seth D. Harris, "Innocence and The Sopranos", 49 N.Y. L. Sch L. Rev. 577 (2004-2005).Social Sciences Research Network
• Seth D. Harris, "Introduction: Understanding the Context for the ‘Coehlo Challenge’", 48 N.Y. L. Sch. L. Rev. 711 (2004).Social Sciences Research Network
• Seth D. Harris, "Re-Thinking the Economics of Discrimination: US Airways v. Barnett, the ADA, and the Application of Internal Labor Markets Theory", 89 Iowa L. Rev. 123 (Oct. 2003).Social Sciences Research Network
• Seth D. Harris, "Coase's Paradox and the Inefficiency of Permanent Strike Replacements", 80 Wash. U. L.Q. 1185 (2002).Social Sciences Research Network
• Seth D. Harris, "Conceptions of Fairness and the Fair Labor Standards Act", 18 Hofstra Lab. & Emp. L. J. 19 (Fall 2000).Social Sciences Research Network
• Seth D. Harris, Note, "Permitting Prejudice to Govern: Equal Protection, Military Deference, and the Exclusion of Lesbians and Gay Men from the Military", 17 N.Y.U. Rev. L. Soc. Change 171 (1989-1990).
• "Old 9-to-5 Grind Begins to Look Good", Los Angeles Times (Op Ed), June 1, 2003 at M5.
• "A Short Transition (Thank Goodness)", Washington Post (Op Ed), December 20, 2000 at A35.
• "The Pizza Hut Subsidy", Washington Post (Op Ed), October 4, 2000 at A33.

References[link]

External links[link]

• United States Department of Labor, Seth Harris