Wu 吳
← 229–280 →
The territories of Eastern Wu (in green), AD 262
Capital	Wuchang (222-229, 265-266) Jianye (229-265, 266-280)
Language(s)	Chinese
Religion	Taoism, Confucianism, Chinese folk religion
Government	Monarchy
Emperor
- 229 - 252	Sun Quan
- 252 - 258	Sun Liang
- 258 - 264	Sun Xiu
- 264 - 280	Sun Hao
Historical era	Three Kingdoms
- Establishment	229
- Sun Quan declares himself emperor	229
- Conquest of Wu by Jin	280
Population
-  est.	2,500,000
Currency	Chinese coin, Chinese cash

Eastern Wu,^[1] also known as Sun Wu, was one the three states competing for control of China during the Three Kingdoms period after the fall of the Han Dynasty. It was based in the Jiangnan (Yangtze River Delta) region of China. During its existence, its capital was at Jianye (建業; present-day Nanjing, Jiangsu), but at times it was also at Wuchang (武昌; present-day Ezhou, Hubei).^[2]

History[link]

During the final years of the Han Dynasty, the Wu region - in the south of the Yangtze River surrounding present-day Nanjing - was under the control of the warlord Sun Quan. Sun Quan succeeded his brother Sun Ce as the lord over the Wu region paying nominal allegiance to Emperor Xian of Han (who was, at that point, under the control of Cao Cao). Unlike his competitors, he did not really have the ambition to be Emperor of China. However, after Cao Pi of Cao Wei and Liu Bei of Shu Han each declared themselves emperor, Sun Quan decided to follow suit in 229, claiming to have founded the Wu Dynasty.

Sun Quan's long reign resulted in the stabilizing of the south. Wu and Shu had a military alliance, to defeat Wei in the north. Wu never managed to gain territory north of the Yangtze River, but Wei never managed to take territory south of the river.^[3]

Wu was finally conquered by the Jin Dynasty in 280, which marked the reunification of China at the end of the Three Kingdoms period.

A jar made within the Wu empire dated back to the Three Kingdoms period

Culture[link]

The culture of Eastern Wu was most solidified under the reign of Sun Quan (229-252). Migrations from the north and the needed settlement from the Shanyue barbarians made it possible for the increase in manpower, agriculture, and settling the lower most parts of Eastern Wu.^[4] Along with that, river transportation became a huge factor and flourished as Jiangnan and Zhedong canals were finished with construction. After the Battle of Xiaoting and during the invasions of Wu by Cao Pi in the 220's, Shu was able to reestablish their trade and relationships with the great Sun empire. Shu's cotton was a great influx for Wu, and the development of metal industries was greatly increased.^[5][6]

A banner with the reading "Eastern Wu".

The fact of inflation and economic problems still were in existence since the Han Dynasty.^[7] Sun Quan tried to start a currency of large coins manufactured by copper. Sun Quan also tried to prohibit private minting. This policy was exterminated in 246 due to ineffectiveness. ^[8][9]

Civil matters[link]

Personages with clerical or scholarly abilities had roles to play within the state, but the policies were more determined by those of military command and nobility.^[10] Every Wu army was in need of administrative support.^[11] According to Rafe de Crespigny:

Recognised as practical counsellors, regardless of their fighting prowess or their ability to command troops in the field.^[11]

Under the reign of Sun Quan, he needed a strong role of advisors and secretaries in order to keep his link of power in a maintained level. Sun Quan's prestige in dealing with hostiles and friendly relations called for the establishment of a controlled form of an imperial government for the empire of Wu. Sun Quan also created the opportunity for people residing within Wu to gain prestige and influence throughout the empire and the surrounding establishments with the duty of being an envoy.^[12]

Following the death of the Wei emperor Cao Pi in 226, Sun Quan strongly promoted his kingdom to focus on agriculture because the threat from Wei was lifted.^[13] However, Lu Xun suggested to Sun Quan that military commanders should become involved in the colonization of land. Sun Quan quickly accepted and he, along with his sons would execute the memorial presented by Lu Xun.^[14] However, around the years surrounding 240, Wu was under a severe famine phase and Sun Quan restrained Lu Xun's idea and refocused on agricultural works.^[15] In 234, when Zhuge Ke was in control of affairs in the south, he strongly ignored the colonization order and viciously ordered the agriculture factor, often starving enemies such as the Shanyue into submission.^[16]

Legacy[link]

An Eastern Wu green glaze pottery jar dated back to the Three Kingdoms period.

Under the rule of Wu, the Yangtze River Delta region, regarded in early history as a barbaric "jungle" developed into one of the commercial, cultural, and political centers of China. Within five centuries, during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period, the development of southern China centered around Jiangnan had surpassed that of the north. The achievements of Wu marked the beginning of the cultural and political division between northern and southern China that would repeatedly appear in Chinese history well into modernity.^[17]

The island of Taiwan may have been first reached by the Chinese during the Three Kingdoms period.^[18][19] Contact with the native population and the dispatch of officials to an island named "Yizhou" (夷州) by the Wu navy might have been to Taiwan, but the location of Yizhou is open to dispute; some historians believe it was Taiwan, while others believe it was the Ryukyu Islands. Wu merchants also may have reached Southern Vietnam and Cambodia.^[20] Failed protection of Gongsun Yuan also was in existence when the latter rebelled against Wei. This was because of the waterway's difficulties. Such things costed Wu, and the achievements supposedly gained within Taiwan did not cover this problem and Sun Quan lost his vassal.^[21]

Later on in the Wu existence, the once great military was turned to an unimpressive military. It was most likely an easy task to take Hefei from Wei, but Wu could not do so. Since the 230's, this task was made harder due to the "New City".^[22] One of the greatest failures to accomplish something later on in Wu's reign was during 255 and during the last few years of the 250's. When Guanqiu Jian and Wen Qin rebelled against Wei, Wu promised to help the two in Shouchun. However, the Wu forces never made it in time before the rebellion was quashed by Sima Shi and the Wei forces. When Zhuge Dan launched a massive full-scale rebellion, the Wu forces suffered a great defeat as they lent a great quantity of manpower to Zhuge Dan's cause. Shouchun was quickly regained by Wei under Sima Zhao's command.^[23]

During the Conquest of Shu by Wei in 263, Wu could not fully lend support to their allies due to a revolt in Vietnam.^[24]

The decline of Wu was long in existence since the death of Lu Xun in 245 and the death of Sun Quan in 252. Sun Quan's successors could do little for the empire. Zhuge Ke was assassinated by Sun Jun after a failed invasion of Hefei following the Wu victory over an invading Wei force at Dongxing.^[25] Ding Feng, also ended up killing Sun Chen under orders from Sun Xiu. Corruption plagued Wu, and led to an easy downfall from the Jin empire.

List of territories[link]

List of sovereigns[link]

Gallery[link]

• 

  Jar with modeled figurines from Eastern Wu, 222-280 CE, Shanghai Museum.

• 

  Funeral Urn

• 

  Eastern Wu green glaze pottery jar (top)

• 

  Eastern Wu green glaze pottery jar (top)

• 

  Wu banner

• 

  Sun Quan statue

• 

  Sun Quan Tang

• 

  Sun Quan and his brother Sun Ce

• 

  SunQuan MeihuaShan

See also[link]

• Shu Han
• Cao Wei
• Three Kingdoms
• List of people of the Three Kingdoms
• Timeline of the Three Kingdoms period
• Romance of the Three Kingdoms
• Records of the Three Kingdoms

Notes[link]

References[link]

This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (August 2009)

Joseph Wu PhD
Joseph Wu
5th Head of TECRO
In office April 10, 2007 – July 26, 2008
Preceded by	David Lee
Succeeded by	Jason Yuan
Personal details
Born	(1954-10-31) October 31, 1954 (age 57) Changhua County, Taiwan
Nationality	Republic of China (Taiwan)
Political party	Democratic Progressive Party
Alma mater	National Chengchi University University of Missouri Ohio State University
Occupation	Politician
Profession	Political scientist

Joseph Wu Chao-hsieh (traditional Chinese: 吳釗燮; simplified Chinese: 呉钊燮; pinyin: Wú Zhāoxiè; Wade–Giles: Wú Chāo-hsièh; born 1954) was formerly the chief representative of the Republic of China (Taiwan) to the United States as the head of the Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office in Washington, D.C.. He was appointed to that position in mid-April 2007 by President Chen Shui-bian to succeed his predecessor, David Lee.

Educational background[link]

Prior to entering politics, he was an academic political scientist, finishing his PhD in political science in 1989 at Ohio State University. He wrote papers critical of the PRC while in the United States. He served as a teacher and research assistant in the political science department of Ohio State University in the United States, and as deputy director of the Institute of International Relations of National Chengchi University in Taiwan.

Rise in politics[link]

Formerly the Deputy Secretary General of the Presidential Office for President Chen Shui-bian, Wu was appointed the chairman of the Mainland Affairs Council of the Republic of China (Taiwan), the body charged with coordinating relations with the People's Republic of China (PRC), by Chen in May 2004.

His appointment as Chairman of the Mainland Affairs Council proved somewhat controversial due to his reputation as a supporter of Taiwan independence, especially in light of the simultaneous appointment as foreign minister of former independence activist Mark Chen. Wu was the only non-Kuomintang representative of the ROC to the United States.

His tenure as head of TECRO lasted one year and three months.^[1]

References[link]

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2010)

This article is an orphan, as few or no other articles link to it. Please introduce links to this page from related articles; suggestions may be available. (July 2010)

Wu Liufang
Full name	吴柳芳 (Wu Liufang)
Country represented	China
Born	(1994-12-22) December 22, 1994 (age 17) Liuzhou, Guangxi
Discipline	Women's artistic gymnastics
Level	Senior
Medal record Competitor for  China Pacific Rim Championships Silver 2010 Melbourne Team Bronze 2010 Melbourne Balance Beam World Cup Gold 2010 Doha Balance Beam Gold 2010 Doha Floor Gold 2010 Paris Balance Beam Gold 2010 Ghent Uneven Bars Gold 2011 Ghent Balance Beam Silver 2010 Doha Uneven Bars Silver 2011 Ghent Floor Silver 2011 Osijek Uneven Bars Silver 2011 Osijek Balance Beam Bronze 2010 Ghent Balance Beam Bronze 2011 Ghent Uneven Bars National Games Silver 2009 Jinan Team Bronze 2009 Jinan Uneven Bars

Wu Liufang (Chinese: 吴柳芳; pinyin: Wú Liŭfāng), born on 22 December 1994, is a Chinese gymnast.^[1]

Gymnastics career[link]

Wu Liufang made the Chinese national team in 2008. At the 11th Chinese national games in September 2009, she achieved bronze for uneven bars and silver for the team event (as part of Guangdong team).^[2]

Wu participated in the 2010 Doha World Cup, where she won gold on balance beam and floor, and silver on uneven bars.^[3][4] She also won beam gold at the 17th Internationaux de France world cup held in Paris Bercy.^[5]

At the 2010 Chinese national championships, Wu Liufang, participating for the Guangdong team, won silver in all-round, and came 4th in uneven bars and 4th in beam.^[6]

Wu Liufang attended the 2010 World Championships in Rotterdam as the 7th reserve member of the Chinese team, and did not end up competing.

Competitive history[link]

^{[7] [8]}

References[link]

External links[link]