the 'D-Beat' in musical notation  Play (help·info).

D-beat (also known as discrust, discore, or kängpunk) is a style of hardcore punk developed in the early 1980s by imitators of Discharge, after whom the genre is named, as well as a drum beat characteristic of this subgenre. Discharge may have themselves inherited the beat from Motörhead. The first such group was The Varukers. D-beat is closely associated with crust punk, which is a heavier, more complex variation. The style was particularly popular in Sweden, and developed there by groups such as Anti Cimex, Mob 47, Driller Killer, and No Security. Other D-beat groups include Doom, from the UK; Disclose, from Japan; Crucifix and Final Conflict, from the U.S.; Ratos de Porão, from Brazil; and MG15, from Spain. While the style initially developed in the early 1980s, a number of new groups working within the subgenre emerged in the mid-1990s. These include the Swedish groups Wolfpack, Totalitär, Avskum, Skitsystem and Disfear.

History[link]

Discharge[link]

D-beat began in the United Kingdom as a subgenre of street punk or hardcore punk inspired by Discharge. Discharge formed in 1977 in Stoke-on-Trent, England, initially played a basic variety of street punk inspired by the Sex Pistols and The Clash. In 1979, the group changed its line-up and began a new style indebted to heavy metal.^[1] At this time Terry "Tez" Roberts developed their characteristic drum beat, for which the D-beat subgenre is named. Roberts commented in 2004 that "I just wanna be remembered for coming up with that f-ckin' D-beat in the first place! And inspiring all those f-ckin' great Discore bands around the world!"^[2] Discharge's inspiration for the style has led it to be referred to as "discore".^[3] Roberts' beat is similar to the basic percussive backbone of songs by Motörhead,^[4] and many subsequent groups borrow from this group a great deal as well as Discharge. After 1982, the group changed its style to a more conventional form of heavy metal. However, their classic sound inspired other groups to emulate them; The Varukers, also from England, were the first of these.

Skitsystem, a Swedish D-beat group

As punk historian Ian Glasper put it,

The Varukers were the original Discore band, the first and best of the hardcore punk acts to take the simple, yet devastatingly effective formula laid down by Discharge and play it as fast, hard, heavy as they could.

—^[3]

Glasper writes,

In the turbulent wake of Discharge, a hundred Discore - or D-beat - punk bands sprang up around the world.

—^[5]

While the style was first practiced in England, it became especially inspirational to a number of groups in Sweden.

Early Swedish D-beat[link]

D-beat was initially known as "kängpunk" ("boot punk") in Sweden.^[6]The first Swedish D-beat song is "Marquee," by Rude Kids, from Stockholm, recorded in 1979.^[7] They were followed by KSMB (En Slemmig Torsk), Missbrukarna, and more famously, Anti Cimex.^[4] Anti Cimex's second 7" EP, Raped Ass, has been described as "one of the rawest and most violent hardcore releases ever."^[4] Other such groups included Shitlickers, Moderat Likvidation, Asocial,^[8] and most prominently Mob 47.^[9] Mob 47, also from Stockholm, was known as the fastest of the kängpunk groups. The group also blended Discharge's style with American hardcore punk, diversifying the style.^[10]

1980s British and American crust punk[link]

In England, a second style of anarcho-punk similar to D-beat developed in the mid-1980s.^[11] This style borrowed from the Swedish kängpunk groups as well as British anarcho-punk, heavy metal, and post-punk.^[12][13] The term "crust" was coined by Hellbastard on their 1986 Ripper Crust demo. As punk historian Ian Glasper puts it,

'Rippercrust' is widely regarded as the first time the word 'crust' was used in the punk context, and hence the specific starting point of the whole crustcore genre, although some would attribute that accolade to the likes of Disorder, Chaos UK, and Amebix several years earlier.

—^[14]

Malcolm "Scruff" Lewty, vocalist and guitarist of Hellbastard, commented, "A lot of people say we started the crust-punk genre, but whatever. If they wanna say that, I don't mind, but I'm certainly no Malcolm McLaren, saying I invented something I didn't."^[14]

Amebix^[15][16] and Antisect are often located as the originators of crust punk.^[11] Amebix's Arise LP and Antisect's Out from the Void single, both released in 1985, offer a template for the subgenre.

Punk journalist Felix von Havoc contends that Doom, Excrement of War, Electro Hippies and Extreme Noise Terror were among the first bands to have the traditional UK "crust" sound.^[11] Additional subgenres of this style began to develop. Deviated Instinct, from Norwich, created "stenchcore", bringing "both the look and sound - dirty and metallic, respectively - to their natural conclusion".^[17] Initially an anarcho-punk group, they began to take increasing influence from metal. As vocalist Julian "Leggo" Kilsby comments,

We were very much a part of the anarcho scene, to start with, very politically motivated... all the way through the band's existence, really, although it got less obvious as time went by. But I never really liked the straightforward 'War is bad...' lyrics that were so prevalent at the time, so as my writing skills improved I wanted to add more depth to our lyrics and make them more metaphorical; I'd always been into horror films, so that started to manifest itself in the imagery I was using...

—^[18]

Extreme Noise Terror is credited with developing this style into grindcore.^[13] In the late 1980s, Doom, from Birmingham, practiced D-beat indebted to Discharge^[19] as well as to crust punk.^[11] However, Pete Hurley, the guitarist for the group, declared that he had no interest in being remembered as a pioneer of this style: "'grindcore' was a legendarily stupid term coined by a hyperactive kid from the West Midlands, and it had nothing to do with us whatsoever. ENT were, are, and - I suspect - always will be a hardcore punk band... not a grindcore band, a stenchcore band, a trampcore band, or any other sub-sub-sub-core genre-defining term you can come up with."^[20]

American crust punk began in New York City, also in the mid-'80s, with the work of Nausea. The group emerged from the Lower East Side squat scene and New York hardcore,^[21] living with Roger Miret of Agnostic Front.^[22] The early work of Neurosis, from San Francisco, also borrowed from Amebix, and inaugurated crust punk on the West Coast.^[23][24] Disrupt (Boston),^[25] Antischism (South Carolina), and Destroy! (Minneapolis) were also significant U.S. crust groups.^[11]

1990s American and Swedish crust punk[link]

An important American crust punk band was Aus-Rotten^[26] from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Crust punk also flourished in Minneapolis, shepherded by the Profane Existence label.^[27] In this period, the ethos of crust punk became particularly codified, with vegetarianism, feminism, and sometimes straight edge being prescribed by many of the figures in the scene.^[27] The powerviolence scene associated with Slap-a-Ham Records was in close proximity to crust punk, particularly in the case of Man Is the Bastard and Dropdead.^[28] Crust was also prominent in the American South, where Prank Records and CrimethInc. acted as focal points of the scene. The most well-known representative of Southern crust was His Hero Is Gone.^[15][29] Many Swedish groups of the 1990s began to play a combination of D-beat with crust punk.^[30][6] These bands, including No Security, Driller Killer,^[31] Totalitär, Skitsystem, Wolfbrigade, and Disfear,^[32][6] remain some of the most well-known D-beat bands, although their sound has cleaved closely to developments in death metal.^[33]

Black crust[link]

Crust punk groups took some influence from the early black metal of Venom and Celtic Frost.^[11] Similarly, Bathory was initially inspired by crust punk as well as metal.^[34] Crust was affected by a second wave of influence in the 1990s, with some bands emphasizing these black metal elements. Iskra are probably the most obvious example of second wave black metal-influenced crust punk;^[35] Iskra coined their own phrase "blackened crust" to describe this new style. The Japanese group Gallhammer also blend crust with black metal.^[36] In addition, Norwegian band Darkthrone have incorporated crust punk traits in their more recent material. As Daniel Ekeroth wrote in 2008,

In a very ironic paradox, black metal and crust punk have recently started to embrace one another. Members of Darkthrone and Satyricon have lately claimed that they love punk, while among crusties, black metal is the latest fashion. In fact, the latest album by crust punk band Skitsystem sounds very black metal--while the latest black metal opus by Darkthrone sounds very punk! This would have been unimaginable in the early 90s.

—^[37]

Clothing and visual style[link]

Crust punk also has an associated DIY-oriented branch of punk garb. Similar to anarcho-punk, most clothing is black in color. Denim jackets and hooded sweatshirts with sewn-on patches, or vests covered in studs, spikes and band patches are characteristic elements of the crust punk style of dress. or pants covered in band patches.^[38] Crusties sometimes wear dreadlocks.^[39]

Julian "Leggo" Kilsby of Deviated Instinct describes crust as "a punk-y biker look, more akin to Mad Max. Mad Max 2 is the crustiest film ever made!"^[40]

Instrumentation[link]

Crust punk is a derivative form of hardcore punk and anarcho-punk, mixed with metal riffs.^[11] The tempos are often fast, but just short of thrashcore or grindcore, though many groups confine themselves to a crawling, sludgy pace. The overall musical sound has been described as being "stripped down".^[41] Drumming is typically done at high speed, with D-beats sometimes being used.^[15]

Vocals and lyrics[link]

The vocal content of D-beat tends towards shouted slogans. The style is distinguished from its predecessors by its minimal lyrical content and greater proximity to heavy metal. D-beat bands typically have anti-war, anarchist messages and closely follow the bleak nuclear war imagery of 1980s anarcho-punk bands. Rock journalist Robbie Mackey described D-beat as characterized by "hardcore drumming set against breakneck riffage and unintelligible howls about anarchy, working-stiffs-as-rats, and banding together to, you know, fight."^[42]

Vocals in crust punk are often shrieked or shouted, and may be shared between two or more vocalists. The lyrical content of crust punk tends to be bleak and nihilistic, yet politically engaged. Crust punk songs are often about nuclear war, militarism, animal rights, police, personal grievances, oppressive states and fascism. Amebix were also interested in various forms of mysticism and Gnosticism.^[12] Malcolm "Scruff" Lewty, guitarist and vocalist of Hellbastard, describes the distinction between metal and crust punk lyrics:

Metal lyrics were so dumb, so far removed from daily life. Venom were going on about Satan... and bikes... and Satan... and women... and Satan! You know what? I never got up in the morning and said, 'Fuck yeah! Satan! Let's go and meet my disciples from Hell!' I'd switch on the TV and know I was going to see hundreds of people dying because there'd been an earthquake in the third world... and all these people starving to death while military expenditure still increased... That was - and still is - the reality of it. The whole heavy metal thing is just an escape from reality, into this other world of... well, bullshit basically.

—^[43]

Drum beat[link]

This section may contain original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding references. Statements consisting only of original research may be removed. More details may be available on the talk page. (September 2008)

The name "D-beat" refers to a specific drumbeat, associated with The Varukers, Brian Roe (Brains), Discharge, Garry Malloney & Tez Roberts, Discharge's first drummer,^[2] though rock musicians such as Buzzcocks and Diamond Head had used the beat previously. The term was coined by Rich Militia, the singer of Sore Throat, in 1988, to describe the drum pattern played by Dave "Bambi" Ellesmere, Roberts's replacement, on Discharge's EP Why?.

Three versions of D-beat drum tabs:

First  Play (help·info) (like early Anti Cimex and Discharge):

C:|x--x-x--x--x-x--:||
S:|--o---o---o---o-:||
K:|o--o-o--o--o-o--:||
   1 + 2 + 3 + 4 +            S=snare K=kick  C=crash

Second - Verse  Play (help·info) & Chorus  Play (help·info) (like Avskum):

H:|x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-:||           C:|x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-:||
S:|--o---o---o---o-:||           S:|--o---o---o---o-:||
K:|o--o-o--o--o-o--:||           K:|o--o-o--o--o-o--:||
   1 + 2 + 3 + 4 +                  1 + 2 + 3 + 4 +     S=snare K=kick  H=hihat  C=crash

Third (Speed metal beat) (listen to sample or  Play (help·info)):

H:|x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-:||
S:|--o---o---o---o-:||
K:|o----o--o--o-o--:||
   1 + 2 + 3 + 4 +          S=snare K=kick  H=hihat

Legacy[link]

This section may contain original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding references. Statements consisting only of original research may be removed. More details may be available on the talk page. (September 2008)

While Discharge influenced the thrash metal bands of the mid-1980s (particularly Metallica, Anthrax and Sepultura), D-beat has remained an underground movement. The Brazilian group Ratos de Porão were also a prominent inspiration for Sepultura, and Swedish Discore groups had a significant influence on Swedish death metal. Although bands have played in this style since the early 1980s, hardcore punk experienced a resurgence of interest in Discharge and Scandinavian/Japanese- influenced hardcore in the late 1990s and the early 21st century. Many of these bands also take inspiration from crust punk; bands such as Wolfbrigade and Tragedy are largely responsible for the movement towards fusing the driving Discharge sound with dark, melodic elements reminiscent of Amebix.

See also[link]

• Drum beat
• Blast beat
• Breakbeat
• Category:Crust and d-beat groups

References[link]

• Ekeroth, Daniel (2008). Swedish Death Metal. Bazillion Points Books. ISBN 978-0-9796163-1-0
• Glasper, Ian (2009). Trapped in a Scene: UK Hardcore 1985-1989. Cherry Red Books. ISBN 978-1-901447-61-3
• Glasper, Ian (2006). The Day the Country Died: A History of Anarcho Punk 1980 to 1984. Cherry Red Books. ISBN 1-901447-70-7
• Grindcore Special (2009), "In Grind We Crust," 181, 41-56.

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Brian Roe, born at Cleethorpes, Lincolnshire, on 27 January 1939, played first-class cricket for Somerset between 1957 and 1966.

Roe, a diminutive and defensive right-handed batsman, played mostly as an opener, and was a regular member of the Somerset side between 1961 and 1964. He scored 1,000 runs in three seasons from 1961 to 1963, reaching 1552 runs at an average of 26.30 in 1962.^[1] He made four first-class centuries, with the highest being 128 in the match against Essex at Brentwood in 1962.^[2] He was awarded his county cap in 1962.^[3]

In 1964, despite an unbeaten century against Lancashire at Bath, Roe was out of form and he was dropped from the side in July.^[4] He played a few matches in both 1965 and 1966 without regaining his form, and with competition for batting places high at Somerset with the return of Roy Virgin as an opener after National Service and the rise of Mervyn Kitchen, he left first-class cricket at the end of the 1966 season.

Roe moved to Minor Counties cricket with Devon and made one List A appearance for a Minor Counties South representative side against Somerset in 1973 in the Benson and Hedges Cup.^[5]

References[link]

Jersey Shore is an American reality television series that premiered on MTV on December 3, 2009 in the United States. The series follows the lives of eight housemates spending their summer at the Jersey Shore in the U.S. state of New Jersey. Season 2 followed the cast escaping the cold northeast winter to Miami Beach, with Season 3 returning to the Jersey Shore. The fourth season, filmed in Italy, premiered on August 4, 2011.^[1][2][3] MTV confirmed in June 2011 that Season 5 will return to Seaside Heights.

The show debuted amid large amounts of controversy regarding the use of the words "Guido/Guidette," portrayals of Italian-American stereotypes, and scrutiny from locals because the cast members were not residents of the area.^[4][5][6]

Dubbed a cultural phenomenon,^[7] the series has garnered record ratings for MTV, making it the network's most viewed series telecast ever.^[8] The series' cast has also been credited with introducing unique lexicon and phrases into American popular culture.

The University of Chicago and the University of Oklahoma are among the educational institutions that have had classes or conferences about the show.^[9][10][11] In 2010, the cast of Jersey Shore was named on Barbara Walters' 10 Most Fascinating People list,^[10] and the series has since been exported to dozens of countries worldwide.^[12]

The show returned for a fifth season, at Seaside Heights on January 5, 2012.^[1] The fifth season finale aired on March 15, 2012. On March 19, 2012, MTV confirmed that the series would return for a sixth season.^[13]

Production history[link]

VH1 producer Anthony Beltempo proposed the idea of a show focusing on the "guido" lifestyle for TV, in the form of a competition series. Executive producer SallyAnn Salsano, who previously worked on A Shot at Love with Tila Tequila, devised a new concept, inspired by her summers in a Jersey summer share house, and retained Casting Director Doron Ofir to find the cast. MTV Networks President Van Toffler felt that the series "loud, young, bold" style was better suited to MTV's sensibilities than VH1, and MTV programming executive Tony DiSanto felt that "[After The Hills], it was time to go for a more authentic approach, like a documentary." Van Toffler described the casting process by saying they looked for "candor, honesty, boldness and a very combustible, chaotic mess. You could honestly say none of these people were traditionally beautiful."^[14]

The series follows the lives of eight housemates spending their summer in a summer share in Seaside Heights, New Jersey. Season 1 followed cast members Angelina Pivarnick, Jennifer Farley, Michael Sorrentino, Nicole Polizzi, Paul DelVecchio, Ronald Ortiz-Magro, Samantha Giancola, and Vincenzo Guadagnino at the Jersey Shore. Jersey Shore premiered on December 3, 2009, with back-to-back episodes, averaging 1.375 million viewers.^[15] Although the initial ratings were considered unimpressive to Salsano, they slowly grew in popularity, and was the subject of parody on Saturday Night Live after the third week, a turnaround that MTV executive Tony DiSanto calls "the fastest 0 to 60 I've ever seen on a show."^[14] Season 1 posted strong growth every week and ranked #1 in its time period versus all cable competition among P12–34 (people 12 to 34 years old) during the first quarter of 2010, with a season high 2.6 rating for the finale.^[16] The season 1 finale audience, 4.8 million, was more than triple that of the premiere, an increase of more than 3.4 million, and was MTV’s highest rated original series telecast in almost two years.^[16] Overall, the season 1 averaged 2.7 million viewers.^[17]

In an article in Rolling Stone, it was mentioned that the house had 35 remote-controlled cameras in fixed locations, 12 hand-held ones, one IMX camera and six DV cameras.^[18] Nicole Polizzi said that:

They have cameras everywhere, all the time... You're always being watched. You kind of get a little paranoid, because you're like, 'Who's watching me?'... It's trippy. it messes with your head. But that's why we go crazy. That's why we fight with each other. That's why we drink. We're living in a house for two months with that shit. We can't have cellphones, TV, radio or internet... There's no normalcy. It's like a prison, with cameras. The only time we're not on camera is when we're in the shower, and that's why we all take three-hour showers, just to get away from it all.^[18]

Paul "DJ Pauly D" DelVecchio and Mike "The Situation" Sorrentino during shooting in Florence, Italy in May 2011.

After Season 1, the cast negotiated pay raises, though both they and DiSanto explained that it was not contentious, and was given undue weight by the press. Rather than wait until the next New Jersey summer for Season 2, the production moved to Miami.^[14]

In January 2010 MTV announced that a second season consisting of 12 episodes had been ordered and would air that summer.^[19][20][21] It would follow all of the first season cast as they avoided the cold northeast winter^[19][20] by relocating to the South Beach, Florida. In May 2010 the cast relocated back to the Jersey Shore for the rest of filming, but it was later determined that the production company had enough footage from the Miami shoot to fill the entire second season,^[22] and that the footage to be shot at the Jersey Shore would be used for a third season.^[23] The second season premiered on July 29, 2010,^[23] averaging 5.252 million viewers.^[24] Season 2 was the #1 television series in the P12-34 demographic for the summer of 2010 across all TV and has also posted continued growth every week.^[25]

On July 20, 2010, MTV announced that the cast, would return for a third season,^[12][26][27] with the exception of Pivarnick.^[28] Season 3 returned to the original Jersey Shore summer setting,^[12][26] and replaced Angelina with Deena Nicole Cortese, a longtime friend of Polizzi.^[29] The season's January 6, 2011 premiere was viewed by a record 8.45 million viewers, making it MTV's most viewed series telecast ever.^[8][30] The second episode of the season once again set a series and MTV high, with 8.56 million viewers,^[31] only to set another record with the airing of the fourth episode, which garnered 8.87 million viewers.^[32]

On January 25, 2011, it was confirmed that the show had been renewed for a fourth season, to be filmed in Italy during the first half of 2011.^[2][3] The fourth season premiered August 4, 2011.^[3] MTV confirmed in June 2011 that the fifth season will return to Seaside Heights.^[33]

Believed complications caused by Nicole Polizzi's pregnancy, and several cast members (including Polizzi, DelVecchio, and Farley) receiving spin-offs sparked talk about the future of the series past the fifth season, however on March 19, 2012, MTV officially confirmed that the series would return for a sixth season, with all cast members expected to return. Filming for the sixth season is expected to take place in Summer 2012, which will see Polizzi nearly eight months pregnant. MTV said in a statement, "While things will definitely be a little different this time when they hit the boardwalk, their trademark hilarity and family dysfunction will remain the same".^[34]

Episodes[link]

Cast[link]

Media and merchandise[link]

DVD releases[link]

On February 23, 2010, Amazon.com and MTV teamed up to release Jersey Shore on DVD.^[69] The title theme, "Get Crazy" by LMFAO has been changed.^{[citation needed]} Other songs have been changed since their original air date as well.^{[citation needed]} A retail release by Paramount Home Entertainment with added commentary was released on July 20.^[70] Although it is claimed the DVDs are uncensored, the video and some audio is still censored.^[71] The DVD also includes special features include deleted scenes, the reunion special, "Tips From The Situation and Snooki," "Before the Shore," and the "Jersey Shore Makeover with Michael Cera" amongst others.^[72] On December 28, 2010 the Season 2 Uncensored DVD was released. On July 26, 2011 the Season 3 Uncensored DVD was released.

Soundtrack and literature[link]

A soundtrack to the series was released by MTV and Universal Republic on July 20, 2010.^[73][74] Aimed to create the perfect summer playlist, the album features songs from a variety of artists including Enrique Inglesias, Pitbull, Taio Cruz, Ludacris, Lil Jon, 3OH!3, David Guetta, Fergie, Chris Willis, Girlicious and LMFAO as well as DJs like Deadmau5, Steve Aoki, Tiësto, Diplo, Paul Oakenfold and Delvecchio.^[74] A deluxe edition of the album was also released containing a bonus CD featuring songs inspired from the first season of the show, like LMFAO's "Get Crazy."^[73] The first single off the album was Enrique Iglesias' "I Like It",^[73] whose video also featured the Jersey Shore cast.^[75] In September 2010, Matthew Wilkening of AOL Radio ranked Delvecchio's rap song off the soundtrack, "(It's Time to) Beat Dat Beat", as the #1 Worst Song Ever on the list of the 100 Worst Songs Ever; as a bonus, Wilkening used Delvecchio's quote as the reason for the #1 list: "Being a guido's a way of life. I don't represent all Italians, I represent myself. I started this whole GTL shit (Gym, Tan, Laundry). You have to stay fresh to death."^[76]

A quote book titled Gym, Tanning, Laundry: The Official Jersey Shore Quote Book (ISBN 978-1-4391-9682-3) was released by MTV on June 15, 2010.^[77] The book also includes a bonus DVD with the most memorable moments from season one of the show.^[78] A sticker book titled Jersey Shore Sticker Activity Book (ISBN 0-7666-3904-5) was also released on the same date,^[79] as well as a 2011 wall calendar (ISBN 0-7407-9797-2) by Andrews McMeel Publishing.^[80]

Other[link]

Other merchandise relating to the show have also been released, including talking bobblehead dolls of the cast,^[81] a beach game set,^[82] Halloween costumes,^[83] a "Gym Tanning Laundry (GTL)" labeled sports bottle,^[84] "The Situation - Official App" for iPhone,^[85] as well as various T-Shirts.^[86]

The cast of Jersey Shore appeared on the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards on September 12, 2010.^[87] Nicole Polizzi appeared on TLC's Cake Boss episode "Snookie, Super Anthony & a Ship" on November 8, 2010, in which she orders a cake for her mom. Polizzi also appeared on the March 14th, 2011 edition of WWE Raw as the guest host and she wrestled a professional wrestling match on April 4th, 2011 at WrestleMania XXVII.^[88] Jennifer Farley and Angelina Pivarnick appeared on various episodes of TNA Impact in 2011.^[89][90] The cast of Jersey Shore appears on MTV's Season 4 of Disaster Date, starring Jen Lilley, Lauren Zima, Cale Hartmann, Jason Karasev, Russell Pitts, Hasan Minhaj, Diarra Kilpatrick, and Kara Luiz.^[91] Angelina Pivarnick appeared in the show NY Ink in which she got a tattoo that shows her time in Jersey Shore.

Controversy[link]

MTV received criticism from Italian American organizations for the way in which they marketed the show, as it liberally used the word Guido to describe the cast members.^[92] The term "guido" is generally regarded as an ethnic slur when referring to Italians and Italian Americans. One promotion stated that the show was to follow, "eight of the hottest, tannest, craziest Guidos,"^[93] while yet another advertisement stated, "[the show] exposes one of the tri-state area's most misunderstood species ... the GUIDO. Yes, they really do exist! Our Guidos and Guidettes will move into the ultimate beach house rental and indulge in everything the Seaside Heights, New Jersey scene has to offer."^[94]

Cast members Snooki and JWoww are not ethnically Italian. Snooki is Chilean, but was adopted as an infant by Italian American parents. Jwoww is Irish and Spanish.^[95]

Prior to the series debut, UNICO National formally requested that MTV cancel the show.^[96] In a letter to the network, UNICO called the show a "... direct, deliberate and disgraceful attack on Italian Americans ..."^[97] UNICO National President Andre DiMino said in a statement "MTV has festooned the 'bordello-like' house set with Italian flags and green, white and red maps of New Jersey while every other cutaway shot is of Italian signs and symbols. They are blatantly as well as subliminally bashing Italian-Americans with every technique possible ..."^[98] Around this time, other Italian-American organizations joined the fight, including the NIAF,^[99] the Order Sons of Italy in America and the internet watch-dog ItalianAware.^[100][101]

MTV responded to the controversy by issuing a press release which stated in part, "the Italian-American cast takes pride in their ethnicity. We understand that this show is not intended for every audience and depicts just one aspect of youth culture."^[92] Since the calls for the show's removal, several sponsors have requested that their ads not be aired during the show. These sponsors include Dell, Domino's and American Family Insurance.^[102]

Governor Christie and the series' portrayal of New Jersey[link]

In a February 2010 interview, New Jersey Governor Chris Christie called the show "negative for New Jersey" because most of the cast members are not from the state. According to Christie, the program "takes a bunch of New Yorkers and drops them at the Jersey Shore and tries to make America feel like this is the real New Jersey." Governor Christie took action against the series by trying to encourage people to experience the real Jersey Shore for themselves rather than watch it through MTV: "I can tell people: They want to know what New Jersey really is? I welcome them to come to New Jersey any time."^[103] A Fairleigh Dickinson University PublicMind poll released in February 2010 showed that 59% of Americans who had seen the show had a favorable view of New Jersey compared to only 44% of those that had not seen the show.^[104] The FDU poll repeated the national telephone survey in 2011 and showed similar results.^[105] Consequently poll director Peter Woolley concluded that “These measures... suggest the show isn’t hurting the nation’s view of the state. In fact, it may be promoting one of the state’s best features--not Snooki, but the shore itself."^[106]

Nonetheless, in September 2011, Governor Christie vetoed a $420,000 tax incentive awarded to the show by the New Jersey Economic Development Authority, stating: "As chief executive, I am duty-bound to ensure that taxpayers are not footing a $420,000 bill for a project which does nothing more than perpetuate misconceptions about the state and its citizens."^[107]

Parodies[link]

An episode featuring several parodies were made into a special entitled Jersey Shore: Spoof'd, which aired on January 16, 2010, featuring a cast commentary highlighting internet and television spoofs that have sprung up as a direct response to the show. The program also included the original cast audition tapes.^[108]

Several songs have been remixed to poke fun at the show and its characters, including "Tik Tok" by Kesha, "Empire State of Mind" by Jay-Z, and a spoof of "California Girls" by Katy Perry entitled "Staten Island Girls".^[109]

The webcomic Jersey Circus is a mashup of artwork from the newspaper comic strip The Family Circus and dialogue from Jersey Shore. It juxtaposes the innocent artwork of the comic with often adult dialogue from the show to parody both media phenomena.^[110]

On the animated sketch comedy Mad on Cartoon Network, they made a mashup of the Disney Pixar movie Up and Jersey Shore which they named "S'Up", as well as another episode where Jersey Shore was mashed up with the movie Thor, which was named "Jersey Thor".

On October 7, 2010, Total Nonstop Action Wrestling debuted two characters by the names of "Robbie E" and "Cookie" forming the team "The Shore" as a parody of DelVecchio and Polizzi.^[111] Jenni Farley, accompanied by The Beautiful People, appeared on the October 14, 2010 edition of TNA Impact! and got into a catfight with Cookie.^{[112][113][114]} Angelina Pivarnick appeared alongside Robbie E and Cookie on the March 3, 2011, edition of Impact! and challenged Farley to a match.^[115] The following week she wrestled in a match, where she, Cookie and Sarita were defeated by the Beautiful People (Angelina Love and Velvet Sky) and Winter.^[116]

The ninth episode of the fourteenth season of South Park, entitled "It's a Jersey Thing", parodied the cast of Jersey Shore, referring to the on-coming citizens of New Jersey as "Jerseyites", as the said invaders plan to make all of the United States into New Jersey.^[117]

In several episodes of the 8th season of MTV's Beavis and Butt-Head there were scenes where Beavis and Butthead would watch Jersey Shore while poking fun out of it.

Cast spin-offs[link]

On April 7, 2011, MTV announced it had picked up two spin-off shows featuring cast members Farley, Polizzi, and Delvecchio, picking up twelve episodes of each show. One show will focus on Polizzi and Farley living together after the conclusion of Jersey Shore. It will be called Snooki and JWoww vs. The World, and will premiere in 2012.^[118][119] The other show will follow Delvecchio jet-setting around the country for various DJ gigs. The show will be called The Pauly D Project. Filming for both shows are to start at the end of 2011, with the shows set to premiere sometime in 2012. SallyAnn Salsano of 495 Productions (Jersey Shore) will be the executive producer of both spin-offs.^[118]

Similar shows[link]

Other shows have been planned or aired that have been described as being modeled after Jersey Shore, including:

• Lake Shore (Toronto, Ontario)^[120]
• K-Town (Koreatown, Los Angeles)^[121][122]
• Brighton Beach (Coney Island neighborhood of New York City)^[121][123]
• Party Down South (the Southern United States)^[121][124]
• Wicked Summer (Boston, Massachusetts)^[121][125]
• Tehrangeles (Persian-Americans from Los Angeles)^[126]
• Kongerne af Marielyst (The Kings of Marielyst), (Marielyst, Denmark)^[127][128]
• The GC (New Zealand Maori living in Australia's Gold Coast)^[129]

The only current official remake of the show is Geordie Shore, set in Newcastle, England for MTV UK^[130]

References[link]