- published: 27 Feb 2013
- views: 1296
- author: Idiomas ToGo
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![Batman's Alley - [Sao Paulo, Brazil]](http://web.archive.org./web/20130531043559im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/_C9Pk2LRayg/default.jpg "Hello South America, looks like we are gonna be friends for the next few weeks. Read more at: http://www.heynadine.com Thanks to http://www.hostelbookers.com...")
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- Felipe Massa
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- Marc Jacobs
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- Mário de Andrade
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- Xerxes de Oliveira
- Lyrics: play full screen play karaoke
- Sao Paulo - Morcheeba
Waiting in the club lounge
I slot in so systematicly
I wanna smash it to pieces
Release this hatred inside of me
You know you fill me with passion
But I just act apologetically
I'm gonna miss you in fashion
All ashen faced with my deceit
Sao Paulo
Why am I bringing me down?
Sao Paulo
If I drink any more I will drown
Sao Paulo
Why can't I fight truth decay?
Sao Paulo
My life is just one big cliche
Another stain on my passport
I wanna travel so futuristically
I just wish I could beam up, team up
And soon be on my way
You told me we'd go to Rio
And you said it so charismatically
I know it's me that's the nightmare
So fight fair or have some decency
Sao Paulo
Why am I bringing me down?
Sao Paulo
If I drink any more I will drown
Sao Paulo
Why can't I fight truth decay?
Sao Paulo
My life is just one big cliche
Sao Paulo
Why am I bringing me down
Sao Paulo
If I drink any more I will drown
Sao Paulo
Why can't I fight truth decay?
Sao Paulo
My life is just one big cliche
You sure put a spin on my day
Why am I heading your way
Everything is coming up grey
I'm just a humble DJ
RELEASE
ALBUMS
- A Hostage
- The Novemberist
- Io
- Escape
- We
- The Iconoclast
- Zentropa
- Fall Into
- Metropol
- Aventine
- Form and Function
- Fatale and Futique
- On Safe Cracking and Rubella
- Crime (and the Antique Solution)
- You Never Know
- The Vapours
- Cameo
- Candles (Cast Long Shadows)
- Au Revoir, Mr. Mercury
- Captain Mainwaring
- A Year in Heaven
- The Remarkable Cholmondeley Chute System
- Breathe
- Strange Days
Send this Playlist by SMS
São Paulo, Brazil
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 12:52
- Updated: 25 May 2013
São Paulo is a city like no other in Brazil. It's the world's fourth largest city, the largest metropolis in Latin America and Brazil's cultural and economic...
http://wn.com/São_Paulo,_Brazil
São Paulo is a city like no other in Brazil. It's the world's fourth largest city, the largest metropolis in Latin America and Brazil's cultural and economic...
São Paulo - Brazil
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:32
- Updated: 20 May 2013
São Paulo is the 19th richest city in the world and is expected to be the 13th richest in 2020. According to data of IBGE, its Gross domestic product (GDP) i...
http://wn.com/São_Paulo_Brazil
São Paulo is the 19th richest city in the world and is expected to be the 13th richest in 2020. According to data of IBGE, its Gross domestic product (GDP) i...
- published: 05 Jun 2008
- views: 345938
- author: ciities
Batman's Alley - [Sao Paulo, Brazil]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:01
- Updated: 03 May 2013
Hello South America, looks like we are gonna be friends for the next few weeks. Read more at: http://www.heynadine.com Thanks to http://www.hostelbookers.com...
http://wn.com/Batman's_Alley_Sao_Paulo,_Brazil_
Hello South America, looks like we are gonna be friends for the next few weeks. Read more at: http://www.heynadine.com Thanks to http://www.hostelbookers.com...
- published: 01 Dec 2012
- views: 6682
- author: nayders07
Brazil, Sao Paulo City
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:55
- Updated: 29 May 2013
Sao Paulo is the largest city in Brazil with a population nearest to 21,00000. It is the capital of the Southeastern state of Sao Paulo, and also a beehive ...
http://wn.com/Brazil,_Sao_Paulo_City
Sao Paulo is the largest city in Brazil with a population nearest to 21,00000. It is the capital of the Southeastern state of Sao Paulo, and also a beehive ...
- published: 12 Mar 2009
- views: 65122
- author: lecajado
São Paulo - Brazil
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:58
- Updated: 10 May 2013
São Paulo is the largest city in Brazil, the largest city in the southern hemisphere, and the world's 7th largest metropolitan area. The city is the capital ...
http://wn.com/São_Paulo_Brazil
São Paulo is the largest city in Brazil, the largest city in the southern hemisphere, and the world's 7th largest metropolitan area. The city is the capital ...
- published: 06 Aug 2010
- views: 55813
- author: TheWorldOfTravel
Landing in Sao Paulo
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:05
- Updated: 25 May 2013
This video shows a landing from inside a plane in Congonhas, a very central airport in the huge Brazilian city of Sao Paulo.
http://wn.com/Landing_in_Sao_Paulo
This video shows a landing from inside a plane in Congonhas, a very central airport in the huge Brazilian city of Sao Paulo.
- published: 17 Apr 2007
- views: 189595
- author: Various videos
Cidade de São Paulo - Brasil HD
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:24
- Updated: 29 May 2013
São Paulo (pronuncia-se AFI: [são paulo] é um município brasileiro, capital do estado de São Paulo e principal centro financeiro, corporativo e mercantil da ...
http://wn.com/Cidade_de_São_Paulo_Brasil_HD
São Paulo (pronuncia-se AFI: [são paulo] é um município brasileiro, capital do estado de São Paulo e principal centro financeiro, corporativo e mercantil da ...
- published: 30 Jan 2012
- views: 58969
- author: Inscreva-se
◇São Paulo City - Brazil
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:20
- Updated: 29 May 2013
São Paulo é um município brasileiro, capital do estado de São Paulo e principal centro financeiro, corporativo e mercantil da América Latina. Cidade mais pop...
http://wn.com/◇São_Paulo_City_Brazil
São Paulo é um município brasileiro, capital do estado de São Paulo e principal centro financeiro, corporativo e mercantil da América Latina. Cidade mais pop...
- published: 19 Mar 2011
- views: 52886
- author: rotrodrigo
Landing Sao Paulo Brazil HD
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:07
- Updated: 20 May 2013
Aeroporto de Congonhas 720p HD, Airplane: TAM Brasil March 2012.
http://wn.com/Landing_Sao_Paulo_Brazil_HD
Aeroporto de Congonhas 720p HD, Airplane: TAM Brasil March 2012.
- published: 21 Mar 2012
- views: 3470
- author: Kanal von TheOfficialPayne
Visit Sao Paulo, Brazil / Official Tourist Guide powered by eTips
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:59
- Updated: 16 May 2013
Discover Sao Paulo with the only travel guide with Augmented Reality City Guide with best features on the market powered by www.etips.com.
http://wn.com/Visit_Sao_Paulo,_Brazil_Official_Tourist_Guide_powered_by_eTips
Discover Sao Paulo with the only travel guide with Augmented Reality City Guide with best features on the market powered by www.etips.com.
- published: 29 Jun 2012
- views: 7321
- author: World Tour
Sao Paulo - Megacities - National Geographic Documentary
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 49:20
- Updated: 27 May 2013
More than 10 million people live in São Paulo and every day, they generate 14000 tons of garbage. But São Paulo is undergoing a green revolution. Follow one...
http://wn.com/Sao_Paulo_Megacities_National_Geographic_Documentary
More than 10 million people live in São Paulo and every day, they generate 14000 tons of garbage. But São Paulo is undergoing a green revolution. Follow one...
- published: 12 Feb 2013
- views: 28361
- author: InnovaTek
Odeith - São paulo - Brazil - Graffiti
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:39
- Updated: 26 May 2013
This is a smal video i made with just a few graffiti and city images of what i did in brazil, on my trip i travelled on train to a diferent citys. i film it ...
http://wn.com/Odeith_São_paulo_Brazil_Graffiti
This is a smal video i made with just a few graffiti and city images of what i did in brazil, on my trip i travelled on train to a diferent citys. i film it ...
- published: 28 Jan 2013
- views: 831
- author: Odeith Eith
12 PEOPLE, 3 QUESTIONS | São Paulo, Brazil - subtitles
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:51
- Updated: 05 May 2013
Recorded 16th March, in São Paulo at Paulista Avenue. Inscreva-se! Obrigado por assistir e clicar no gostei! música by: youtube.com/Desejotudodebom.
http://wn.com/12_PEOPLE,_3_QUESTIONS_|_São_Paulo,_Brazil_subtitles
Recorded 16th March, in São Paulo at Paulista Avenue. Inscreva-se! Obrigado por assistir e clicar no gostei! música by: youtube.com/Desejotudodebom.
- published: 18 Mar 2013
- views: 621
- author: Bruno Bártulitch
São Paulo City Brazil (HD)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:54
- Updated: 25 May 2013
MEGA CITY SÃO PAULO São Paulo, popularly known as Sampa, is the largest city in Brazil, the largest city in the southern hemisphere and Americas, and the wor...
http://wn.com/São_Paulo_City_Brazil_HD
MEGA CITY SÃO PAULO São Paulo, popularly known as Sampa, is the largest city in Brazil, the largest city in the southern hemisphere and Americas, and the wor...
- published: 02 Jul 2012
- views: 14516
- author: Canal de ees1100
People walking around downtown in São Paulo, Brazil
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:17
- Updated: 07 Apr 2013
The most densely populated area in this county and probably in the world. Showing a urban landscape in a workday and people in their candid moments.
http://wn.com/People_walking_around_downtown_in_São_Paulo,_Brazil
The most densely populated area in this county and probably in the world. Showing a urban landscape in a workday and people in their candid moments.
- published: 07 Sep 2012
- views: 1069
- author: Hernán Conejeros
Brazil Fashion Weeks Summer 2012 - Sao Paulo and Rio - Review | FashionTV - FTV.com
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 20:36
- Updated: 16 May 2013
http://www.FTV.com/videos BRAZIL - Welcome to the steamiest fashion shows of the summer. FashionTV brought you the sexiest swimsuits and beachwear from FFW F...
http://wn.com/Brazil_Fashion_Weeks_Summer_2012_Sao_Paulo_and_Rio_Review_|_FashionTV_FTVcom
http://www.FTV.com/videos BRAZIL - Welcome to the steamiest fashion shows of the summer. FashionTV brought you the sexiest swimsuits and beachwear from FFW F...
- published: 06 Sep 2011
- views: 69912
- author: FashionTV
![6th largest city - Sao Paulo, Brazil [HD]](http://web.archive.org./web/20130531043559im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/2Moz8XlEsdw/default.jpg "6th largest city - Sao Paulo, Brazil [HD]")
6th largest city - Sao Paulo, Brazil [HD]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:31
- Updated: 27 May 2013
São Paulo is the largest city in Brazil, the largest city in the southern hemisphere, and the world's sixth largest city. The São Paulo metropolitan area is ...
http://wn.com/6th_largest_city_Sao_Paulo,_Brazil_HD_
São Paulo is the largest city in Brazil, the largest city in the southern hemisphere, and the world's sixth largest city. The São Paulo metropolitan area is ...
- published: 13 May 2011
- views: 10974
- author: 8K NEXT
Street Children in Sao Paulo, Brazil - Pixote (part 1 of 13)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:04
- Updated: 19 May 2013
This is certainly the finest film ever made about street children and a great film by any criteria. Directed by Hector Babenco and starring Fernando Ramos da...
http://wn.com/Street_Children_in_Sao_Paulo,_Brazil_Pixote_part_1_of_13
This is certainly the finest film ever made about street children and a great film by any criteria. Directed by Hector Babenco and starring Fernando Ramos da...
- published: 16 Jul 2007
- views: 220125
- author: Street Children of the World
Paraisópolis, la Favela más Peligrosa de Sao Paulo (Brasil)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:40
- Updated: 24 May 2013
http://peru-ahora.blogspot.com (Perú Hoy). Les invito a que se suscriban a mi canal, de ese modo podrán acceder a mayor información y contenido audiovisual. ...
http://wn.com/Paraisópolis,_la_Favela_más_Peligrosa_de_Sao_Paulo_Brasil
http://peru-ahora.blogspot.com (Perú Hoy). Les invito a que se suscriban a mi canal, de ese modo podrán acceder a mayor información y contenido audiovisual. ...
- published: 26 Oct 2012
- views: 5925
- author: PERÚ HOY
Visit São Paulo, Brazil, with InterContinental Sao Paulo Concierge
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:33
- Updated: 12 May 2013
In the heart of São Paulo, Brazil with our Concierge team to find out about the beauties of Oscar Freire Street, the Art Museum of São Paulo (MASP) or Triano...
http://wn.com/Visit_São_Paulo,_Brazil,_with_InterContinental_Sao_Paulo_Concierge
In the heart of São Paulo, Brazil with our Concierge team to find out about the beauties of Oscar Freire Street, the Art Museum of São Paulo (MASP) or Triano...
- published: 01 Aug 2012
- views: 1254
- author: InterContinental Hotels & Resorts
Linkin Park - São Paulo, Brazil, Arena Anhembi 2012 (Full Show)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 91:57
- Updated: 21 May 2013
São Paulo, Brazil Arena Anhembi 7th October 2012 South American Tour Setlist: 01. Tinfoil - 00:04 02. Faint - 01:29 03. Papercut - 05:12 04. Given Up - 08:20...
http://wn.com/Linkin_Park_São_Paulo,_Brazil,_Arena_Anhembi_2012_Full_Show
São Paulo, Brazil Arena Anhembi 7th October 2012 South American Tour Setlist: 01. Tinfoil - 00:04 02. Faint - 01:29 03. Papercut - 05:12 04. Given Up - 08:20...
- published: 12 Oct 2012
- views: 15689
- author: Linkin Park Shows (Phoenix220)
São Paulo City - Brazil
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:39
- Updated: 22 May 2013
http://wn.com/São_Paulo_City_Brazil
São Paulo City _ Brazil
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:59
- Updated: 14 May 2013
São Paulo is the largest city in Brazil, with its metropolitan area ranking fourth among the largest urban areas in the world.[1] The city is the capital of ...
http://wn.com/São_Paulo_City_Brazil
São Paulo is the largest city in Brazil, with its metropolitan area ranking fourth among the largest urban areas in the world.[1] The city is the capital of ...
- published: 05 Nov 2008
- views: 100813
- author: Gil Carosio
photo: AP / Ng Han Guan
28 May 2013
May 28, 2013 -- Updated 2150 GMT (0550 HKT). (CNN) -- A new SARS-like virus recently found in humans is "a threat to the entire world," according to the director-general of the United Nations' World Health Organization ... The world needs to pull together its resources to properly tackle the virus which, Chan said, is her "greatest concern" at present ... "We do not know where the virus hides in nature ... These are alarm bells ... 0 ... SHARE THIS ... U.S. ....(size: 5.6Kb)
photo: US Army
30 May 2013
So-called killer robots are due to be discussed at the UN Human Rights Council, meeting in Geneva. A report presented to the meeting will call for a moratorium on their use while the ethical questions they raise are debated ... They include ... ....(size: 1.5Kb)
photo: Creative Commons / Xabier Eskisabel
30 May 2013
Syria has already received the first shipment of an advanced Russian air defence system, Syria's President Bashar al-Assad is reported to have said in a Lebanese TV interview. Russia vowed to go ahead with sending the weapons soon after an EU decision not to renew an arms embargo on Syria. Mr Assad is also reported to have told Hezbollah-linked Al Manar TV that also said the tide of the war was turning ... Hezbollah ... Type ... Source ... ....(size: 3.1Kb)
photo: AP / Ishtiaq Mahsud
29 May 2013
By SAEED SHAH. FAISALABAD, Pakistan—A U.S. drone strike Wednesday killed the deputy chief of the Pakistani Taliban, Pakistani officials said, in an attack that could hinder Islamabad's planned attempt to open peace talks with the militant group that is closely linked to al Qaeda. Enlarge Image. Close ... The Central Intelligence Agency, which is authorized to carry out such attacks, declined to comment. It was the first strike by a U.S ... Mr ... Mr....(size: 6.5Kb)
photo: AP / Karim Kadim
30 May 2013
QASSIM ABDUL-ZAHRA. Associated Press= BAGHDAD (AP) — A series of bomb explosions in Baghdad and the northern Iraqi city of Mosul on Thursday killed at least 16 people and wounded dozens in the latest eruption of violence rattling the country, officials said. Iraq is facing its most relentless wave of bloodshed since the 2011 U.S ... More than 500 people have been killed in May ... Most of Thursday's blasts went off in Baghdad ... led invasion ... ---....(size: 4.2Kb)
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TSN Canada
31 May 2013
RIO DE JANEIRO, Brazil -- A judge has cancelled Brazil's soccer friendly against England scheduled for Sunday at Rio de Janeiro's newly renovated Maracana stadium, saying the venue is unsafe ... FIFA Secretary General Jerome Valcke was in Brazil earlier this month to check on venues ... Brazil President Dilma Rousseff this week offered praised for the six Confederation Cup venues, including Maracana....(size: 2.3Kb)
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The Guardian
31 May 2013
* Brazil v England game will go ahead ... RIO DE JANEIRO, May 30 (Reuters) - A Brazilian judged has lifted an injunction that threatened to block Sunday's Brazil v England soccer friendly in the newly-revamped Maracana stadium over public safety concerns ... "The game between Brazil and England is confirmed for June 2 with all safety ......(size: 1.8Kb)
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The Washington Post
31 May 2013
RIO DE JANEIRO — The Brazil-England friendly on Sunday ... The statement said “the match between Brazil and England is confirmed on June 2 with all the safety conditions assured.”....(size: 1.0Kb)
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Canberra Times
31 May 2013
Safety concerns have put into doubt England's friendly soccer match against Brazil, which was scheduled for Monday (Australian time) at Rio de Janeiro's Maracana stadium. The Brazilian football federation was unwilling to say on Friday whether the match at Rio de Janeiro's world famous stadium, which has been given a major facelift before Brazil host next year's World Cup, would proceed as planned....(size: 2.7Kb)
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The Australian
31 May 2013
BRAZIL is facing an international embarrassment over the cancellation of an international football friendly with England ... Even if it's played, the confusion sends a message that Brazil is unprepared for the Confederations Cup - a World Cup test even with eight teams - and more importantly the World Cup itself, and the Olympics ... FIFA Secretary General Jerome Valcke was in Brazil earlier this month to check on venues....(size: 3.0Kb)
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New York Daily News
31 May 2013
Galifianakis (third from right) did spend some time with his castmates in Brazil earlier in the week....(size: 0.5Kb)
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Orlando Sentinel
31 May 2013
Topics Shootings Brazil Conservation See more topics » X ....(size: 0.6Kb)
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BBC News
31 May 2013
England's friendly with Brazil in Rio de Janeiro on Sunday has been suspended over ... Doubts over Brazil-England friendly....(size: 0.7Kb)
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Goal
31 May 2013
England striker Jermain Defoe says he hopes to emulate John Barnes' famous performance at the Maracana when the Three Lions face Brazil on Sunday ... "If there is a single team in international football you’d want to play against it’s Brazil - even more so in Rio."....(size: 2.2Kb)
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noodls
31 May 2013
Hyundai Corporation) Hyundai Motor kickstarts its sponsorship program as the official partner of the 2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil™ with a vehicle handover ceremony A wide range of 302 Hyundai vehicles to be provided for transport of officials and VIPs during FIFA Confederations Cup Brazil 2013™ ... This year, a total of eight national teams from Brazil, Spain, Italy, Uruguay, Japan, Tahiti, Mexico and Nigeria will compete for the trophy....(size: 4.2Kb)
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The Guardian
31 May 2013
• Theo Walcott may have central striking role against Brazil. Roy Hodgson, pictured arriving in Rio de Janeiro before Sunday's match against Brazil, has been heavily criticised by Gary Lineker over England's tactics ... "The games we're preparing for are a few months ahead whereas they [Brazil] are preparing for games a couple of weeks ahead....(size: 4.1Kb)
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Orange News
31 May 2013
England v Brazil Match At Risk Over Safety ... There are reports that England's friendly against Brazil on Sunday has been suspended because of concerns about safety at Rio de Janeiro's newly renovated Maracana stadium, which is due to host the World Cup Final next year ... It was reported widely in Brazil that the cost of putting on the game without the appropriate safety certificates would be a fine of $1m (£650,000)....(size: 4.1Kb)
This article is about the city. For the state, see São Paulo (state). For other uses, see São Paulo (disambiguation).
| São Paulo | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| — Municipality — | |||
| Município de São Paulo Municipality of São Paulo |
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 |
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|
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| Nickname(s): Terra da Garoa (Land of Drizzle) and Sampa | |||
| Motto: "Non ducor, duco" (Latin) "I am not led, I lead" |
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 |
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 São Paulo
|
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| Coordinates: 23°33′S 46°38′W / 23.55°S 46.633°W / -23.55; -46.633Coordinates: 23°33′S 46°38′W / 23.55°S 46.633°W / -23.55; -46.633 | |||
| Country |  Brazil |
||
| Region | Southeast | ||
| State |  São Paulo |
||
| Founded | 1554 | ||
| Government | |||
| • Mayor | Gilberto Kassab (PSD) | ||
| Area | |||
| • Municipality | 1,522.986 km2 (588.028 sq mi) | ||
| • Metro | 7,943.818 km2 (3,067.125 sq mi) | ||
| Elevation | 760 m (2,493.4 ft) | ||
| Population (2011)[1][2] | |||
| • Municipality | 19,316,149(1st) | ||
| • Density | 7,216.3/km2 (18,690/sq mi) | ||
| • Metro | 29,889,559 | ||
| • Metro density | 2,469.35/km2 (6,395.6/sq mi) | ||
| Demonym | Paulistano | ||
| Time zone | BRT (UTC−3) | ||
| • Summer (DST) | BRST (UTC−2) | ||
| Postal Code (CEP) | 01000-000 | ||
| Website | City of São Paulo | ||
São Paulo (/ˌsaʊ ˈpaʊloʊ/; Portuguese pronunciation: [sɐ̃w ˈpawlu] (
listen); Saint Paul;), popularly known as Sampa, is the largest city in Brazil, the largest city in the southern hemisphere and Americas, and the world's seventh largest city by population. The metropolis is anchor to the São Paulo metropolitan area, ranked as the second most populous metropolitan area in the Americas and among the five largest metropolitan areas on the planet.[3] São Paulo is the capital of the state of São Paulo, which is the most populous Brazilian state, and exerts strong regional influence in commerce and finance as well as arts and entertainment. São Paulo maintains strong international influence and is considered an Alpha- World City.[4] The name of the city honors Saint Paul.
The metropolis has significant cultural, economic and political influence both nationally and internationally. It houses several important monuments, parks and museums such as the Latin American Memorial, the Museum of the Portuguese Language, São Paulo Museum of Art and the Ibirapuera Park. The Paulista Avenue is the most important financial center of São Paulo. The city holds many high profile events, like the São Paulo Art Biennial, the Brazil Grand Prix Formula 1 Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo Fashion Week, ATP Brasil Open, and the São Paulo Indy 300.
It is home to the São Paulo Stock Exchange, the Future Markets, and the Cereal Market Stock Exchanges (the second largest stock exchange in the World, in market value).[5] São Paulo has been home to several of the tallest buildings in Brazil, including the building Mirante do Vale, Italia, Altino Arantes, North Tower of the UNSCOM (United Nations Centre Enterprise) and many others.
People from the city of São Paulo are known as paulistanos, while paulistas designates anyone from the whole of São Paulo state, including the paulistanos. The city's Latin motto, which it has shared with the battleship and the aircraft carrier named after it, is Non dvcor, dvco, which translates as "I am not led, I lead."[6]
The city, which is also colloquially known as "Sampa" or "Cidade da Garoa" (city of drizzle), is also known for its unreliable weather, the size of its helicopter fleet, its architecture, gastronomy, severe traffic congestion, and multitude of skyscrapers.
History[link]
The first coastal settlement in Brazil, São Vicente was founded in 1532.[7] It was the first permanent Portuguese colony in the New World.[7] Twenty two years later the Tibiriçá Chief and Jesuit missionaries Manuel da Nóbrega and José de Anchieta founded the village of São Paulo dos Campos de Piratininga 68 kilometres (42 mi) inland from São Vicente, on January 25, 1554.[7] The clergymen established a mission at the Colégio de São Paulo de Piratininga, aimed at converting the Tupi–Guarani indigenous Brazilians to the Catholic faith, as well as make it easier for the Portuguese crown to rule them.
Anchieta is said to have killed a native, which brings a degree of protest from Indian rights groups against his canonization by the Vatican. The Jesuits were later also often at odds with the Portuguese authorities, mainly the Marquês de Pombal, who eventually expelled them from Brazil for protecting converted natives in their missions. Located just beyond the Serra do Mar cliffs, above the port city of Santos, and close to the Tietê River, the new settlement became the natural entrance from the South East coast to the vast and fertile high plateau to the West that would eventually become the richest Brazilian state.
São Paulo officially became a city in 1711. In the 19th century, it experienced economic prosperity brought about through coffee exports shipped from the neighboring city of Santos.
After the abolition of slavery in 1888, waves of people from Germany, Italy, Spain and other European countries emigrated to São Paulo in order to "bleach the race," as Luso-Brazilian authorities feared Brazil's black population would grow far more than other groups. These Europeans were granted lands as incentives to immigrate and some worked in an indentured fashion at coffee plantations. Newcomers and their descendants ended up "making the America," as they said in Italian and Portuguese, and some of Brazil's greatest entrepreneurs have Italian, Portuguese, and German last names such as Mattarazzo, Diniz, and Mueller.
By the beginning of the 20th century, the coffee cycle had plummeted due to, among other factors, a sharp decline in international coffee prices. With the Wall Street Crash of 1929, coffee barons started losing their influence and status. The Paulistan economy looked for other alternatives such as sugar cane and the production of alcohol.
With the difficulties brought about by World War II, when industrialized items had difficultly reaching Brazil, and following the national incipient trend of import-substitution, São Paulo began industrializing for domestic consumption. Brazil already showed a pattern of huge importation of most fashionable and manufactured products from Europe, which was maintained well into the late 20th century, and created huge trade deficits despite substantial coffee and sugar exports.
Local entrepreneurs then started investing in the industrial development of São Paulo, attracting new contingents of immigrants to the city, mainly Italians. In addition to Europeans, Japanese and Syrian and Lebanese immigrants arrived in large numbers in the first half of the 20th century. Along the 20th century, the booming economy of the city also attracted huge waves of migrants from the poorest regions in Brazil, such as the Northeast.
São Paulo maintained a high economic growth rate through the 1920s, driven by interrelated streams of immigration, rapid industrialization, and investment. In the early 1920s the Sampaio Moreira Building reached an unprecedented 14 stories, and by the end of the decade the Martinelli Building attained more than twice that height. Growing fleets of automobiles and diesel buses allowed hordes of service workers to commute from their outlying homes to jobs in the city center.
However, due to competition with many other Brazilian cities, which sometimes offer tax advantages for companies to locate manufacturing plants there, São Paulo's main economic activities have gradually left its industrial profile in favour of the services industry in the late 20th century. The city is home to a large number of local and international banking offices, law firms, multinational companies and consumer services.
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Although a modern face had emerged in São Paulo's better areas by the 1930s, larger portions were basically unchanged. São Paulo had lacked any city plan before 1889, and no zoning law was passed until 1972. Indeed, well into the 20th century much of the city retained a colonial aspect, with narrow unpaved streets, shabby buildings, and a few old churches of Jesuit and Franciscan styles.
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In 1924 the city was bombed during the Tenente revolts. Between 1920 and 1940 the population more than doubled, reaching 1.3 million. Although Rio de Janeiro had itself grown spectacularly during this period, São Paulo trailed it by only 460,000 inhabitants and would leapfrog ahead within two decades. During 1939–45 the engineer-mayor Francisco Prestes Maia built the multilane Avenida 9 de Julho and widened numerous other streets despite resistance from displaced residents.
By 1947 the new star of São Paulo's skyline was the São Paulo State Bank building, and, starting with the Mário de Andrade Municipal Library, the city's architecture moved beyond the short period of Art Deco design. By 1950 São Paulo had grown to a metropolis of 2.2 million compared to Rio's 2.4 million, but a decade later São Paulo led with 3.7 million to Rio's 3.3 million, thus solidifying its reputation as one of the world's most dynamic urban centres.
Famed architect Oscar Niemeyer was lured from Rio to design the sinuous curves of the Copan Building, and the Itália Building became its towering neighbour. The highly imaginative São Paulo Art Museum (begun in 1956 and completed in 1968) was built over the juncture of Avenida 9 de Julho and eight-lane Avenida Paulista.
In the 1960s São Paulo came to include almost half of the population of the State of São Paulo (Brazil's most populous state) and to account for about one-third of the country's total industrial employment. Because automobiles were becoming a São Paulo family staple, expressways were built along the canalized Tietê and Pinheiros rivers in 1967, and the Bandeirantes expressway provided access to the city center.
Highway expansion continues to be an ongoing process because the roads running alongside the rivers are among the heaviest used in the country. However, no amount of highway construction and street widening could more than briefly alleviate the intolerable traffic congestion. Construction of a subway system was begun in the late 1960s in hopes of improving the situation, and new subway lines continue to be expanded and added and enhanced.
Despite its many woes, São Paulo remains a business hub of Latin America. Having prospered first with the coffee industry, and later with industrialization, in the early 21st century it expanded into the tertiary, or services sector. Its huge market (about 20 million people in greater São Paulo) is a magnet for multinational corporations.
Thanks to events such as the Feira Bienal Internacional de Arte, and its reputation for hosting cutting-edge music concerts, it has become something of a cultural center as well. Economic growth and exportation of goods has lifted employment and wages. The murder rate has dropped by almost a quarter since its peak.
The historic center profited with the return of the city's government and the arrival of private universities, although businesses continue to move out to new boom neighborhoods such as Itaim and Berrini. São Paulo also claims to attract more visitors (mostly, but no longer exclusively, on business) than Rio de Janeiro, testimony of the intense rivalry between the two metropolises.
Geography[link]
Physical setting[link]
São Paulo is located in Southeastern Brazil, in southeastern São Paulo State, approximately halfway between Curitiba (Capital of Paraná State, previously part of São Paulo State) and Rio de Janeiro (former capital of Brazil and now capital of the State which bears the same name). The city is located on a plateau located within the Serra do Mar (Portuguese for "Sea Range"), itself a component of the vast region known as the Brazilian Highlands, with an average elevation of around 799 metres (2,621 ft) above sea level, although being at a distance of only about 70 kilometres (43 mi) from the Atlantic Ocean. This distance is covered by two highways, the Anchieta and the Imigrantes, (see "Transportation" section below) that roll down the range, leading to the port city of Santos and the beach resort of Guarujá. Rolling terrain prevails within the urbanized areas of São Paulo except in the northern area of the city, where the Serra da Cantareira Range boasts higher elevations and a sizable remnant of the Atlantic Rain Forest. The entire region is very stable tectonically, and no significant seismic activity has ever been recorded.
The Tietê River, and its tributary, the Pinheiros River, were once important sources of fresh water and leisure for São Paulo. However, heavy industrial effluents and wastewater discharges in the later 20th century caused the rivers to become heavily polluted. A substantial clean-up program for both rivers is underway, financed through a partnership between local government and international development banks such as the Japan Bank for International Cooperation.[9] Neither river is navigable in the stretch that flows through the city, although water transportation becomes increasingly important on the Tietê river further downstream (towards South, near river Paraná), as the river is part of the River Plate basin.
There are no large natural lakes in the region, but the Billings and Guarapiranga reservoirs in the southern outskirts of the city are used for power generation, water storage, and leisure activities, such as sailing. The original flora consisted mainly of a great variety of broadleaf evergreens. Today, non-native species are common, as the mild climate and abundant rainfall permit a multitude of tropical, subtropical and temperate plants to be cultivated, with eucalyptus being especially ubiquitous.
Climate[link]
The city has a monsoon-influenced humid subtropical climate (Cfa), according to the Köppen classification.[10] In summer, mean temperatures are between 17 °C (63 °F) and 28 °C (82 °F), and 32 °C (90 °F) on the hottest days. In winter, are between 11 °C (52 °F) and 23 °C (73 °F), and 6 °C (43 °F). on the coldest days. The highest temperature recorded was 35.3 °C (95.5 °F) on November 15, 1985.[11] and the lowest recorded was −2 °C (28 °F) on August 2, 1955, and on the same day −3.8 °C (25.2 °F) was recorded unofficially. The average temperatures throughout the year are similar to those of Sydney and Los Angeles. The Tropic of Capricorn, at about 23°27' S, passes through north of São Paulo and roughly marks the boundary between the tropical and temperate areas of South America. Because of its elevation, however, São Paulo enjoys a distinctly temperate climate.[12]
Rainfall is abundant, amounting to an annual average of 1,454 millimetres (57.2 in).[13] It is especially common in the warmer months average of 219 millimetres (8.6 in), and decreases in winter, average of 47 millimetres (1.9 in). Neither São Paulo nor the nearby coast has ever been hit by a tropical cyclone, and tornadic activity is uncommon. Snow flurries were reported officially only once, on June 25, 1918. During late winter, especially August, the city experiences the phenomenon known as "veranico" or "verãozinho" ("little summer"), which consists of a bout of unusually hot and dry weather, sometimes reaching temperatures well above 28 °C (82 °F). On the other hand, relatively cool days during summer are fairly common when persistent winds blow from the ocean. On such occasions daily high temperatures may not surpass 20 °C (68 °F), accompanied by lows often below 15 °C (59 °F), however, summer can be extremely hot when a heat wave hits the city followed by temperatures around 34 °C (93 °F) but on places with more skyscraper density and low forest, the sensation can hit even 39 °C (102 °F), like in Paulista Avenue for example. Like the summer of 2012 February in São Paulo, when the city was affected by a heat wave that lasted for 2 weeks with below going from 29 °C (84 °F) to 34 °C (93 °F) on the hottest days.
São Paulo is also known for its unreliable weather and it is described by the local natives as a city where you can experience all four seasons in one single day. In the morning when winds blow from the ocean the weather sensation can be cool or sometimes even cold and when the sun hits its peak around noon, the weather can be extremely dry and hot and as the hours go by and the sun sets, the cold wind comes back bringing a cool sensation, with this phenomenon usually happening in the winter season.
| Climate data for São Paulo (1961 - 1990, records lows since 1931) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 34.2 (93.6) |
34.6 (94.3) |
33.6 (92.5) |
31.3 (88.3) |
29.8 (85.6) |
28.9 (84.0) |
29.3 (84.7) |
33 (91) |
37.4 (99.3) |
34.4 (93.9) |
35.2 (95.4) |
35.7 (96.3) |
37.4 (99.3) |
| Average high °C (°F) | 27.4 (81.3) |
28 (82) |
27.3 (81.1) |
25.1 (77.2) |
23 (73) |
21.7 (71.1) |
21.8 (71.2) |
23.3 (73.9) |
23.9 (75.0) |
24.7 (76.5) |
25.9 (78.6) |
26.3 (79.3) |
24.5 (76.1) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 22.2 (72.0) |
22.4 (72.3) |
21.7 (71.1) |
19.8 (67.6) |
17.6 (63.7) |
16.4 (61.5) |
15.8 (60.4) |
17.1 (62.8) |
17.8 (64.0) |
19 (66) |
20.3 (68.5) |
21.2 (70.2) |
18.5 (65.3) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 18.7 (65.7) |
18.8 (65.8) |
18.2 (64.8) |
16.3 (61.3) |
13.9 (57.0) |
12.3 (54.1) |
11.7 (53.1) |
12.8 (55.0) |
13.9 (57.0) |
15.3 (59.5) |
16.5 (61.7) |
17.8 (64.0) |
14.5 (58.1) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 10.2 (50.4) |
11.2 (52.2) |
10.9 (51.6) |
6 (43) |
5.2 (41.4) |
0.9 (33.6) |
0.2 (32.4) |
−2.2 (28.0) |
2.1 (35.8) |
4.2 (39.6) |
6.9 (44.4) |
7.3 (45.1) |
−2.2 (28.0) |
| Precipitation mm (inches) | 240 (9.45) |
250 (9.84) |
160 (6.3) |
80 (3.15) |
70 (2.76) |
60 (2.36) |
40 (1.57) |
30 (1.18) |
70 (2.76) |
130 (5.12) |
140 (5.51) |
190 (7.48) |
1,460 (57.48) |
| Avg. precipitation days | 18 | 16 | 13 | 9 | 9 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 9 | 11 | 13 | 16 | 134 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 148.8 | 150.8 | 145.7 | 141.0 | 151.9 | 144.0 | 164.3 | 155.0 | 126.0 | 136.4 | 144.0 | 130.2 | 1,738.1 |
| Source no. 1: INMET — Clima[14], Hong Kong Observatory[15] for data of sunshine hours | |||||||||||||
| Source no. 2: World Weather Information Service[16], for data of precipitation days | |||||||||||||
See also: List of Mayors of São Paulo
São Paulo's most recent mayors were:
| Mayor | Entry in | Left Office in | Political Party |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gilberto Kassab | 2006 | – | Democratas |
| José Serra | 2005 | 2006 | PSDB |
| Marta Suplicy | 2001 | 2004 | PT |
| Celso Pitta | 1997 | 2000 | PPB, later PTN |
| Paulo Maluf | 1993 | 1996 | PPB (PP) |
| Luiza Erundina | 1989 | 1992 | PT |
| Jânio Quadros | 1986 | 1988 | PTB |
| Mário Covas | 1983 | 1985 | PMDB |
Metropolitan region[link]
Main article: Greater São Paulo
The nonspecific term "Grande São Paulo" ("Greater São Paulo") denotes any of São Paulo's metropolitan area definitions. The legally defined Região Metropolitana de São Paulo consists of 39 municipalities in total, and a population of 19,889,559[17] inhabitants (as of 2010 National Census).
Because São Paulo is sprawling like Los Angeles, it has another definition for its metropolitan area. Analogous to the US's CSA (Combined Statistical Area) type definition of metropolitan area, it is the third largest city in the world with 27 million inhabitants (Complexo Metropolitano Expandido),[18] behind Tokyo and Jakarta, which includes 2 contiguous legally defined metropolitan regions, and 3 microregions.
Subdivisions[link]
Main article: Subdivisions of the City of São Paulo
The city of São Paulo is divided into 31 subprefectures (subprefeituras), each in turn divided into 96 districts. Locally, districts may contain one or more neighborhoods (bairros).[19][20] The subprefectures are officially grouped into nine regions (or "zones"), taking into account their geographical position and history of occupation. These regions are used only in technical and governmental agencies and are not identified by any visual communication in the city.
There is also a geographic radial division established in 2007 by the mayor Gilberto Kassab. These geographical areas (historical downtown, extended downtown, north, south, east, west, northeast, northwest, southeast and southwest) are each identified with a distinct color in the buses and in the street plaques. These have no relationship with the subprefectures and districts, and, in some cases, the same district may be in two or more geographic regions.
Demographics[link]
Main articles: Demographics of São Paulo and Demographics of Brazil
According to the 2010 IBGE Census, there were 10,659,386 people residing in the city of São Paulo.[21] The census revealed the following numbers: 6,824,668 White people (60.6%), 3,433,218 Brown (Multiracial) people (30.5%), 736,083 Black people (6.5%), 246,244 Asian people (2.2%), 21,318 Amerindian people (0.2%).[22]
In 2010, the city of São Paulo was the most populous city in Brazil and in South America.[23]
In 2010, the city had 2,146,077 opposite-sex couples and 7,532 same-sex couples. The population of São Paulo was 52.6% female and 47.4% male.[22]
São Paulo is the most ethnically diverse city in Brazil.[24] At the end of the traffic of enslaved Africans in the country (1850), São Paulo started to replace the African manpower with immigrants in the coffee plantations. The pioneer in this new project was senator Nicolau Vergueiro, who brought many German, Swiss and Portuguese immigrants to work in his own properties. The next waves of immigrants contained Italians and Portuguese from the mid-19th century until the turn of the century. These were far more adaptable to coffee cultivation and became over time the largest immigrant communities in the state of São Paulo.[25]
After the abolition of slavery (1888), São Paulo received increasingly large numbers of European immigrants, most of them coming from Italy, followed by Portugal, Germany and Spain. In 1897, Italians are over half of the city's population. Portuguese, Spaniards, Germans, Japanese, Jews and Christian Syrian-Lebanese also came in significant numbers. From 1908 to 1941, many Japanese immigrants arrived.[26] In the 1960s, Chinese and Koreans started arriving. In the mid-20th century, many from the drought-stricken Northeastern Brazil started to migrate to São Paulo. Nowadays, the city is witness to a large wave of Bolivian migration.[27]
| Immigrants | Percentage of immigrants in foreign born population [5] |
|---|---|
| Italians | 47.9% |
| Portuguese | 29.3% |
| Germans | 9.9% |
| Spaniards | 3.2% |
A French observer, travelling to São Paulo at the time, noted that there was a division of the capitalist class, by nationality (...) Germans, French, and Italians shared the dry goods sector with Brazilians. Foodstuffs was generally the province of either Portuguese or Brazilians, except for bakery and pastry which was the domain of the French and Germans. Shoes and tinware were mostly controlled by Italians. However, the larger metallurgical plants were in the hands of the English and the Americans. (...) Italians outnumbered Brazilians two to one in São Paulo.[28]
Until 1920, 1,078,437 Italians entered in the State of São Paulo. Of the immigrants who arrived there between 1887 and 1902, 63.5% came from Italy. Between 1888 and 1919, 44.7% of the immigrants were Italians, 19.2% were Spaniards and 15.4% were Portuguese.[29] In 1920, nearly 80% of São Paulo city's population was composed of immigrants and their descendants, and Italians made up over half of its male population.[29] At that time, the Governor of São Paulo said that "if the owner of each house in São Paulo display the flag of the country of origin on the roof, from above São Paulo would look like an Italian city". In 1900, a columnist who was absent from São Paulo for 20 years wrote "then São Paulo used to be a genuine Paulista city, today it is an Italian city."[29]
| Year | Italians | Percentage of the City[29] |
|---|---|---|
| 1886 | 5,717 | 13% |
| 1893 | 45,457 | 35% |
| 1900 | 75,000 | 31% |
| 1910 | 130,000 | 33% |
| 1916 | 187,540 | 37% |
A research conducted by the University of São Paulo (USP) shows the high ethnical diversity in the city: when asked if they are "descendants of foreign immigrants", 81% of the students reported "yes". The main reported ancestries were: Italian (30.5%), Portuguese (23%), Spanish (14%), Japanese (8%), German (5.6%), Brazilian (4.3%), African (2.8%), Arab (2.4%) and Jewish (1.2%).[30]
Since the 19th century there is a migration of people from Northeastern Brazil into São Paulo. However, this internal migration grew enormously in the 1930s and remained huge in the next decades. The concentration of land, modernization in rural areas, changes in work relationships and cycles of droughts stimulated the high migration rate. The Northeastern migrants live mainly in hazardous and unhealthy areas of the city, in cortiços, in various slums (favelas) of the metropolis, because they are cheaper housing alternatives. According to the 2000 Brazilian Census, there were 3,641,148 people from Northeastern Brazil living in São Paulo, about 20% of the city's population. According to another resource, the largest concentration of Northeastern migrants was found in the area of Sé/Brás (districts of Brás, Bom Retiro, Cambuci, Pari and Sé). In this area they composed 41% of the population.[31]
Today, the city has the largest community of Italian and Portuguese descendants.
As in all of Brazil, people of different ethnicities mix with each other, producing a multi-ethnic society. Today, people of many different ethnicities make São Paulo their home.[32] The main groups, considering all the metropolitan area, are: 6 million people of Italian descent,[33] 3 million people of Portuguese descent,[34] 1.7 million people of African descent,[35] 1 million people of Arab descent,[36] 665,000 people of Japanese descent,[36] 400,000 people of German descent,[36] 120,000 people of Chinese descent,[36] 40,000 Jews,[37] 60,000 Bolivian immigrants,[38] 150,000 people of Greek descent,[36] 250,000 people of French descent[36] and 50,000 people of Korean descent.[39]
Changing demographics of the city of São Paulo <timeline>
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</timeline>
Religion[link]
Main article: Religion in Brazil
| Religion | Percentage | Number |
|---|---|---|
| Catholic | 73.11% | 7,107,261 |
| Protestant | 15.94% | 1,663,131 |
| No religion | 8.97% | 936,474 |
| Kardecist | 2.75% | 286,600 |
| Buddhist | 0.65% | 67,591 |
| Umbanda and Candomblé | 0.46% | 48,400 |
| Jewish | 0.36% | 37,500 |
Languages[link]
Main article: Languages of Brazil
The language spoken by the vast majority of the population is Portuguese. Due to the large influx of Italian immigrants, the Portuguese spoken in the city reflects a significant influence from the languages of the Italian peninsula, particularly from Neapolitan and Venetian.[42]
Italian dialects are mixed with the countryside Caipira accent of São Paulo. Some linguists maintain that the São Paulo dialect of Portuguese was born in Mooca, a neighborhood settled in the early 20th century mainly by people from Naples, Southern Italy.[43][44]
The Italian influence in the accent of the inhabitants of São Paulo is more evident in the traditional Italian neighborhoods such as Bella Vista, Mooca, Brás and Barra Funda. The Italianism came from the contact of Italian with the Portuguese language and since it is an old influence, it was assimilated or disappeared in the spoken language of the city. In 2009, a councilman from São Paulo, Juscelino Gadelha, presented a project designed to transform Mooca's accent on "intangible property" of the city of São Paulo and then protected by law. If approved, the accent of people from Mooca will be preserved on recordings and transcripts. The local accent with Italian influences became notorious through the songs of Adoniran Barbosa, a Brazilian samba singer born to Italian parents who used to sing using the local accent.[45]
Other languages spoken in the city are mainly among the Asian community: Liberdade neighborhood is home to the largest Japanese population outside of Japan. Although today most Japanese Brazilians can speak only Portuguese, some of them are still fluent in Japanese. Some people of Chinese and Korean descent are still able to speak their ancestral languages. However, most of the Brazilian-born generations only speak Portuguese.[46]
In some areas of the city is still possible to find descendants of immigrants that speak German[47] (specially in the area of Brooklin paulista) and Russian or East European languages (specially in the area of Vila Zelina).[48]
Statistics[link]
- Vehicles: 7,081,778 (June 2011)[49]
- Vehicles: more than 10,000,000 in Greater São Paulo
- Daily newspapers: 34 (September 2008).[50]
- Foundation date: January 25, 1554.[51]
- It is considered the 20th ranked global city.[52]
- It has the largest fleet of helicopters in the world.[53]
- Urban area: 1,968 km² (760 sqmi)[54]
- Air passenger traffic in 2010: 47,723,894 (Cumbica, Congonhas, Viracopos, Campo de Marte, São José dos Campos), the largest in Southern Hemisphere.[55]
- Buildings: the city is the 3rd in the world in number of highrise buildings with 5,644, according to Emporis database.[56]
- According to Mystery Shopping International, the ninth most luxurious street in the world is located in the city, the Oscar Freire Street.[57]
- Rail passenger traffic per day: 6 million passengers in the São Paulo metro and the CPTM (3.7 million and 2.3 million respectively).[58][59]
- Has the largest shopping center in Latin America, the Centro Comercial Leste Aricanduva with 365,000 m2 (3,928,827.30 sq ft) of built area and 242,300 m2 (2,608,095.49 sq ft) of gross leasable area.[60]
- Has the largest hospital complex in Latin America, the Hospital das Clínicas of the University of São Paulo with 352,000 m2 (3,788,896.47 sq ft) of built area.[61]
- Has five CBD: Paulista Avenue, Downtown São Paulo, Itaim Bibi, Brooklin Novo and Faria Lima.
- São Paulo is the 6th city with most billionaires in the world, drawn with Mumbai with 21 billionaires.[62]
- According the PricewaterhouseCoopers the Greater São Paulo is the world's 10th richest city in 2008 with one GDP PPP of $388 billion and will be the 6th in 2025 only behind New York City, Los Angeles, Tokyo, Shanghai and Chicago[63][64]
In 2010 the daily average of traffic peak during the afternoons reached 110 km
Economy[link]
Main articles: Economy of São Paulo and Economy of Brazil
São Paulo is the is the 10th largest city in the world by GDP,[65] and is expected to be the 6th largest in 2025.[66] According to data of IBGE, its gross domestic product (GDP) in 2006 was R$ 282,852,338,000, equivalent to approximately 12.26% of the Brazilian GDP and 36% of all production of goods and services of the State of São Paulo.[67] According to PricewaterhouseCoopers annual economic growth of the city is 4.2%.[68]
The biggest financial center in Brazil, São Paulo's economy is going through a deep transformation. Once a city with a strong industrial character, São Paulo's economy has become increasingly based on the tertiary sector, focusing on services and businesses for the country. The city is also unique among Brazilian cities for its large number of foreign corporations. Many analysts point to São Paulo as an important global city, even though this categorization can be criticised considering its serious problems of social exclusion and spatial segregation.[69] Despite being the most important financial centre of the country, São Paulo also presents a high degree of informality in its economy.[70]
São Paulo has the largest concentration of German businesses worldwide[71] and also considered the largest Swedish industrial hub alongside Gothenburg.[72]
In 2005, the city of São Paulo collected R$ 90 billion in taxes, and the city budget was R$ 15 billion. The city has 1,500 bank branches. There are 70 shopping malls. 63% of all the international companies with business in Brazil have their head offices in São Paulo. The São Paulo Stock Exchange (BM&F Bovespa) is Brazil's official stock and bonds exchange. The BM&F Bovespa is the largest stock exchange in Latin America where about R$ 6 billion (US$ 3.5 billion) are traded every day.[73] The per capita income for the city was R$ 32,493 (2008).[74]
According to Mercer's 2011 city rankings of cost of living for expatriate employees, São Paulo is now among the ten most expensive cities in the world, ranking in 10th place in 2011, up from the 21st position in 2010, and ahead of London, Paris, Milan, and New York City.[75][76]
| Companies in Financial Times Global 500 of São Paulo in 2011[77] | ||||||
| SP | Corporation | BRA | World | |||
| 1 | Itaú Unibanco | 3 | 52 | |||
| 2 | AmBev | 4 | 79 | |||
| 3 | Bradesco | 5 | 93 | |||
| 4 | Banco Santander Brasil | 7 | 175 | |||
| 5 | Itaúsa | 9 | 255 | |||
Science and technology[link]
Main article: Brazilian science and technology
The city of São Paulo is home to several important Research and Development structures in Latin America, and has been attracting a growing number of companies due to the presence of several regionally renowned universities. The system of science, technology and innovation of São Paulo is leveraged by the allocation of funds from the state government, mainly carried out by means of the Foundation to Research Support in the State of São Paulo (Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo – Fapesp), one of the main agencies of promotion of the scientific and technological research of the country.
Luxury goods[link]
Sales of luxury goods in Brazil amounted to 8.9 billion dollars in 2010, according to GfK Brazil, of which 70% of luxury goods are sold in São Paulo City and 95% of sales in the city are represented by 'luxury quadrilateral'. The Shopping Cidade Jardim is a relatively new, high-end mall, in Jardim Panorama, Morumbi district, with restaurants, cinemas, and boutiques, including brands such as Carolina Herrera, Chanel, Ermenegildo Zegna, Giorgio Armani, Hermès, Longchamp, Montblanc, Rolex, Salvatore Ferragamo, Tiffany & Co., Prada, Louis Vuitton, Jimmy Choo, Emilio Pucci, Alexandre de Paris, Canali, La Martina and Daslu department store. Fendi, Christian Louboutin, Balmain, Tag Heuer, Miu Miu, Elie Saab, Valentino, Tod's, the Argentinian brand Etiqueta Negra, the English Issa London, flagships of Dior, Gucci, Cartier and the new stores of Longchamp, Salvatore Ferragamo and Chanel. Louis Vuitton will have a new store with about 1,400 square metres (15,000 sq ft).
The Iguatemi Faria Lima, in Faria Lima Avenue, is the Brazil's oldest mall, opened in 1966. It is considered the 11th most expensive shopping area in the world, according to Cushman & Wakefield. Among the more than 30 international luxury brands there are Burberry, Emporio Armani, Hugo Boss, Chanel, Bang & Olufsen, Bvlgari, D&G, Diane von Fürstenberg, Gucci, Missoni, M Missoni, Kate Spade, Marc Jacobs, Bottega Veneta, Christian Louboutin, Salvatore Ferragamo, Louis Vuitton, Ermenegildo Zegna, Max Mara, Tiffany & Co. and Swarovski. The Oscar de la Renta, Longchamp, Tod's and TopShop shops are expected to be opened there in 2012.
In the Vila Olímpia neighborhood a future upmarket shopping centre is being built. JK Iguatemi, which will house brands such as Versace, Balenciaga, Nicole Miller, Gucci, Chanel, Ermenegildo Zegna, Longchamp, Tod's, Yves Saint Laurent, TopShop/TopMan, Burberry, Lanvin, Miu Miu, Diane von Fürstenberg, Goyard, Juicy Couture, Kate Spade, Bottega Veneta, Carolina Herrera, Coach, Dolce&Gabbana, Sephora, Tory Burch, Van Cleef & Arpels, IWC, Jaeger-LeCoultre, Panerai, Rimowa, Paula Cahen D'Anvers, Vicomte A. and Daslu.
The Jardins neighborhood is regarded amongst the most sophisticated places in town, where upscale restaurants and hotels are located. The New York Times has once compared the Oscar Freire street to Rodeo Drive.[78]
In Jardins are Ferrari, Aston Martin, Bentley, BMW, Bugatti, Maserati, Lamborghini, Jaguar, Volvo, Porsche, Mercedes-Benz, Pagani, Land Rover and Audi dealerships; hotels as Tivoli, Porto Bay, Fasano, Emiliano, Renaissance and Unique. Also, one of the best restaurants in the world as elected by The World's 50 Best Restaurants Award, D.O.M.,[79] is located there. In the Oscar Freire street and nearby streets such as Haddock Lobo and Bela Cintra are Bang & Olufsen, Calvin Klein, Cartier, Dior, Emporio Armani, Ermenegildo Zegna, Giorgio Armani, Louis Vuitton, Marc Jacobs, Marina Rinaldi, Max Mara, Montblanc, Roberto Cavalli, Salvatore Ferragamo, Tommy Hilfiger, Christofle and Versace.
Outside the 'luxury quadrilateral', is the Brooklin CBD. In this neighborhood, some of the city's most luxurious hotels are located, such as the Hilton Hotel, Sheraton Hotels and Hyatt, as is another shopping mall, the Morumbi Shopping. Other regions of the city also have luxury trade as Jardim Anália Franco (East Zone), Higienópolis (Central Zone), Alto de Santana (North Zone), Alto de Pinheiros (West Zone), Moema/Vila Nova Conceição (South Zone) and Alphaville (Barueri municipality, Greater São Paulo).
In 2010 the daily average of traffic peak during the afternoons reached 110 km
Urban planning[link]
São Paulo has a history of actions, projects and plans related to urban planning and urban planning that can be traced to the government of Antonio da Silva Prado, Baron Duprat, Washington and completed by Luis Francisco Prestes Maia. However, in general, the city was formed during the twentieth century, going from village to metropolis, through a series of informal processes and irregular urban sprawl.
Thus, São Paulo differs considerably from other Brazilian cities like Belo Horizonte and Goiânia, whose initial expansion followed determinations by a plan and a unique urban project, or a city like Brasília, whose master plan had been fully designed prior to construction of the city.
Moreover, the succession of peripheral settlements and the processes of rehabilitation and reconstruction of tissues already present, common in the city throughout its evolution, was possibly accompanied by urban plans that tried to sort the second planning guidelines informal logic of the constitution itself city.
If the first interventions Prado punctual and Theodore had such plans sought, either sectorally integrated and sometimes isolated, setting standards to be followed in the production of new urban spaces and regulation of the above.
The historical effectiveness of such plans to comply with what they apparently were proposed, however, has been attributed by some planners and historians as diverse as questionable. On the other hand, some of these same scholars argue that such plans were produced exclusively for the benefit of the wealthier strata of the population while the working classes would be relegated to the traditional informal processes.
In São Paulo until the mid-1950s, the plans submitted to the city even had a character Haussmann, or were based on the idea of "demolish and rebuild." May be cited as the plans submitted by former Mayor Prestes Maia São Paulo for the roads (known as the Avenues Plan) or by Saturnino de Brito for the Tietê River.
In 1968 the Urban Development Plan is proposed that would unfold in the Basic Plan for Integrated Development of São Paulo, developed during the administration of Figueiredo Ferraz. The main result has been what has become known as zoning laws and lasted until 2004 when he was replaced by current Master Plan.
That zoning, adopted in 1972, we noted a clear protection calls Z1 (definition of areas whose use was residential and was designed exclusively for the elite of the city) and a certain vagueness of most of the city, classified as Z3 (loosely regulated as "mixed zone" but without clearer definitions about their characteristics). Thus, such zoning encouraged the growth of suburbs equipped for building low feedback processes coupled with speculation while valued regions in which it is allowed to build tall buildings.
Real Estate Market[link]
Eight residential buildings are being built in a radius of 1.5 kilometers between the streets Bela Cintra, Manuel Dutra and Alvaro de Carvalho. Builder who erected the building in the street Paim, sold over 200 units in two hours and already launched another project nearby. The process will lead to the region over the next two years, more than 2500 inhabitants, being mostly couples, students, people who live or want to live in smaller apartments and closer to the center and the area around Avenida Paulista for reasons of proximity to work and study and that took too long in traffic and looking for a region that has everything nearby.
Strong demand causes enhancement of the area also affects the older homes, as the new construction of a building on the corner of Augusta and Dona Antonia de Queiroz mansion in the year 1913. The traditional luxury hotel Ca'd'Oro will undergo major refurbishment and will now appear in the wake of a process of revitalization of downtown São Paulo, and currently, there are about ten releases in the residential area of Augusta center.
Events[link]
The city of São Paulo hosts approximately 90 thousand events every year, featuring arts, business, fashion and beyond. There are some Web sites and magazines specialising in the cultural events in the city, including the Agenda Cultural de São Paulo (São Paulo's Cultural Calendar).[80]
São Paulo Art Bienal[link]
The São Paulo Art Biennial is a cultural event hosted in town every two years. Almost 1 million people visited the 26th Biennial in 2004. Its theme was chosen to enable a wide range of artistic positions to feel comfortable. In addition, to an intensification of the North-South dialogue inside Brazil, the Bienal's aims include the promoting of links between non-European cultures along a South-South orientation.[81]
São Paulo Fashion Week[link]
São Paulo Fashion Week, established in 1996 under the name Morumbi Fashion Brasil, is the largest and most important fashion event in Latin America.[citation needed]
Brazil first entered the international fashion circuit with the increasing reputation of famous Brazilian top models such as Isabeli Fontana, Adriana Lima, Gisele Bündchen, Alessandra Ambrosio, Fernanda Tavares, Ana Beatriz Barros, Izabel Goulart, Brenda Costa, Ana Hickmann, and Evandro Soldati, and the "discovery" of some fresh talents such as Alexandre Herchcovitch by some international fashion magazines.
São Paulo Gay Pride Parade[link]
Main article: LGBT rights in Brazil
Main article: São Paulo Gay Pride Parade
The first São Paulo Gay Pride Parade took place in 1987, and attracted a crowd, then impressive, of 20,000 people, but since then the event grows in participation, size and significance. The event is a tourist draw for the city, attracting larger and larger numbers of people, reaching around 2 million visitors in the last estimated official number available, from the 2008 parade. It is opened by the city's mayor, running along the Paulista Avenue, accompanied by several Trio Elétricos. The last parade, held on June 6, 2010, attracted about 3.5 million people according to official numbers, given by the Polícia Militar.[82][83] The Parade is an annual event, taking place in June, which aims to increase the visibility and social awareness of the community, as well as agitating against discrimination and in favor of positive legislation for homosexuals, bisexuals, transvestites and transsexuals. Since 2002, the Parade has also become associated with a wider long cultural program, lasting at least a month.
March for Jesus[link]
The March for Jesus is an Evangelical parade that takes place on Corpus Christi Thursday every year in Zona Norte, or North Side. It is organized by Renascer em Cristo Church, a Neo-Pentecostal denomination created in the 1980s which has grown significantly in the first decade of the 21st century. In 2006, more than 2 million people took part in the event, according to official estimates.[84] Evangelicals from across Brazil go to São Paulo on the holiday in June for the march, as live Christian bands lead the way. The annual march, organized by evangelical churches, features concerts with 30 Christian bands carried on 17 flatbed trucks performing live as participants march through Brazil's financial capital.
International Transport Industry Show[link]
The Salão Internacional da Indústria do Transporte (FENATRAN) is held in São Paulo in the Park Anhembi, every two years and usually in October.[85] It is a major event presenting new trends for the industry related to transport, such as truck manufacturers, components for vehicles, fuel, motors and services for the industry, such as financial and insurance companies.
International Film Festival[link]
The São Paulo International Film Festival is a film festival held annually in São Paulo, Brazil since 1976. It is one of the most important Brazilian film festival along with Rio Film Festival and Brasília National Film Festival.
Electronic Language International Festival[link]
The Electronic Language International Festival is a non-profit cultural organization, whose purpose is to disseminate and to develop arts, technologies and scientific research, by means of exhibitions, debates, lectures, and courses. The festival promotes a yearly meeting in Brazil, in the city of São Paulo.[86]
Festival of Electronic Art[link]
Every two years, Associação Cultural Videobrasil's International Electronic Art Festival brings works by artists from all over the world to São Paulo. In keeping with the constant transformations in media and support, the curatorship has added installations, performances, VJs, CD-ROM art, and Internet art to the programme. Art shows, debates and meetings introduce new ideas and artwork, setting new guidelines for contemporary art in Brazil. Exhibitions featuring work by prominent electronic artists are also part of the Festival. Brazilian pioneers such as Rafael França and Olhar Eletrônico, and international guests such as Nam June Paik, Bill Viola and Gary Hill, have featured in the event's past editions. Each edition has a theme of its own.[87]
Carnival[link]
Main article: Brazilian Carnival
The Carnival of São Paulo is a traditional celebration carnival held every year in São Paulo. The parade of samba schools in São Paulo is the Anhembi Sambadrome, designed by renowned architect Oscar Niemeyer, who also designed the Sambadrome of the sambodrome in Rio de Janeiro. The Special Group parade of samba schools of São Paulo happens on Friday and Saturday of carnival week, schools that participated in the carnival in 2012. Samba Schools: Unidos de Vila Maria; Rosas de Ouro; X9; Vai Vai; Águia de Ouro; Camisa Verde e Branco; Império de Casa Verde; Dragões da Real; Acadêmicos do Tucuruvi; Gaviões da Fiel; Mancha Verde; Tom Maior; Pérola Negra; Mocidade Alegre.
Cultural Turn[link]
Cultural Turn is an annual event held since 2005 by the Municipality of São Paulo, promoting 24 hours of non-stop cultural activities held during the month of May, every year, always starting on a Saturday night and ending on a Sunday afternoon. The event was inspired by the annual event named Nuit Blanche in Paris, with many cultural entertainment events throughout the night. The activities include music shows, dance shows, classical & orchestra presentations, theater plays, cinema, poetry, anime/comics fans meetings and acrobatic performances. The event takes place in several parts of the downtown area, as well as some cultural centers, clubs and selected schools. In 2010, according to São Paulo Municipality, the event attracted around 4 million people.
Miss Universe 2011[link]
São Paulo hosted the Miss Universe 2011 pageant.
Other Events[link]
- X-Games - Brazilian branch, held in April.
- É Tudo Verdade - Documentary film festival, held in March.
- Feicorte - Livestock fair.
- FIEPAG - International Printing Industry Fair
- CIOSP - International Dental Congress
- Skol Beats - Electronic music festival, features famous Brazilian and foreign DJs from around the world. Held in May.
- Grande Prêmio São Paulo de Turfe - Equestrian competition, held in May.
- Expomusic - Music and audio exposition, also features small shows and autograph sessions.
- Feira do Circuito das Malhas - Winter clothes baazar.
- In-Edit - Music documentary festival.
- São Paulo's International Marathon - Held in June.
- Saint Vitus Festival (Festival de São Vito) - Italian festival, featuring food and music. Held in June.
- Anima Mundi - International Animation Film Festival, held in July.
- Batuka! - Drummers festival, featuring workshops, presentations and a national contest.
- Brasil Pack - International Packaging Fair
- Japan Festival - Held in July.
- Brooklinfest - German festival in October (district Brooklin Paulista).[88]
- Festa de Vila Zelina - Russian, Ukrainian and East European Festival in the district Vila Zelina.[89]
- Bolivian Arts and Culture Festival
- Achiropita Festival - Italian festival, featuring food and music. Held in August.
- New Year's Eve - Held at the Paulista Avenue, features free concerts and fireworks, usually gathering up to 1 million people.
Education[link]
Main article: Education in Brazil
Educational institutions[link]
The city has several universities and colleges:
- Universidade de São Paulo (USP) (University of São Paulo);
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo (PUC-SP) (Pontifical Catholic University of São Paulo);
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de São Paulo (IFSP) (São Paulo Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology);
- Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (Unesp) (São Paulo State University Júlio de Mesquita Filho);
- Faculdade de Tecnologia de São Paulo (FATEC) (São Paulo Technological College);
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) (Federal University of São Paulo);
- Centro Universitário Belas Artes de São Paulo;
- Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE) (Ninth of July University);
- Universidade de Mogi das Cruzes (UMC) (University of Mogi das Cruzes);
- Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie (MACKENZIE-SP) (Mackenzie Presbyterian University)
- Universidade São Judas Tadeu (USJT) (São Judas Tadeu University/"São Judas University");
- Escola Superior de Propaganda e Marketing (ESPM-SP) (Superior School of Advertising and Marketing);
- Fundação Getúlio Vargas (FGV-SP) (Getúlio Vargas Foundation);
- Fundação Escola de Comércio Álvares Penteado (FECAP) (School of Commerce Alvares Penteado Foundation);
- Fundação Armando Alvares Penteado (FAAP) (Armando Alvares Penteado Foundation);
- Universidade Anhembi Morumbi (Anhembi Morumbi University);
- Faculdades Metropolitanas Unidas (FMU) (UMC, United Metropolitan Colleges);
- Instituto Brasileiro de Mercado de Capitais (Ibmec-SP) (Brazilian Capital Market Institute);
- Faculdade de Comunicação Social Cásper Líbero (Cásper Líbero Social Communication College);
- Faculdade Santa Marcelina (FASM) (Santa Marcelina College)
- and many others.
There are more than 578 universities in the whole state of São Paulo.[90]
Educational system[link]
São Paulo has a quite well developed system of primary and secondary schools, both public and private, and a variety of vocational-technical schools. More than nine-tenths of the population are literate, and roughly the same proportion of those age 7 to 14 are enrolled in school. Among the many institutions of higher education, the largest and most well-regarded is the state-financed University of São Paulo (USP), established in 1934, which incorporated the historic Law School (Faculdade de Direito) in the old Largo São Francisco in the city centre. USP enrolls a very high proportion of Brazil's doctoral students and has spawned a wide variety of research institutes and policy centre. Affiliated institutions include the Butantan Institute, a world-famous centre for research on snakes and the production of snake toxins and anti-toxins.
The Pontifical Catholic University of São Paulo was established in 1946 and has earned an enviable reputation among the continent's private institutions of higher learning. Also of note among Greater São Paulo's many other public and private colleges and universities is the Business and Management School of the Getúlio Vargas Foundation.
Health care[link]
Main articles: Health in Brazil and Rede São Paulo Saudável
São Paulo is the largest health care hub in Latin America. Among its best hospitals are the Albert Einstein Israelites Hospital, ranked as the best in Latin America and the Hospital das Clínicas, the largest in the region. In the city In terms of public health facilities, the city is home to institutions from all the three levels of government, federal, state and municipal. The private health care sector is also very large, and most of the best hospitals in Brazil are located in the city. As of September 2009, the city of São Paulo had:[91]
- 32,553 ambulatory clinics, centers and professional offices (physicians, dentists and others);
- 217 hospitals, with 32,554 beds;
- 137,745 health care professionals, including 28,316 physicians.
Municipal health[link]
Public health facilities in charge of the municipal government are spread all over the city's territory, with a grand total of 770 basic health care units (UBS), ambulatory and emergency clinics, and 17 hospitals. The Municipal Secretary of Health has 59,000 employees, among them more than 8,000 physicians and 12,000 nurses.
A population estimated in more than 6,000,000 citizens uses these facilities, which provide drugs at no cost, and manages an extensive family health program (PSF – Programa de Saúde da Família).
The Rede São Paulo Saudável (Healthy São Paulo Network) is a satellite-based digital TV corporate channel, developed by the Municipal Health Secretary of São Paulo, with the goal of bringing programs focused on health promotion and health education, which may be watched by citizens seeking health care in its units in the city.
The network consists of two complete TV studios, and a system for transmission of closed digital video in high definition via satellite, with about 1,400 points of reception in all health care units of the municipality of São Paulo.
Culture[link]
Music[link]
Main article: Music of Brazil
Adoniran Barbosa was a famous samba singer and composer who became successful during São Paulo's radio era. Born in 1912 in the town of Valinhos, Barbosa was known as the composer to the masses, particularly the Italian immigrants living in the quarters of Bela Vista, also known as "Bexiga" and Brás, as well as those who lived in the city's many 'cortiços' or tenements. The topics of his songs are drawn from the life of urban workers, the unemployed and those who live on the edge. His first big hit was "Saudosa Maloca" ("Shanty of Fond Memories" – 1951), wherein three homeless friends recall with nostalgia their improvised shanty home, which was torn down by the landowner to make room for a building. In his Trem das Onze ("The 11 pm Train") 1964 record, which has been ranked one of the five best samba songs ever, the protagonist explains to his lover that he cannot stay any longer because he has to catch the last train to the Jaçanã suburb, for his mother will not sleep before he arrives home. An old-school samba band called Demônios da Garoa still plays his songs in the traditional Bar Brahma venue in Avenida São João downtown. Another important musician with a similar style is Paulo Vanzoline. Vanzoline is a PhD in Biology and a part-time professional musician. He composed a song depicting a love murder scene in São Paulo called "Ronda".
In the late 1960s, a psychodelic rock band called Os Mutantes led the way in the national avant garde music scene. Their success is sometimes related to that of other tropicalia musicians, but they also had a musical style and ideas of their own. The group of Mutantes were known as very paulistanos in their behaviour and clothing. Os Mutantes released five albums together before lead singer Rita Lee departed in 1972 to form another group called Tutti-Frutti. Although almost exclusively known in Brazil at that time, Os Mutantes became quite successful abroad after the 1990s (a legend has it that a Brazilian girl in an exchange programme in California forgot a Mutantes' vinyl record at her host home, and that helped make the band popular in that U.S. state. In 2000, Tecnicolor, an album recorded in the early 1970s in English by the band, was released with artwork designed by Sean Lennon.
After the two oil price shocks in the 1970s, the country suffered from an economic recession during the 1980s, a phenomenon that was named the lost decade. The very repressive military government of the day did not help in any way the social situation.[93] At the end of the military rule in the early 1980s, a band called Ultrage a Rigor (Elegant Outrage) emerged in the city. They played a simple and irreverent style of rock. The lyrics depicted the changes in society and culture that not only São Paulo but Brazilian society as a whole were experiencing at the time. A late punk and garage scene became strong in the 1980s, perhaps associated with the gloomy scenario of unemployment and few actual perspectives from the viewpoint of the youth. Many thriving musicians and artists were just waiting for their moment to come. Examples of bands originating from this movement include Ira!, Titãs, Ratos de Porão and Inocentes. In the 1990s, drum & bass arose as another musical movement in São Paulo, with artists such as DJ Marky, DJ Patife, XRS, Drumagick, and Fernanda Porto.[94] Many heavy metal bands also originated in São Paulo, such as Angra, Torture Squad, Korzus and Dr. Sin. Many "alternative" tribes of São Paulo mingle at a small shopping mall at the city centre dubbed Galeria do Rock (English: "Rock Gallery") on Rua 24 de Maio, which includes shops which cater to a broad range of alternative niches. Famous electro-pop band Cansei de Ser Sexy, or CSS (Portuguese for "tired of being sexy") also has its origins in the city.
Classical music is also refined and renowned in the city. Many of the most important classical Brazilian composers who are still alive, such as Amaral Vieira, Osvaldo Lacerda and Edson Zampronha, were born and live in São Paulo. Local baritone Paulo Szot has won international acclaim and a Tony Award nomination for his performance in a 2008 revival of South Pacific. The São Paulo State Symphony is one of the outstanding orchestras in the world.
Music halls and concert halls[link]
São Paulo's most important opera houses are: Sao Paulo Municipal Theater, Theatro São Pedro and Sala São Paulo, the latter being the headquarters of OSESP. The city also counts with several music halls. The main ones are: Credicard Hall, HSBC Music Hall, Olympia, Via Funchal, Villa Country, Carioca Club, Kezebre Rock Bar, Arena Anhembi and Espaco das Américas. Lots of bars and cultural centers also have stages for live performances, the soccer stadiums and the Sambadrome host musical presentations as well.
At this time, the authoritys are preparing the coming next of many new very important halls, like the new Praça das Artes, with the Municipal Conservatory of Music Chamber Hall, and others veneus, like, Cultura Artistica, Teatro Sérgio Cardoso with a venue for only dance performances, and the gorgeous Herzog&DeMeron's Centro Cultural Luz, for Ballet, Opera, theater, and concerts, with three huge halls, thera are also the auditorium of the Latin-American Cultural Center, for concerts, The Mozarteum, held many concerts throw all over the year,this list it's not exhausting, because, almost every month, new places come out.
Literature[link]
Main article: Literature of Brazil
São Paulo was home to the first Jesuit missionaries in Brazil, in the early 16th century. They wrote reports to the Portuguese crown about the newly found land, the native peoples and composed pieces of poetry and music for the catechism. Among them were priests such as Manuel da Nóbrega and José de Anchieta, living in or near the colony then called Piratininga. They also helped to register the Old Tupi language, lexicon and its grammar.
In 1922, the Brazilian Modernist Movement, launched in São Paulo, also began to achieve a similar cultural independence through different means. Brazil had gone through the same stages of development as the rest of Latin America, but its political and cultural independence came more gradually. The first emperor of Brazil, Pedro I, was a legitimate member of the royal Portuguese dynasty. Although he declared Brazil's independence from Portugal in 1822, the country remained under imperial rule and the dominance of the court in Rio de Janeiro until 1889.
With Brazil thus tied to Portuguese culture, Brazilian writers only little by little assumed responsibility for giving expression to their own landscape and ethnic mix of peoples. The presence of large numbers of former slaves added a distinctive African character to the culture. And subsequent infusions of immigrants of non-Portuguese origin, from different parts of Europe, helped the new nation to find its own voice and to use it. Mário de Andrade and Oswald de Andrade are the prototypical modernists. With the urban poems of "Paulicéia Desvairada" and "Carefree Paulistan land" (1922), Mário de Andrade established the movement in Brazil. His rhapsodic novel Macunaíma (1928), with its abundance of Brazilian folklore, represents the apex of modernism's nationalist prose through its creation of an offbeat native national hero. Oswald de Andrade's experimental poetry, avant-garde prose, particularly the novel Serafim Ponte Grande (1933), and provocative manifestos exemplify the movement's break with tradition. Modernist artists and writers chose the Municipal Theatre of São Paulo to launch their Modernist manifesto. The site happened to be a bastion of European culture with Opera and classical music presentations brought from Germany, France, Austria, and Italy. It was significant for them to choose such house as their starting point because the high society which frequented it denied its Brazilian roots by speaking languages such as French only in the opera house. Moreover, it behaved as if the rest of Brazil, and Brazilian culture itself, did not matter or did not exist. Both these authors were influential writers from the Modernist school: Mário de Andrade and Oswald de Andrade.
Theaters[link]
Many historians believe that the first theatre performance in Brazil was held in São Paulo. The Spanish Jesuit missionary José de Anchieta (1534–1597) wrote short plays that were performed and watched by the Tupi–Guarani natives. After that, however, São Paulo became a province and cultural activities wasn't the most important. It was only during the 19th's century, second half, that a cultural, musical and theatrical life, begins in the city, at the same time starts a very fast growing development,in almost all aspects of urban life, thanks to the coffee cycle and the wealth it brought, major European ethnic groups started making presentations in some of the state's countryside cities. The most important period for the art in São Paulo took place during, the 40's, it was the avant-garde time. It was in São Paulo a professional company, Teatro Brasileiro de Comédia, or TBC (Brazilian Theater of Comedy), but many others come with. During the 60s, major theater productions in São Paulo and Brazil were presented by two groups. Teatro de Arena began with a group of students from Escola de Arte Dramática (Drama Art School), founded by Alfredo Mesquita, in 1948. In 1958, the group excelled with the play "Eles não usam black tie," a masterpiece by Gianfrancesco Guarnieri that, for the first time in the history of the Brazilian drama, had labor workers as protagonists.
After the military coup of 1964, which was supported by the US, theater plays started focusing on the Brazilian history (Zumbi, Tiradentes). Teatro de Arena was an embattled stage for the democratic resistance during the military dictatorship period, marked by its censorship. Teatro Oficina also played an important role. It was there that the Tropicalist movement began. There was a number of plays that represented historic moments, among which "O Rei da Vela", "Galileu Galilei" (1968), "Na Sela das Cidades" (1969) and "Gracias Señor" (1972). Today, all kinds of plays are performed at São Paulo's hundreds of theatres and halls, going from classical music, ballet to avant-garde plays and Broadway musicals.
Museums[link]
- Museu Paulista
Also popularly known as "Ipiranga Museum", the first monument especially built to preserve the memory of the Independence of Brazil, opened on September 7, 1895, with the name of Museu de Ciências Naturais (Natural Science Museum). In 1919, it became once again a historic museum. Having the architectural influence of the Versailles Palace in France, the Ipiranga's collection, with approximately 100,000 pieces, comprises works of art, furniture, clothing, and appliances that once belonged to famous people who took part in Brazilian history, such as explorers, rulers, and freedom fighters. Its facilities are also home to a library with 100,000 books and the "Centro de Documentação Histórica," Historic Documentation Center, with 40,000 manuscripts.
- Memorial da América Latina
Stretching over 78,000 square meters, Memorial da América Latina (Latin America's Memorial) was conceived to be a place for the integration of Latin American countries and their roots and cultures. Memorial is home to the headquarters of Parlamento Latino-Americano – Parlatino (Latin American Parliament). Designed by the architect Oscar Niemeyer, Memorial has an exhibition pavilion, where there is a permanent exhibition of the continent's craftwork production; a library with books, newspapers, magazines, videos, films and records about the history of Latin America; and an auditorium with capacity for 1,679 people.
- Museu da Imigração e Memorial do Imigrante
Hospedaria do Imigrante (Immigrant's Hostel) was built in 1886 and opened in 1887, when the first immigrants were housed there. The Immigrant's Hostel was built in Brás to welcome the immigrants who arrived in Brazil through the Port of Santos, quarantining those who were sick and helping new arrivals to find work in coffee plantations in Western, Northern, and Southwestern São Paulo State and Northern Paraná State. From 1882 to 1978, 2.5 million immigrants of more than 60 nationalities and ethnicities were guests there,[95] all of them duly registered in the museum's books and lists. The hostel used to serve approximately 3,000 people on average, but under special circumstances, this number reached 8,000. The hostel received the last immigrants in 1978.[96]
In 1998 the Hostel became a museum, and it preserves the documentation, memory and objects of the immigrants that came to Brazil in search of hope and wealth. Located in one of the few centenarian buildings left in the city of São Paulo, the museum occupies part of the former Hostel. Aside from bringing the immigrants' history to the public, the museum also restores wooden train wagons from the former São Paulo Railway. There are two restored wagons in the museum. One of them dates from 1914, and another one a second class passenger car, dates from 1931. The Memorial do Imigrante pays homage to the ancestors of millions of Brazilians who arrived through the port of Santos and had São Paulo as a gateway to Brazil. It is possible to find in the museum the names of all immigrants who were hosted there from 1888 to 1978.[97]
- Museu de Zoologia da USP
Occupying an area of 700 square meters, the animals shown in the museum are samples of the country's tropical fauna and were prepared (embalmed) more than 50 years ago. In the entrance hall, there is information about the main activities carried out by USP's staff and by the museum's researchers. The animals are grouped together according to their classification: fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals, and some invertebrates such as reefs, crustaceans and mollusks. The library, specialized in zoology, has modern facilities and equipment and serve both the scientific community and the public in general. It has 73,850 works, of which 8,473 are books and 2,364 are newspapers, in addition to theses and maps.
- Museu de Arte de São Paulo
The museum was founded by the journalist Assis Chateaubriand and directed by Pietro Maria Bardi. Its current headquarters, opened in 1968, were designed by the architect Lina Bo Bardi. Two enormous colonnades support the 9,2 thousand ton building, forming a 74-meter free space, unique in the world. MASP has one of world's most important collections of European art,the most important collections are about Italian and French painting schools, but there are including works of art by distinguished artists of others European schools, such as Degas, Renoir, Modigliani and Bonnard, among others, The collection contains over 9,000 works of art's masterpieces of inestimable value,.
- Acervo do Palácio dos Bandeirantes
The headquarters of the State Government has an important collection of works of art by Brazilian artists, such as Portinari, Aldo Bonadei, Djanira, Almeida Júnior, Victor Brecheret, Ernesto de Fiori and Aleijadinho. Additionally, it also gathers colonial furniture, leather and silver artefacts, and European tapestry. In eclectic style, its walls are covered with panels describing the history of São Paulo.
- Museu da Imagem e do Som
Opened in May 1990, the main aim of Museu da Imagem e do Som (Image and Sound Museum) is to keep and preserve manifestations in the music, cinema, photography, and graphical arts areas, as well as any other manifestation related to the Brazilian contemporary life. MIS has a collection of more than 200,000 images, distributed in thematic collections of diverse content. It has more than 1,600 fiction videotapes, documentaries and music, and 12,750 titles recorded in Super 8 and 16 mm. Additionally, MIS organizes concerts, cinema and video festivals, and photography and graphical arts exhibitions.
Tourism and recreation[link]
Main article: Tourism in Brazil
São Paulo is a major cultural centre. The city has an ethnically diverse metropolitan area, with predominant Italian, Portuguese and African background. It also has a significant number of Spanish, Arab and Japanese descendents. São Paulo is known for its varied and sophisticated cuisine, ranging from Chinese to French, from fast food chains to five star restaurants. There are approximately 62 different types of cuisines in São Paulo, and more than 12,000 restaurants.[98] Other venues such as bars, pubs, lounges and discos cater to a variety of music tastes.
São Paulo is home to the São Paulo Museum of Art (MASP), dedicated by Queen Elizabeth II in the first half of the 20th century and "Pinacoteca do Estado" art museums, a symphonic orchestra (São Paulo State Symphony (OSESP – based in the Sala São Paulo theatre in the gorgeous Julio Prestes train station)), and a Formula One Grand Prix racing circuit (Interlagos).
Landmarks[link]
- Paulista Avenue (one of the most important thoroughfares of the city and the site of many cultural centers and museums, such as the MASP and Centro Cultural Itaú).
- Brooklin (a financial and residential district).
- Banespa Building (skyscraper with observation deck and museum designed after the Empire State building).
- Catedral da Sé (the metropolitan cathedral, a symbol of the city).
- Edifício Copan, designed by Oscar Niemeyer, in the Centro neighbourhood. Built between 1951 and 1966, its wavy shape gives the building an impression of movement, and the integration of small businesses and residential flats are of innovative urbanism.
- Edifício Itália (skyscraper with observation deck).
- Estação da Luz (historical railway station built 1895–1901).
- Mooca (Italian district of São Paulo).
- Liberdade (Asian district of São Paulo).
- Mercado Municipal (historical market place in São Paulo).
Mercado Municipal - Marketplace
- Municipal Theatre of São Paulo (magnificent opera house built in the early 20th century.)
- Museu de Arte Sacra (museum of religious art located in a colonial convent).
- Museu do Ipiranga (museum built where the Independence of Brazil was proclaimed in 1822).
- Museum of the Portuguese Language (located inside Estação da Luz).
- Pátio do Colégio (founding site of the city, former Jesuit mission-school to convert the natives to Catholicism).
- Pinacoteca do Estado de São Paulo (important museum of Brazilian art).
- Praça da Sé (large square next to the São Paulo Cathedral. Official centre of the city).
Parks[link]
There are several parks in the city of São Paulo:
- Parque da Aclimação - Located in the Aclimação neighbourhood in the central region, it was inaugurated in 1939 and has an area of approximatelly 112,000 m2 (1,205,558 sq ft).
- Parque da Água Branca - Located at the west side of the city, in the Barra Funda district. It was inaugurated in 1929 and has an area of approximately 136,000 m2 (1,463,892 sq ft).
- Parque Alfredo Volpi - With an area of 142,000 m2 (1,528,475 sq ft), it's located at the south side of the city, in the Cidade Jardim neighbourhood.
- Parque Anália Franco - Located in the Jardim Anália Franco neighbourhood, has an area of 286,000 m2 (3,078,478 sq ft).
- Parque Anhanguera - This park features native Atlantic Forest and is environmentally protected by law. Because of that, most of its area has restricted access. It was inaugurated in 1979 and has an area of approximately 9,000,000 m2 (96,875,194 sq ft). Located in the Perus neighbourhood, it's situated close to the Jaraguá peak, in the city's far northwest.
- Parque Buenos Aires - Located in the Higienópolis neighbourhood, in the city's central area. It was inaugurated in 1913 and has an area of 22,200 m2 (238,959 sq ft).
- Parque Burle Marx - Inaugurated in 1995, it's located in the Panamby neighbourhood, in the city's south side.
- Parque da Cantareira - Inaugurated in 1963, it's an environmental protection unit and was listed by UNESCO in 1994. With an area of approximately 7,916.52 hectares, it covers part of the Cantareira mountains, which is part of the Atlantic Forest. Includes areas of the north side of São Paulo and parts of the cities of Mairiporã, Guarulhos and Caieiras.
- Parque do Carmo - Inaugurated in 1976, it's the biggest public park inside the city, with an area of approximately 500,000 m2 (5,381,955 sq ft). Situated at the city's east side, in the Itaquera neighbourhood.
- Parque Cidade de Toronto - Located in the district of Santo Domingo, north-west of the city.
- Parque dos Eucaliptos - Located in western Sao Paulo in the district of Vila Sonia.
- Parque Estadual Fontes do Ipiranga - Also known as Parque do Estado (State Park), it was created in 1991 and extends over 526 hectares. Contains remnants of the Atlantic Forest vegetation.
- Parque Ecológico do Guarapiranga - Situated on the banks of the Guarapiranga reservoir on the south side of the city.
- Parque Guarapiranga - Located on the banks of Guarapiranga Dam, in the district of Campo Limpo (south side of São Paulo).
- Horto Florestal de São Paulo - Located in the northern side of São Paulo, at about seven miles from the center of the city, it occupies an area of 174 hectares at the foot of the Cantareira mountains. It's adjacent to the Cantareira State Park in the district of Mandaqui. It's access can be made from the neighboring district of Tremembé, and its accecible perimeter is 47,875 meters.
- Ibirapuera Park - The second largest park of the city and probably the most popular. It's home to several museums and is known for its buildings designed by Brazilian architect Oscar Niemeyer, such as the Oca and the new Ibirapuera Auditorium.
- Parque Estadual do Jaraguá - Created in 1961, around the Jaraguá peak.
- Parque Jardim Felicidade - Located in the Pirituba district, north side of the city.
- Parque Luís Carlos Prestes - A small park located in the extreme west of São Paulo, in the Jardim Rolinópolis neighbourhood, near the Raposo Tavares highway and close to another city park, the Parque da Previdência. Opened in 1990, it was named after the political, military and revolutionary Luis Carlos Prestes, and has an area of 27,100 m2 (291,702 sq ft).
- Parque Nabuco - Located in the Jabaquara district, south side of the city.
- Parque do Piqueri - Located in the Tatuapé neighbourhood, has an area of 97,272 m2 (1,047,027 sq ft).
- Parque Previdência - Located in the far west of São Paulo in the neighborhood of Jardim Rolinópolis, near the Raposo Tavares highway. It has an area of 91,500 m2 (984,898 sq ft) and was founded in 1979.
- Parque Lina e Paulo Raia - Located in the Jabaquara district, southern Sao Paulo, has an area of 15,000 m2 (161,459 sq ft).
- Parque Raposo Tavares - Located on the western outskirts of the city, in the district of Butantan.
- Parque Raul Seixas - It has 33,000 m2 (355,209 sq ft) and is situated in the district of Itaquera, in the East of the city.
- Parque Rodrigo de Gásperi - Located in the Pirituba district, north side of the city.
- Parque Santa Amélia - Located in the Itaim Paulista district, eastern suburb of São Paulo.
- Parque Santo Dias - Located in the district of Capão Redondo, in the city's south side suburb.
- Parque São Domingos - Located in the district of Santo Domingo, west of the city. It was named after the neighborhood, which honors the Catholic saint Dominic Savio.
- Parque Severo Gomes - Located in the neighborhood of Granja Julieta, south of the city, was inaugurated in 1989.
- Parque Ecológico do Tietê - With an area of 12.5 million m², inaugurated in 1982, it's an environmental protection region. Located in the floodplain of the Tietê River, between the cities of São Paulo, Guarulhos Itaquaquecetuba.
- Parque Trianon - Inaugurateded in 1892 with the opening of Paulista Avenue, it was designed by French landscape architect Paul Villon. The name came from the fact that at that time, opposite the park, there was a club named Trianon. In 1924 it was donated to the city, and in 1931 received its current name in honor of one of the heroes of the Uprising Lieutenants, Antonio de Siqueira Campos.
- Parque Vila dos Remédios - Located in the district of Jaguara, close to the confluence of the Pinheiros and Tietê rivers in the city's north side.
- Parque Vila Guilherme - Opened in 1986, it's ocated in the district of Vila Guilherme, north side of the city.
- Parque Ecológico da Vila Prudente - Located in the district of VilaPrudente, on the city's east side.
- Parque Villa-Lobos - Opened in 1994, it's located in the Alto de Pinheiros district, on the banks of the Pinheiros River, and has an area of 732,000 m2 (7,879,182 sq ft).
Zoos[link]
The Zoological Park of São Paulo is the largest in Brazil. Located in an area of 824,529 m2 (8,875,156 sq ft) of original Atlantic Forest, has approximatelly 4 miles of alleys. It houses the headwaters of the historic stream of Ipiranga, at south side of the city. Displays more than 3,200 animals, 102 species of mammals, 216 species of birds, 95 species of reptiles, 15 species of amphibians and 16 species of invertebrates, in enclosures that replicate the natural habitats of these animals. The Zoo's farm of 572 ha, produces vegetables used in the manufacture of feed for various animals, and material to the enclosures where the animals stay. There are animals that need extra area for mating.
The zoo also counts with a nursery for rejected puppies and incubators for hatching eggs of birds and reptiles. Its library of more than four thousand volumes is open to the public. Its partnerships with other state, federal and foreign research institutions include researches that aim to facilitate the preservation of endangered species.
São Paulo also has a Safari Zoo located in its southeastern side, in the district of Cursino.
Aquarium[link]
The Aquário de São Paulo (São Paulo Aquarium) it's one of the largest aquariums in Latin America, with an area of 9,000 square meters and 2 million liters of water. It has approximately 3,000 specimens of about 300 species of animals, and it's located in the Ipiranga neighbourhood.
Sports[link]
See also: 2014 FIFA World Cup and Sports in Brazil
Football[link]
As in the rest of Brazil, Association football is by far the most popular sport in the city. The major teams in São Paulo are known as "The Iron Trio" ("Trio de Ferro"): Corinthians, Palmeiras and São Paulo FC. There are three other small clubs in the city, Portuguesa, Juventus and Nacional.
São Paulo is one of the host cities of the 2014 FIFA World Cup, for which Brazil is the host nation. The opening of 2014 FIFA World Cup, is under negotiation to be held in the Corinthians stadium, called Arena Itaquera, which is being built.
| Club | League | Venue | Established |
|---|---|---|---|
| SE Palmeiras | Série A | Palestra Itália Stadium
29,173 (40,283 record) |
1914 |
| São Paulo FC | Série A | Morumbi Stadium
67,428 (138,032 record)[99] |
1935 |
| SC Corinthians | Série A | Arena Corinthians (under construction) | 1910 |
| Portuguesa | Série A | Canindé Stadium
19,717 (25,000 record) |
1920 |
| Juventus | Campeonato Paulista Série A2 | Rua Javari Stadium
7,200 (9,000 record) |
1924 |
| Nacional | Campeonato Paulista Série B | Nicolau Alayon Stadium
9,500 (22,000 record) |
1919 |
São Silvestre Road Race[link]
Main article: Saint Silvester Road Race
The São Silvestre Race takes place every New Year's Eve. It was first held in 1925, when the competitors ran about 8,000 metres across the streets. Since then, the distance raced varied, but is now set at 15 km (9.3 mi).
Brazilian Grand Prix[link]
The Formula One Brazilian Grand Prix (Portuguese: Grande Prêmio do Brasil) is held at the Autódromo José Carlos Pace in Interlagos, a neighborhood of São Paulo. The race at Interlagos has been held continuously since 1990. Since 1973, the first year Formula One Grand Prix had been held in Brazil, 4 Brazilians have won the Grand Prix in São Paulo: Emerson Fittipaldi (1973 and 1974), José Carlos Pace (1975), Ayrton Senna (1991 and 1993) and Felipe Massa (2006 and 2008).
In 2007, new local railway station Autódromo of the Line C (Line 9) of CPTM, was constructed near the circuit to improve access.
São Paulo profits the most in the year during the F1 Brazilian Grand Prix due to boosts in tourism, commerce and nightlife.
São Paulo Indy 300[link]
The 2010 São Paulo Indy 300 was the first race of the 2010 IZOD IndyCar Series season. This 190.2-mile (306.1 km) race took place on March 14, on the 2.536-mile (4.081 km) temporary street circuit in São Paulo, Brazil. The race was telecasted by Versus.
There are seven IndyCar drivers from Brazil competing in the series, including Ana Beatriz, Hélio Castroneves, Tony Kanaan, Raphael Matos, Vitor Meira, Mario Moraes and Mario Romancini. São Paulo is the hometown of Beatriz, Castroneves, Moraes and Romancini.
Other sports[link]
Volleyball, basketball,skateboard and tennis are other major sports. There are several traditional sports clubs in São Paulo that are home for teams in many championships. The most important are Esporte Clube Pinheiros (waterpolo, volleyball, swimming, basketball and handball), Clube Atlhetico Paulistano (basketball), Esporte Clube Banespa (volleyball, handball and futsal), Esporte Clube Sírio (basketball), Associação Atlética Hebraica (basketball), São Paulo Athletic Club (rugby union), Pasteur Athlétique Club (rugby union), Clube de Regatas Tietê and Clube Atlético Ipiranga, also, on Bom Retiro, we have the Baseball Stadium, Mie Nishi.
International sports events[link]
The following international sports events have been held in São Paulo:
- 1950 – FIFA World Cup (association football);
- 1963 – Pan American Games (Multi-sports);
- 1971 – FIBA World Championship for Women;
- 1977 – Women's U20 Volleyball World Championship;
- 1983 – FIBA World Championship for Women;
- 1993 – Volleyball World League;
- 1994 – Women's Volleyball World Championship;
- 1998 – UFC 17.5: UFC Brazil;
- 2000 – FIFA Club World Championship (Football);
- 2002 – South American Games (Multi-sports);
- 2005 – World Cup in Artistic Gymnastics;
- 2006 – International Police and Fire Games (Multi-sports);
- 2006 – FIBA World Championship for Women (Basketball);
- 2006 – 13th World Cup Final in Artistic Gymnastics;
- 2007 – 3rd International Blind Sports Association World Championships and Games;
- 2011 - World Women's Handball Championship;
- 2014 – FIFA World Cup (association football).
Transportation[link]
Main articles: Transport in São Paulo and Transport in Brazil
Highways[link]
The city is crossed by 10 major Brazilian motorways and automobiles are still the main means to get into the city. They are:
- Rodovia Presidente Dutra/BR-116 (President Dutra highway) – Connects São Paulo to the east and north-east of the country. Most important connection: Rio de Janeiro.
- Rodovia Régis Bittencourt/BR-116 (Régis Bittencourt highway) – Connects São Paulo to the south of the country. Most important connections: Curitiba and Porto Alegre.
- Rodovia Fernão Dias/BR-381 (Fernão Dias highway) – Connects São Paulo to the north of the country. Most important connection: Belo Horizonte.
- Rodovia Anchieta/SP-150 (Anchieta highway) – Connects São Paulo to the ocean coast. Mainly used for cargo transportation to Santos Port. Most important connection: Santos.
- Rodovia dos Imigrantes/SP-150 (Immigrants highway) – Connects São Paulo to the ocean coast. Mainly used for tourism. Most important connections: Santos, São Vicente, Guarujá and Praia Grande.
- Rodovia Castelo Branco/SP-280 (President Castelo Branco highway) – Connects São Paulo to the west and north-west of the country. Most important connections: Osasco, Sorocaba, Bauru, Jaú and Campo Grande.
- Rodovia Raposo Tavares/SP-270 (Raposo Tavares highway) – Connects São Paulo to the west of the country. Most important connections: Cotia, Sorocaba, Presidente Prudente.
- Rodovia Anhangüera/SP-330 (Anhanguera highway) – Connects São Paulo to the north-west of the country, including its capital city. Most important connections: Campinas, Ribeirão Preto and Brasília.
- Rodovia dos Bandeirantes/SP-348 (Bandeirantes highway) – Connects São Paulo to the north-west of the country. It is considered the best motorway of Brazil. Most important connections: Campinas, Ribeirão Preto, Piracicaba and São José do Rio Preto.
- Rodovia Ayrton Senna/SP-70 (Ayrton Senna highway) – Named after Brazilian Formula One pilot Ayrton Senna, this motorway connects São Paulo to east locations of the state, as well as the north coast of the state. Most important connections: São Paulo-Guarulhos International Airport, São José dos Campos and Caraguatatuba.
Rodoanel[link]
Main article: Rodoanel Mário Covas
São Paulo grew quickly from the 1940s to the 1980s and many roads and buildings were built without major planning. As a result, heavy traffic is common on the city's main avenues, and traffic jams are relatively common on its largest highways. The main means of commuting into the city is by car and by bus. In March 2011, there are more 7 million vehicles registered.[100] An effective way of avoiding heavy vehicles traffic in the city, such as buses and trucks that crossed the city for other destinations, was planned by ex-governor Mário Covas as a road ring that circles the city, called Rodoanel Mario Covas,[101] and is being built by DERSA.[102]
Railways[link]
Main article: Rail transport in Brazil
The two major São Paulo train stations are Luz and Julio Prestes in the Luz/Campos Eliseos region. Luz is the seat of the Santos-Jundiaí line which historically transported international immigrants from the Santos port to São Paulo and the coffee plantation lands in the Western region of Campinas. Julio Prestes connected the SW São Paulo State and Northern Paraná State to São Paulo and products were transferred to Luz Station from which they headed to the Atlantic ocean and overseas. Julio Prestes ceased from transporting passengers through the Sorocabana or FEPASA lines and now only has limited suburban service. Due to its acoustics and the beauty of its interior, surrounded by Greek revival columns, part of the rebuilt station was transformed into the São Paulo Hall, or Sala São Paulo, home of the internationally, known São Paulo Orchestra.
Luz Station, which was built in Britain and assembled in Brazil, has an underground station and is still very active with east and westbound suburban trains that link São Paulo to the Greater São Paulo region to the East and the Campinas Metropolitan region in Jundiaí in the western part of the State. Besides housing the interactive Museu da Língua Portuguesa (Portuguese Language Museum), Luz Station is surrounded by important cultural institutions such as the Pinacoteca do Estado, The Museu de Arte Sacra on Tiradentes Avenue and Jardim da Luz, among others.
Although poorly maintained by heavy rail services, there is an infrastructure project to build a high-speed railway service linking Brazil's two largest cities, São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro.[103] The trains would go as fast as 280 kilometres per hour (170 mph) (the trip would last about 1 hour and 30 minutes). This specific project is still waiting an official announcement by the Brazilian government, who is trying to obtain international financing through a public-private partnership.
Another important project is the "Expresso Bandeirantes," which is a medium-speed rail service (about 160 km/h) from São Paulo to Campinas, which would reduce the journey time from the current one hour and a half by car to about 50 minutes by train, linking the towns of São Paulo, Jundiaí, Campinas Airport, and Campinas city center. This service is also going to be connected to the railway service between São Paulo city center and Guarulhos Airport. Major works on an express railway service between São Paulo city center and Guarulhos International Airport were announced by the São Paulo state government in 2007,[104] which will be a milestone in the revitalisation and improvement of the Brazilian passenger railway services.
Airports[link]
São Paulo has two main airports. The São Paulo-Guarulhos International Airport (IATA: GRU) for the international flights and the Congonhas-São Paulo Airport (IATA: CGH) for domestic and regional flights. Another airport, the Campo de Marte Airport, serves light aircraft and helicopters. The three airports together moved 42,617,779 passengers in 2010, making São Paulo one of the top 20 busiest in the world, by number of air passenger movements. The region of Greater São Paulo is also served by São José dos Campos Airport and Viracopos-Campinas International Airport.
Congonhas Airport operates flights mainly to Rio de Janeiro, Belo Horizonte and Brasília. After the upgrade work by Infraero has been completed, passengers now enjoy new boarding lounges, located on the mezzanine level, accessed by escalators. Besides this, eight boarding bridges were installed to provide more comfort to passengers by eliminating the need to walk in the open to their flights.
The terminal area was expanded from 37.3 thousand to over 51 thousand square meters. This expansion did not seek to raise capacity, which was already saturated, but only to satisfy current demand. Congonhas Airport, built in the 1930s, was designed to handle 6 million passengers a year and was operating with 12 million a year. The ample new boarding area, separated from the main concourse, adds greatly to passenger comfort.[106]
Campo de Marte is located in Santana district, the northern zone of São Paulo. The airport handles small aircraft, particularly private craft belonging to flying clubs and air taxi firms. Opened in 1935, Campo de Marte today is the base for the largest helicopter fleet in Brazil. It has no scheduled airlines, but its terminal is equipped with a snack bar, restaurant and bank branch. This airport also is the home base of the State Civil Police Air Tactical Unit, the State Military Police Radio Patrol Unit and the São Paulo Flying Club.[107]
A city with possibly the world's highest helicopter ownership rate. Largely using this airport, an elite wealthy class takes advantage of some one hundred remote helipads and heliports to conveniently bypass heavy road traffic.[108] Campo de Marte also hosts the Ventura Goodyear Blimp.
The Guarulhos International, also known to São Paulo dwellers as "Cumbica" is 25 km (16 mi) north-east of the city center, in the neighbouring city of Guarulhos. Every day nearly 100 thousand people pass through the airport, which connects Brazil to 28 countries around the world. There are 370 companies established there generating 53 thousand employments. With capacity to serve 15 million passengers a year, in two terminals, the airport currently handles 32 million users.
Construction of a third passenger terminal is pending, to raise yearly capacity to more than 45 million passengers. The project, in the tendering phase, is part of the airport’s master plan and will get under way shortly. São Paulo International Airport is also the main air cargo hubs in Brazil. The roughly 100 flights a day carry everything from fruits grown in the São Francisco Valley in the Northeast to the most sophisticated medications created by science in the Southeast. The airport's cargo terminal is South America's largest and stands behind only Mexico City's in all of Latin America. In 2003, over 75 thousand metric tons of freight passed through the terminal.[109]
Metro[link]
Main articles: São Paulo Metro and Companhia Paulista de Trens Metropolitanos
The city currently has 379,7 km, operated by three companies, the first is 69.0 km (42.9 mi) of underground railway systems (34.6 km (21.4) fully underground) (the São Paulo Metro,[110] locally known as the Metrô), with 5 lines in operation and 59 stations,but at this moment other stations and extensions of two lines are in work, this is complemented by another 260.7 km (162.0 mi) of Companhia Paulista de Trens Metropolitanos (CPTM, or "Paulista Company of Metropolitan Trains") railways, the third one is Via4. Both CPTM, Via4 and Metrô, so the underground and railway lines carry some 7 million people on an average weekday, and new underground lines to be constructed are expected to add another million people to the system within the next five years. The projects expected to expand São Paulo's urban railway system from the current 322 km (200 mi) to more than 500 km (310 mi) on the next 10 years, surpassing the London Underground.[111]
File:Se station sub.jpg
São Paulo Metro is the world's busiest.
São Paulo has three rapid transport systems:
- The underground rail system (called "metrô", short for "metropolitano" and in plates in English is called "subway"), with three complete lines.
- The suburban rail system, Companhia Paulista de Trens Metropolitanos (CPTM), has six lines that serve many regions not reached by the underground system, and even some other cities in the metropolitan region. The CPTM network is longer than the underground rail system.
- The fast-lane bus system: there are many such bus lines in the city, called "Passa Rápido," which are street-level, placed on large avenues, and connected with the underground or suburban train stations.
Further information: Expresso Tiradentes
.jpg)
São Paulo has no tram lines, although trams used to be common in the first half of the 20th century.[112] São Paulo's underground train system is considered modern, safe and clean and, although it still has some problems with overcrowding, it was considered one of the best subway systems, as certified by the NBR ISO 9001. It has five lines and links to the metropolitan train network, the CPTM. The São Paulo Metro last year reached the mark of 11.5 million passengers every mile of line. The number is 15% higher than in 2008, when 10 million users were taken per mile. It is the largest concentration of people in a single transport system in the world, according to the company.
Also in 2008, the Moscow metro, in Russia, moved 8.6 million people for every mile of track. The Shanghai, China, took 7 million, according to the Community of Metros (Comet, English acronym), an organization that brings together representatives of the 12 largest metro systems in the world. Data from last year have not been released by Comet.
Every day last year, 2.56 million people passed through the turnstiles of the subway capital, on average. If taken into account transshipments, these passengers have about 3.5 million trips per day, according to balance sheet contained in the "Management Report 2010" released yesterday with the company's balance sheet. The number of entries in the stations was 6.8% higher than recorded in 2009.
While the total number of passengers has increased the satisfaction of those who use the system decreased. The survey "The Metro according to its user: a service evaluation" of last year showed that 60% of respondents rated the means of transport as "very good" and "good." In 2009, the notes were 67% positive. The survey is conducted since 1974.
Buses[link]
Main article: Trolleybuses in São Paulo
The bulk of the public transport (government and private companies) is composed of approximately 17,000 buses (including about 290 trolley buses),[113] coloured uniformly according to the non-central region served (ex.: light green for the buses that go North West, dark blue for the Northern area). Until the past few years, there was a strong presence of informal transport vans (dab vans), but the vast majority of such vans are already fully registered with the city council, legalized and operating under the same color scheme of the main system.
São Paulo Tietê Bus Terminal is the second largest bus terminal in the world. It serves localities in all the States of Brazil, with the exception of Amazonas, Roraima and Amapá. There are routes to 1,010 cities in five countries (Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, and Paraguay). It offers a special line to the Congonhas and Guarulhos airports, and a ride sharing automobile service to Santos.
The Palmeiras-Barra Funda Intermodal Terminal is much smaller and is connected to the Palmeiras-Barra Funda metro and Palmeiras-Barra Funda CPTM stations. It serves the southwestern cities of Sorocaba, Itapetininga, Itu, Botucatu, Bauru, Marília, Jaú, Avaré, Piraju, Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo, Ipaussu, Chavantes, and Ourinhos (on the border with Paraná State). It also serves São José do Rio Preto, Araçatuba and other small towns located on the northwest of São Paulo State.
For buses to São Paulo coast, travelers need to get off at the Jabaquara metro station, which is the final southbound stop on Line 1 (Blue) of the São Paulo Metro. The Litoral bus terminal serves Praia Grande, Santos and São Vicente on the South Shore and Mongaguá, Bertioga, and Guarujá on the North Shore. Buses to North Shore cities such as Maresia, Riviera de São Lourenço, Caraguatatuba, Ubatuba, and Paraty, in Rio de Janeiro State must be taken at the Tietê Bus Terminal, at Portuguesa-Tietê metro station on Line 1 (Blue).
Helicopters[link]
Due to the intense traffic jams on the roads, São Paulo has become the city with the highest number of helicopters in the world. With 462 private helicopters[115] in 2008, and around 70,000 flights per year within central São Paulo, according to the British newspaper The Guardian, is turning into a "real life South-American episode" of The Jetsons.[116]
Helicopters enable businessmen and other executives to sharply reduce their commuting time, at least to the most important meetings and conferences. They are also used to bring executives in from their homes in distant parts of the greater metropolitan area and back to them at the end of the work week. Some companies own their helicopters, others lease them, and still others use helicopter taxi services. One suburban helicopter shuttle service, located about 15 miles (24 km) from the center of the city in a suburb called Tamboré, is unique in the sense that it is run and operated totally by women, including its pilots.
Current critical problems[link]
.jpg)
Main article: Social issues in Brazil
Since the beginning of the 20th century, São Paulo has been a major economic center in Latin America. With the arrival of the two World Wars and the Great Depression, coffee exports (from other regions of the state) to the United States and Europe were critically affected, leading wealthy coffee farmers to invest in industrial activities which eventually turned São Paulo into Brazil's largest industrial hub. The new job positions thereof contributed to attracting a significant number of immigrants from Europe and Asia and migrants from within the country, especially the northeastern states. From a population of merely 32,000 inhabitants in 1880, São Paulo increased its population to approximately 250,000 in 1900, 1,800,000 in 1940, 4,750,000 in 1960 and 8,500,000 in 1980. The effects of this population boom have been:
- Poverty and development of favelas
- Although urban planning has been implemented in some areas, São Paulo has developed quickly without major planning.
- Overcrowded public transport associated with a high number of cars and other vehicles in circulation lead to consistently congested traffic on many roads of the city.
- Due to heavy usage and poor maintenance, the quality of the pavement on certain roads (especially in the outskirts of the city) is problematic, and potholes and other asphalt defects are common.
- For a long time considered to be one of the most critical problems found in the city, crime rates are, finally, about to reach non endemic levels defined by United Nations parameters by a homicide rate below 10.0. With numbers consistently decreasing for the past 12 years, the city homicide rate is 9.0 in 2011, less than half the 22.3 national rate. Today São Paulo figures as an world-wide example on crime reduction due to the its approach on public safety.[117]
- High air pollution,[118] mainly due to the high circulation of automobiles and buses in town.
- The two major rivers crossing the city, Tietê and Pinheiros, are highly polluted. A major project to clean up these rivers is under way.
Solutions[link]
- The Clean City Law or antibillboard, approved in 2007, focused on two main targets: antipublicity and anticommerce. Advertisers estimate that they removed 15,000 billboards and that more than 1,600 signs and 1,300 towering metal panels were dismantled by authorities.[119]
- Some countries have adopted vehicular restrictions in order to reduce air pollution levels. In São Paulo metropolitan region, the vehicle restriction was adopted from 1996 to 1998, in order to reduce air pollution, during wintertime. Since 1997, a similar project was implemented during the whole year in the central area of São Paulo in order to improve the urban traffic.[120]
Twin towns and sister cities[link]
Main article: Sister cities of São Paulo
São Paulo is twinned with:[121]
| Americas | Europe | Asia | Africa | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 |
Buenos Aires, Argentina |  |
Paris, France[122] |  |
Yerevan, Armenia |  |
Luanda, Angola |
 |
La Paz, Bolivia |  |
Coimbra, Portugal |  |
Beijing, China[123] |  |
Bamako, Mali |
 |
Toronto, Canada |  |
Milan, Italy[124] |  |
Seoul, South Korea[125] |  |
Johannesburg, South Africa |
 |
Mexico City, México | |
Funchal, Portugal |  |
Tel Aviv, Israel[126] | ||
 |
Chicago, United States | |
Lisbon, Portugal |  |
Amman, Jordan | ||
 |
Asunción, Paraguay | |
Porto, Portugal |  |
Damascus, Syria | ||
 |
Montevideo, Uruguay |  |
Bucharest, Romania |  |
Osaka, Japan[127] | ||
 |
Lima, Peru | |
Cluj-Napoca, Romania | |
Ningbo, China | ||
|
Mendoza, Argentina |  |
Barcelona, Spain[128] |  |
Macau | ||
|
Córdoba, Spain[129] |  |
New Delhi, India | ||||
|
Santiago de Compostela, Spain | |
Naha, Japan[130] |
See also[link]
- ABCD Region
- Large Cities Climate Leadership Group
- Largest cities in the Americas
- List of municipalities in the state of São Paulo by population
- OPENCities
References[link]
Bibliography[link]
- Lawrence, Rachel (January 2010). Alyse Dar. ed. Brazil (Seventh ed.). Apa Publications GmbH & Co. / Discovery Channel. pp. 183–204.
Notes[link]
- ^ Censo 2010: população do Brasil é de 190.732.694 pessoas
- ^ url=http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/estimativa2009/POP2009_DOU.pdf IBGE
- ^ São Paulo beats more than 20 million inhabitants
- ^ www.lboro.ac.uk The World According to GaWC 2008 – Retrieved on May 16, 2012
- ^ [1] Estadão – The second largest stock exchange
- ^ "E São Paulo". Navios De Guerra Brasileiros. Brazilian Navy. Archived from the original on July 3, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080703230813/http://www.naval.com.br/NGB/S/S031/S031.htm. Retrieved May 3, 2009.
- ^ a b c Rachel Lawrence: 2010, Page 183
- ^ "Pico do Jaraguá Mountain Official Website". Picodojaragua.com.br. http://www.picodojaragua.com.br/. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
- ^ Brazilian Departamento de Águas e Energia Elétrica, "International Competitive Bidding Tender Announcement"[dead link]
- ^ "Climatic classification in São Paulo State". Instituto Agronômico de Campinas. http://www.scielo.br/pdf/brag/v66n4/22.pdf. Retrieved October 25, 2011.
- ^ "São Paulo 40 Graus". Urbanistas.com.br. March 2, 2009. http://urbanistas.com.br/sp/2009/03/02/sao-paulo-40-graus/. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
- ^ "Britannica Online Encyclopedia – Climate of São Paulo". Britannica.com. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/701311/Sao-Paulo/261980/From-city-to-metropolis#. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
- ^ Tempo Agora – Somar Meteorologia. "Climate of São Paulo". Tempoagora.uol.com.br. http://tempoagora.uol.com.br/previsaodotempo.html/brasil/climatologia/SaoPaulo-SP/. Retrieved April 17, 2010. [dead link]
- ^ "INMET — Climatologia — Gráficos Climatológicos". INMET. http://www.inmet.gov.br/html/clima.php.
- ^ "Climatological Normals of Sao Paulo". Hong Kong Observatory. http://www.weather.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/s_america/brazil/sao_paulo_e.htm. Retrieved March 19, 2011.
- ^ "World Weather Information Service - Sao Paulo". World Weather Information Service. http://www.worldweather.org/136/c01083.htm. Retrieved March 19, 2011.
- ^ Constituent municipalities as listed by Obervatorio das Metropoles. Population figures from the sum of the municipalities' population: IBGE
- ^ "EMPLASA – Empresa Paulista de Planejamento Metropolitano SA". July 30, 2007. Archived from the original on July 30, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070530135122/http://www.emplasa.sp.gov.br/metropoles/cme.asp. Retrieved January 24, 2011.
- ^ "Neighborhoods in São Paulo". Sp-turismo.com. http://www.sp-turismo.com/bairros-sp.htm. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
- ^ "Subprefectures in São Paulo". Capital.sp.gov.br. http://www.capital.sp.gov.br/portalpmsp/do/orgaos?op=viewForm&coTipoUnidade=13&coEstruturaPaiVertical=92. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
- ^ 2010 IGBE Census (Portuguese)
- ^ a b 2010 IGBE Census (Portuguese)
- ^ [http://noticias.uol.com.br/cotidiano/2010/11/04/maiores-cidades-do-brasil-crescem-menos-do-que-resto-do-pais-aponta-censo.jhtm The largest Brazilian cities - 2010 IBGE Census
- This article incorporates information from the Portuguese Wikipedia.]
- ^ São Paulo has the most diversity of Brazil
- ^ "Nicolau Pereira De Campos Vergueiro". Orbita.starmedia.com. http://orbita.starmedia.com/~personaltop/Not00001.htm. Retrieved May 6, 2009.
- ^ "Folha Online – Especial – 2005 – São Paulo 451". .folha.uol.com.br. January 24, 2005. http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/especial/2005/saopaulo451/cronologia.shtml. Retrieved May 6, 2009.
- ^ "Latin American Immigration to São Paulo". Projetofabrica.com.br. http://www.projetofabrica.com.br/i-migrantes/imigrantes_sp.htm. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
- ^ [2]
- ^ a b c d Do Outro Lado do Atlântico – Um Século de Imigração Italiana no Brasil
- ^ I Censo Étnico-Racial da Universidade de São Paulo. Tabela 21.
- ^ inserção dos migrantes nordestinos em São Paulo: o comércio de retalhos
- ^ "Ethnicities of São Paulo". Brasilescola.com. http://www.brasilescola.com/brasil/populacao-etnias-sao-paulo.htm. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
- ^ "Especiais – Agência Brasil". Radiobras.gov.br accessdate=2010-04-17. http://www.radiobras.gov.br/especiais/saopaulo450/sp450_mat10_2004.htm.
- ^ "Especiais – Agência Brasil". Radiobras.gov.br. http://www.radiobras.gov.br/especiais/saopaulo450/sp450_mat13_2004.htm. Retrieved April 17, 2010. [dead link]
- ^ IBGE. Census 2000. População residente por cor ou raça e religião.
- ^ a b c d e f "450 Anos de São Paulo". Colunista.com.br. http://www.colunista.com.br/sp450/index.htm. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
- ^ IBGE. Census 2000. População residente por cor ou raça e religião
- ^ "Programa Saúde da Família atende imigrantes". Etni-cidade. March 24, 2005. http://www.etni-cidade.net/bolivianos_saude.htm. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
- ^ Enciclopédia das Línguas no Brasil. "ELB". Labeurb.unicamp.br. http://www.labeurb.unicamp.br/elb/asiaticas/leiamais_coreano.html. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
- ^ "Barsa Planeta Ltda". Brasil.planetasaber.com. http://brasil.planetasaber.com/default.asp. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
- ^ "Sistema IBGE de Recuperação Automática – SIDRA". Sidra.ibge.gov.br. http://www.sidra.ibge.gov.br/bda/tabela/listabl.asp?z=cd&o=7&i=P&c=2094. Retrieved May 6, 2009.
- ^ "Pelos cantos da cidade: Música popular em São Paulo na passagem do século XIX ao XX" (in Portuguese) (PDF). http://www.revistafenix.pro.br/PDF6/5%20-%20ARTIGO%20-%20AILTONPEREIRA.pdf. Retrieved September 7, 2008.
- ^ "Especial aniversário de São Paulo". Jornal Mercado Paulista. http://www.jornalmercadopaulista.com.br/cultura_jan2006.htm. Retrieved May 6, 2009.
- ^ Teixeira, Tim. "Diário do Comércio – Especiais – Locarno". Nesta festa, a Mooca é mais italiana do que nunca. (at this feast, the Mooca is more Italian than ever (in English)). Archived from the original on March 23, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080323025443/http://www.dcomercio.com.br/especiais/mooca450anos/18.htm. Retrieved January 24, 2011.
- ^ O centenário de Adoniran Barbosa reacende o debate sobre a influência italiana na fala brasileira
- ^ "ELB". Labeurb.unicamp.br. http://www.labeurb.unicamp.br/elb/asiaticas/asiaticas.htm. Retrieved May 6, 2009.
- ^ Germans immigrated to Sao Paulo and helped to form the middle-class
- ^ Russians, Ukrainians, Lithuanians and Poles immigrated to Vila Zelina in São Paulo
- ^ "Departamento Estadual De Trânsito De São Paulo". Detran-Sp. http://www.detran.sp.gov.br/wps/portal/sa-conteudo/5e8c1ee0-9ff1-410c-af1e-d09e22d981d2/!ut/p/b1/vZPJjqMwEIafZR6gmzJgIEcIbnDCFsA04YLIQlgD6SwkPP3QI7U0M5rlMIstH8r6qz77VxWXcDGXHLNbecguZXfMmvc4kVJehGCmIRUghBegZCk4LOQBKJ4E668FBoqma9tn_gp0gDn8Wf4S_S7_lYurNdLmB7vQSeSJaGlDR6978ZHErCqRszyFjiWPcrjK4_zm5ZVypll0rXm5UGLNtG4FDIYl7w67SnuiRtOHmRguxZkLfDw_SEYD9bjPt31ks5WvnMJYCobw8bp0xKKk_Xbb-mys0kUrz7tWeIslz1jnzduTcvL4gXj0ze2mNybffuMHLv1S8G7DFwH8ZKnArSeBnAofFdyAqJNTDJvzlYbgReRCLgYxDapHT8d69KvRdy7swIcEEFiRHYwec6YgcBIn1B0bMbifyYDs-nS_6Jpt7yxvF_lMU3WdIan5HgiWhCagqjommgGspP8NxP8a6Oo8BopMfqlFMlIw-uvABZeUm_Z52LbP8KwgJM3wdARZQJIkc1G1ljW9owMhQdqf88zaEXIzj4KK9Q2UUjHf-M4VVcoem0RamJvR9R2lCd7M0hlvardipMPXWHxqQ9V6dfNFMpC7FtxUWropPdTDEDo4usA-ajaXexcS1wC2ZfRGzUHHe6G1q6vOrzdeU4Cp-scmb9JzVGJmAJBzURvWVskq29fqadjYS5z0l4xn5y3MU4arPuzwPYjzI23XZ4pPD7GsZhamWcWPU78X90eLU4HXLgtxgPoT55hdu-f6lrFbT3LnY4vqp8_8scts/dl4/d5/L2dBISEvZ0FBIS9nQSEh/. Retrieved July 22, 2011.
- ^ "Number of Daily Newspapers". Guiademidia.com.br. http://www.guiademidia.com.br/JORNAIS/SAOPAULO/capital.htm. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
- ^ "IBGE Área Territorial Oficial" (in Portuguese). Orcamento e Gestão. http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/geociencias/cartografia/default_territ_area.shtm?c=5. Retrieved April 22, 2008.
- ^ "List of alpha global cities – 2008". Lboro.ac.uk. April 13, 2010. http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2008t.html. Retrieved May 16, 2012.
- ^ "Estadão". Estadao.com.br. http://www.estadao.com.br/noticias/cidades,fab-ampliara-controle-de-helicoptero,242303,0.htm. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
- ^ "The largest cities in the world by land area". Citymayors.com. January 6, 2007. http://www.citymayors.com/statistics/largest-cities-area-125.html. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
- ^ "Estatísticas". Infraero. January 18, 2011. http://www.infraero.com.br/images/stories/Estatistica/2010/Dez.pdf. Retrieved February 2, 2011.
- ^ "Emporis". Emporis. June 15, 2009. http://www.emporis.com/en/bu/sk/st/sr/. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
- ^ "The streets the world's most luxurious". Webluxo.com.br. http://www.webluxo.com.br/noticias/2009/oscar_freire_9a_rua_mais_luxuosa_mundo.htm. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
- ^ "São Paulo Metro". Metro.sp.gov.br. http://www.metro.sp.gov.br/. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
- ^ "CPTM". Cptm.sp.gov.br. http://www.cptm.sp.gov.br/e_companhia/cptm.asp. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
- ^ "Centro Comercial Leste Aricanduva". Aricanduva.com.br. http://www.aricanduva.com.br/institucional.php. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
- ^ "Hcfmusp". Hcnet.usp.br. http://www.hcnet.usp.br/instituicao/quem_somos.htm. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
- ^ Claire Obusan. "Billionaires in São Paulo, Forbes". Forbes. http://www.forbes.com/2011/05/17/cities-with-most-billionaires_slide_8.html. Retrieved July 22, 2011.
- ^ "Yahoo! Finance, in Portuguese". Br.pfinance.yahoo.com. http://br.pfinance.yahoo.com/09112009/22/financas-s-atilde-paulo-sera-sexta.html. Retrieved May 16, 2012.
- ^ "PricewaterhouseCoopers, Global city GDP rankings 2008-2025". https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID=1562.
- ^ "Richest cities 2009". PricewaterhouseCoopers. http://www.estadao.com.br/noticias/geral,sp-sera-6-cidade-mais-rica-do-mundo-ate-2025-diz-ranking,463359,0.htm. Retrieved May 16, 2012.
- ^ "BBC – Último Segundo – São Paulo será 6ª cidade mais rica do mundo em 2020, diz estudo". Ultimosegundo.ig.com.br. http://www.bbc.co.uk/portuguese/noticias/2009/11/091109_ranking_cidades_price_rw.shtml. Retrieved September 11, 2009.
- ^ "Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística". IBGE. 2006. http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/presidencia/noticias/noticia_impressao.php?id_noticia=1288. Retrieved July 21, 2009.
- ^ [3]
- ^ FERREIRA, João Sette Whitaker; The myth of the global city, doctoral thesis presented to the FAUUSP, 2003.
- ^ Instituto Brasileiro de Geografía e Estatística. (2006) (in Portuguese) (PDF). informal economy. São Paulo, SP, Brasil: IETS. ISBN 85-240-3919-1. http://www.iets.org.br/article.php3?id_article=567. Retrieved January 27, 2008.
- ^ Federal Foreign Office (2011 [last update]). "Auswärtiges Amt - Brazil". auswaertiges-amt.de. http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/EN/Aussenpolitik/Laender/Laenderinfos/01-Nodes/Brasilien_node.html. Retrieved 19 July 2011.
- ^ Swedish-Brazilian Chamber of Commerce (2011 [last update]). "Overview". swedcham.com.br. http://www.swedcham.com.br/aboutus_Overview.asp?LOCALE=en&. Retrieved 19 July 2011.
- ^ BM&F Bovespa: About us[dead link]
- ^ "Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística". IBGE. http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/economia/pibmunicipios/2004_2008/. Retrieved June 3, 2011.
- ^ "Worldwide Cost of Living survey 2011 - Top 50 cities: Cost of living ranking". Mercer. 2011-07-12. http://www.mercer.com/costoflivingpr#City_rankings. Retrieved 2011-07-22.
- ^ "SP é a 10ª cidade mais cara do mundo para estrangeiros; RJ é a 12ª" (in Portuguese). UOL Noticias. 2011-07-12. http://economia.uol.com.br/ultimas-noticias/redacao/2011/07/12/sp-e-a-10-cidade-mais-cara-do-mundo-para-estrangeiros-rj-e-a-12.jhtm. Retrieved 2011-07-22.
- ^ "Global 500 June 2011 Market values and prices at June 30, 2009". FT. http://media.ft.com/cms/27fa616e-6c76-11de-a6e6-00144feabdc0.pdf. Retrieved January 22, 2010.
- ^ Shaw, Dan (March 12, 2006). "The New São Paulo". The New York Times. http://travel.nytimes.com/2006/03/12/travel/12sao.html?pagewanted=all.
- ^ "2010 Award Winners". The World's 50 Best Restaurants. http://www.theworlds50best.com/past-winners/2010-award-winners.
- ^ Agenda Cultural de São Paulo – Seja Bem-Vindo! (March 23, 2010). "Agenda Cultural". Agendacult.wordpress.com. http://agendacult.wordpress.com/. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
- ^ Universes in Universe – Gerhard Haupt & Pat Binder (December 19, 2004). "South-South orientation in São Paulo Art Bienal". Universes-in-universe.de. http://www.universes-in-universe.de/car/sao-paulo/2004/e-theme.htm. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
- ^ BBC News website, "São Paulo holds Gay Pride parade". Retrieved June 14, 2007.
- ^ Folha Online website, "Parada Gay bate recorde, dizem organizadores". Retrieved June 14, 2007.
- ^ Baker Publishing Group. "March of Jesus in SP". Christianpost.com. http://www.christianpost.com/article/20070608/-march-for-jesus-draws-over-1-million-evangelicals-in-brazil.htm. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
- ^ "Website of FENATRAN (Portuguese)". Fenatran.com.br. http://www.fenatran.com.br/. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
- ^ FILE – Festival Internacional de Linguagem Eletrônica official website.
- ^ "Video Brasil website". Videobrasil.org.br. http://www.videobrasil.org.br/. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
- ^ Webpage Brooklinfest - German Festival in the district Brooklin Paulista
- ^ Festa de Vila Zelina - Russian and East European Festival in the district Vila Zelina
- ^ Universidades de São Paulo
- ^ Datasus. "DATASUS Health Care Statistics". Datasus.gov.br. http://www.datasus.gov.br/. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
- ^ "Hospital do Cancer de São Paulo". Saopaulo.sp.gov.br. http://www.saopaulo.sp.gov.br/spnoticias/lenoticia.php?id=94650. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
- ^ [4]
- ^ "Movement website". Movement.co.uk. March 18, 2009. http://www.movement.co.uk/. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
- ^ "Hospedaria dos Imigrantes (1885)". Aprenda450anos.com.br. http://www.aprenda450anos.com.br/450anos/vila_metropole/2-2_hospedaria_imigrantes.asp#. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
- ^ Histórico da Hospedaria[dead link]
- ^ Acervo Histórico-Cultural[dead link]
- ^ São Paulo Convention and Visitors Bureau, "City Facts". Retrieved June 5, 2007.
- ^ "Estádio do Morumbi – Cícero Pompeu de Toledo". Pinheiros.com.br. http://www.pinheiros.com.br/city/morumbi/estadio.htm. Retrieved May 6, 2009.
- ^ "A Melting Pot in the southern hemisphere". The Jakarta Post. April 17, 2011. http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/04/17/a-melting-pot-southern-hemisphere.html. Retrieved June 3, 2011.
- ^ Dersa website, "Rodoanel Mário Covas"
- ^ "DERSA official website". http://www.dersa.com.br/.
- ^ Nasdaq website 2007, "Brazil May Take Bids On Rio-To-São Paulo High-Speed Rail Link"
- ^ Secretaria dos Transportes Metropolitanos do Estado de São Paulo "PPP for construction of Guarulhos Airport Express railway"[dead link]. Retrieved June 5, 2007.
- ^ "Anac redistribui autorizações de pouso e decolagem para aeroporto de Congonhas – 25/01/2010 – UOL Notícias – Cotidiano". Noticias.uol.com.br. January 25, 2010. http://noticias.uol.com.br/cotidiano/2010/01/25/ult5772u7170.jhtm. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
- ^ "São Paulo/Congonhas National Airport". Infraero. August 15, 2004. Archived from the original on August 3, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080803030621/http://www.infraero.gov.br/usa/aero_prev_home.php?ai=219. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
- ^ "Campo de Marte Airport". Infraero.gov.br. Archived from the original on October 14, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071014021207/http://www.infraero.gov.br/usa/aero_prev_home.php?ai=218. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
- ^ Brazil's Elites Fly Above Their Fears Washington Post article dated June 1, 2002.
- ^ "São Paulo/Guarulhos International Airport". Infraero. Archived from the original on August 3, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080803030557/http://www.infraero.gov.br/usa/aero_prev_home.php?ai=217. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
- ^ Downloadable map (pdf)[dead link] of the underground network retrieved from the Metro SP website.
- ^ All the main projects from the São Paulo railway and underground system for the next 10 years can be found on the Metrô website and CPTM (in Portuguese).
- ^ For the history of São Paulo tramways, see Tramz website
- ^ Webb, Mary (Ed.) (2009). Jane's Urban Transport Systems 2009–2010, pp. 42/6. Coulsdon (UK): Jane's Information Group. ISBN 978-0-7106-2903-6.
- ^ Do G1, em São Paulo, com informações do SPTV (November 21, 2007). "Tietê Bus Terminal, the second largest in the world". G1.globo.com. http://g1.globo.com/Noticias/SaoPaulo/0,,MUL33392-5605,00-TERMINAL+TIETE+COMEMORA+ANOS+NESTA+TERCA.html. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
- ^ Rory Carroll (March 14, 2008). "Number of Helicopters in São Paulo". Guardian (UK). http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/2008/mar/14/rorycarroll.insidebrazil2. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
- ^ High above São Paulo's choked streets, the rich cruise a new highway The Guardian, 20 June 2008
- ^ "Capital reduz homicídios para 9 a cada 100 mil habitantes". SSP/SP. January 27, 2012. http://www.ssp.sp.gov.br/noticia/lenoticia.aspx?id=26648. Retrieved January 27, 2012.
- ^ School of Public Health, University of São Paulo (2003). "Air pollution and children's health in São Paulo (1986–1998)". Soc Sci Med. 53 (Dec): 2013–2022. PMID 14512233.
- ^ "Billboard law in SP". Worldculturepictorial.com. November 24, 2008. http://www.worldculturepictorial.com/blog/content/clean-city-sao-paulo-says-no-visual-pollution-bans-public-advertising-cleaner-more-serene-environment. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
- ^ "Vehicular Restriction in SP". Scielosp.org. January 5, 1996. http://www.scielosp.org/scielo.php?pid=S1415-790X2001000300008&script=sci_arttext&tlng=pt. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
- ^ "International Relations – São Paulo City Hall – Official Sister Cities". Prefeitura.sp.gov.br. http://www.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/cidade/secretarias/relacoes_internacionais/cidadesirmas/index.php?p=1066. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
- ^ "Les pactes d'amitié et de coopération". Paris.fr. March 17, 2010. http://www.paris.fr/portail/politiques/Portal.lut?page_id=6587&document_type_id=5&document_id=16468&portlet_id=14974. Retrieved August 4, 2010.
- ^ "Sister Cities". Beijing Municipal Government. http://www.ebeijing.gov.cn/Sister_Cities/Sister_City/. Retrieved June 23, 2009.
- ^ "Milano – Città Gemellate". 2008 Municipality of Milan (Comune di Milano). http://www.comune.milano.it/portale/wps/portal/CDM?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/wps/wcm/connect/ContentLibrary/In%20Comune/In%20Comune/Citt%20Gemellate. Retrieved July 17, 2009.
- ^ Seul Metropolitan Government. "International Cooperation: Sister Cities". http://english.seoul.go.kr/gover/cooper/coo_02sis.html. [dead link]
- ^ "Tel Aviv sister cities" (in Hebrew). Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality. http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/Hebrew/Cityhall/TwinCities/Index.asp. Retrieved July 14, 2009.
- ^ "Osaka and the World, the official website of the Osaka city". http://www.city.osaka.lg.jp/contents/wdu020/english/more_about_osaka/osaka_world/. Retrieved August 5, 2009. [dead link]
- ^ "Barcelona internacional – Ciutats agermanades" (in Catalan). 2006–2009 Ajuntament de Barcelona. http://w3.bcn.es/XMLServeis/XMLHomeLinkPl/0,4022,229724149_257215678_1,00.html. Retrieved July 13, 2009.
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- ^ "Naha Sister Cities". City.naha.okinawa.jp. http://www.city.naha.okinawa.jp/special/benri/jiti2_1.htm. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
External links[link]
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- Official websites
- São Paulo Tourism Office home page
- City of São Paulo home page
- São Paulo official tourist agency Web site
- São Paulo City Hall Web site (Portuguese)
- São Paulo Metro Underground official Web site
- BM&F Bovespa – São Paulo Stock Exchange Web site
- Other websites
- The New York Times São Paulo's Travel Guide
- UK House of Commons Trade and Industry Committee report on Brazil
- São Paulo travel guide from Wikitravel
- Maplink – São Paulo Street Guide and Maps (Portuguese)
- OPENCities Monitor participant
- Discovering São Paulo
- News stories
- AdBusters, "São Paulo: A City Without Ads".
- The Times, "Cutting-edge style in São Paulo", by Alex Bello.
- The Times, "Where cafezinho is the key to commerce", retrieved 6 December 2007.
- Guardian Unlimited, "Blog by blog guide to ... São Paulo".
- The New York Times, "36 Hours in São Paulo".
- Rich Brazilians Rise Above Rush-Hour Jams.
São Paulo 
http://wn.com/São_Paulo
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/São_Paulo
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is about the country. For other uses, see Brazil (disambiguation).
| Federative Republic of Brazil
República Federativa do Brasil
(Portuguese) |
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| Motto: "Ordem e Progresso" (Portuguese) (English: "Order and Progress") |
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| Anthem:
Hino Nacional Brasileiro (Portuguese) (English: Brazilian National Anthem) |
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| National seal Selo Nacional do Brasil (Portuguese) (English: "National Seal of Brazil") .svg) |
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| Capital | Brasília 15°47′S 47°52′W / 15.783°S 47.867°W / -15.783; -47.867 |
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| Largest city | São Paulo | |||||
| Official language(s) | Portuguese[1] | |||||
| Ethnic groups (2010[2]) | 47.73% White 43.13% Brown (Multiracial) 7.61% Black 1.09% Asian 0.43% Amerindian |
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| Demonym | Brazilian | |||||
| Government | Federal presidential constitutional republic | |||||
| - | President | Dilma Rousseff (PT) | ||||
| - | Vice President | Michel Temer (PMDB) | ||||
| - | President of the Chamber of Deputies | Marco Maia (PT) | ||||
| - | President of the Senate | José Sarney (PMDB) | ||||
| - | President of the Supreme Federal Court | Ayres Britto | ||||
| Legislature | National Congress | |||||
| - | Upper house | Federal Senate | ||||
| - | Lower house | Chamber of Deputies | ||||
| Independence | from United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves | |||||
| - | Declared | 7 September 1822 | ||||
| - | Recognized | 29 August 1825 | ||||
| - | Republic | 15 November 1889 | ||||
| - | Current constitution | 5 October 1988 | ||||
| Area | ||||||
| - | Total | 8,514,877 km2 (5th) 3,287,597 sq mi |
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| - | Water (%) | 0.65 | ||||
| Population | ||||||
| - | 2011[4] estimate | 192,376,496 | ||||
| - | 2010 census | 190,732,694[3] (5th) | ||||
| - | Density | 22/km2 (182nd) 57/sq mi |
||||
| GDP (PPP) | 2011 estimate | |||||
| - | Total | $2.294 trillion[5] (7th) | ||||
| - | Per capita | $11,769[5] (75th) | ||||
| GDP (nominal) | 2011 estimate | |||||
| - | Total | $2.493 trillion[5] (6th) | ||||
| - | Per capita | $12,788[5] (53rd) | ||||
| Gini (2012) | ▼51.9[6] | |||||
| HDI (2011) | 0.718[7] (high) (84th) | |||||
| Currency | Real (R$) (BRL) |
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| Time zone | BRT (UTC−2 to −4) | |||||
| - | Summer (DST) | BRST (UTC−2 to −4) | ||||
| Date formats | dd/mm/yyyy (CE) | |||||
| Drives on the | right | |||||
| ISO 3166 code | BR | |||||
| Internet TLD | .br | |||||
| Calling code | +55 | |||||
Brazil 
i/brəˈzɪl/ (Portuguese: Brasil, IPA: [bɾaˈziw][8]), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil[9][10] (Portuguese: República Federativa do Brasil, 
listen (help·info)), is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population with over 192 million people.[11][12] It is the only Portuguese-speaking country in the Americas and the largest lusophone country in the world.[11]
Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east, Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 km (4,655 mi).[11] It is bordered on the north by Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname and the French overseas region of French Guiana; on the northwest by Colombia; on the west by Bolivia and Peru; on the southwest by Argentina and Paraguay and on the south by Uruguay. Numerous archipelagos form part of Brazilian territory, such as Fernando de Noronha, Rocas Atoll, Saint Peter and Paul Rocks, and Trindade and Martim Vaz.[11] It borders all other South American countries except Ecuador and Chile.
Brazil was a colony of Portugal from the landing of Pedro Álvares Cabral in 1500 until 1815, when it was elevated to the rank of kingdom and the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves was formed. The colonial bond was in fact broken in 1808, when the capital of the Portuguese colonial empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro, after Napoleon invaded Portugal.[13] Independence was achieved in 1822 with the formation of the Empire of Brazil, a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system. The country became a presidential republic in 1889, when a military coup d'état proclaimed the Republic, although the bicameral legislature, now called Congress, dates back to the ratification of the first constitution in 1824.[13] Its current Constitution, formulated in 1988, defines Brazil as a Federal Republic.[14] The Federation is formed by the union of the Federal District, the 26 States, and the 5,564 Municipalities.[14][15]
The Brazilian economy is the world's sixth largest by nominal GDP and the seventh largest by purchasing power parity (as of 2011).[16][17] Brazil is one of the world's fastest growing major economies. Economic reforms have given the country new international recognition.[18] Brazil is a founding member of the United Nations, the G20, CPLP, Latin Union, the Organization of Ibero-American States, the Organization of American States, Mercosul and the Union of South American Nations, and is one of the BRIC countries. Brazil is also one of the 17 Megadiverse countries, home to diverse wildlife, natural environments, and extensive natural resources in a variety of protected habitats.[11]
Contents |
Etymology[link]
Main article: Name of Brazil
The word "Brazil" comes from brazilwood, a tree that once grew plentifully along the Brazilian coast. In Portuguese, brazilwood is called pau-brasil, with the word brasil commonly given the etymology "red like an ember", formed from Latin brasa ("ember") and the suffix -il (from -iculum or -ilium).[19][20][21] As brazilwood produces a deep red dye, it was highly valued by the European cloth industry and was the earliest commercially-exploited product from Brazil. Through the 16th century, massive amounts of brazilwood were harvested by indigenous peoples (mostly Tupi) along the Brazilian coast, who sold the timber to European traders (mostly Portuguese, but also French) in return for assorted European consumer goods.[22]
The official name of the land, in original Portuguese records, was the "Land of the Holy Cross" (Terra da Santa Cruz), but European sailors and merchants commonly called it simply the "Land of Brazil" (Terra do Brasil) on account of the brazilwood trade. The popular appellation eclipsed and eventually supplanted the official name. Early sailors sometimes also called it the "Land of Parrots" (Terra di Papaga).
In the Guarani language, an official language of Paraguay, Brazil is called "Pindorama". This was the name the natives gave to the region, meaning "land of the palm trees".
History[link]
Main article: History of Brazil
Portuguese colonization[link]
Main article: Colonial Brazil
See also: Indigenous peoples in Brazil and Slavery in Brazil
The land now called Brazil was claimed by Portugal in April 1500, on the arrival of the Portuguese fleet commanded by Pedro Álvares Cabral.[23] The Portuguese encountered stone age natives divided into several tribes, most of whom spoke languages of the Tupi–Guarani family, and fought among themselves.[24]
Though the first settlement was founded in 1532, colonization was effectively begun in 1534, when Dom João III divided the territory into twelve hereditary captaincies,[25][26] but this arrangement proved problematic and in 1549 the king assigned a Governor-General to administer the entire colony.[26][27] The Portuguese assimilated some of the native tribes[28] while others were enslaved or exterminated in long wars or by European diseases to which they had no immunity.[29][30] By the mid-16th century, sugar had become Brazil's most important export[24][31] and the Portuguese imported African slaves[32][33] to cope with the increasing international demand.[29][34]
Through wars against the French, the Portuguese slowly expanded their territory to the southeast, taking Rio de Janeiro in 1567, and to the northwest, taking São Luís in 1615.[35] They sent military expeditions to the Amazon rainforest and conquered British and Dutch strongholds,[36] founding villages and forts from 1669.[37] In 1680 they reached the far south and founded Sacramento on the bank of the Rio de la Plata, in the Eastern Strip region (present-day Uruguay).[38]
At the end of the 17th century, sugar exports started to decline[39] but beginning in the 1690s, the discovery of gold by explorers in the region that would later be called Minas Gerais (General Mines) in current Mato Grosso and Goiás, saved the colony from imminent collapse.[40] From all over Brazil, as well as from Portugal, thousands of immigrants came to the mines.[41]
The Spanish tried to prevent Portuguese expansion into the territory that belonged to them according to the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas, and succeeded in conquering the Eastern Strip in 1777. However, this was in vain as the Treaty of San Ildefonso, signed in the same year, confirmed Portuguese sovereignty over all lands proceeding from its territorial expansion, thus creating most of the current Brazilian borders.[42]
In 1808, the Portuguese royal family and the majority of the Portuguese nobility, fleeing the troops of the French Emperor Napoleon I that were invading Portugal and most of Central Europe, established themselves in the city of Rio de Janeiro, which thus became the seat of the entire Portuguese Empire.[43] In 1815 Dom João VI, then regent on behalf of his incapacitated mother, elevated Brazil from colony to sovereign Kingdom united with Portugal.[43] In 1809 the Portuguese invaded French Guiana (which was returned to France in 1817)[44] and in 1816 the Eastern Strip, subsequently renamed Cisplatina.[45]
Independence and empire[link]
Main articles: Brazilian Independence and Empire of Brazil
After the Portuguese military had successfully repelled Napoleon's invasion, the King João VI returned to Europe on 26 April 1821, leaving his elder son Prince Pedro de Alcântara as regent to rule Brazil.[46] The Portuguese government, guided by the new political regime imposed by the Liberal Revolution of 1820, attempted to turn Brazil into a colony once again, thus depriving it of its achievements since 1808.[47] The Brazilians refused to yield and Prince Pedro stood by them declaring the country's independence from Portugal on 7 September 1822.[48] On 12 October 1822, Pedro was declared the first Emperor of Brazil and crowned Dom Pedro I on 1 December 1822.[49]
At that time most Brazilians were in favour of a monarchy and republicanism had little support.[50][51] The subsequent Brazilian War of Independence spread through almost the entire territory, with battles in the northern, northeastern, and southern regions.[52] The last Portuguese soldiers surrendered on 8 March 1824[53] and independence was recognized by Portugal on 29 August 1825.[54]
The first Brazilian constitution was promulgated on 25 March 1824, after its acceptance by the municipal councils across the country.[55][56][57][58] Pedro I abdicated on 7 April 1831 and went to Europe to reclaim his daughter’s crown, leaving behind his five year old son and heir, who was to become Dom Pedro II.[59] As the new emperor could not exert his constitutional prerogatives until he reached maturity, a regency was created.[60]
Disputes between political factions led to rebellions and an unstable, almost anarchical, regency.[61] It is estimated that from 30 to 40% of the population of the Province of Grão-Pará died during the Cabanagem revolt.[62] The rebellious factions, however, were not in revolt against the monarchy,[63][64] even though some declared the secession of the provinces as independent republics, but only so long as Pedro II was a minor.[65] Because of this, Pedro II was prematurely declared of age and "Brazil was to enjoy nearly half a century of internal peace and rapid material progress."[66]
Despite the loss of Cisplatina in 1828 when it became an independent nation known as Uruguay,[67] Brazil won three international wars during the 58-year reign of Pedro II (the Platine War, the Uruguayan War and the Paraguayan War, which left over 50,000 dead)[68] and witnessed the consolidation of representative democracy, mainly due to successive elections and unrestricted freedom of the press.[69] Most importantly, slavery was extinguished after a slow but steady process that began with the end of the international traffic in slaves in 1850[70] and ended with the complete abolition of slavery in 1888.[71] The slave population had been in decline since Brazil's independence: in 1823, 29% of the Brazilian population were slaves but by 1887 this had fallen to 5%.[72]
When the monarchy was overthrown on 15 November 1889[73] there was little desire in Brazil to change the form of government[74] and Pedro II was at the height of his popularity among his subjects.[75][76] However, he "bore prime, perhaps sole, responsibility for his own overthrow."[77] After the death of his two sons, Pedro believed that "the imperial regime was destined to end with him."[78] He cared little for the regime's fate[79][80] and so neither did anything, nor allowed anyone else to do anything, to prevent the military coup, backed by former slave owners who resented the abolition of slavery.[81][82][83]
Early republic[link]
At the beginning of the republican government it was little more than a military dictatorship,[73] and the new constitution restricted political rights, such as the right to vote,[84][85] yet provided for direct elections to be held in 1894.[86] However, already in 1891, from the unfoldings of the encilhamento bubble[87][88] and of the 1st naval revolt, the country entered in a prolonged cycle of financial, social and political instability, that would extend until the 1920s keeping the country plagued by several rebellions, both civilian[89][90][91] as military,[92][93][94] which little by little undermined the regime in a such extent, that by 1930 it was possible for the defeated presidential candidate Getúlio Vargas, supported by the majority of military,[95] to lead a coup d'état and assume the presidency.[96]
Vargas and the military, who were supposed to assume the government temporarily to implement democratic reforms related to 1891's Constitution, closed the Congress and ruled with emergency powers, replacing the states' governors with their supporters.[97][98] Under the Claiming of the broken promises of changing, in 1932 the oligarchy of São Paulo tried to regain the power[99] and in 1935 the Communists rebelled,[100] having both been defeated. However, the communist threat served as an excuse for Vargas to preclude elections launching another coup d'état in 1937, creating a full dictatorship[101][102][103][104] In May 1938, there was another failed attempt to take over the power by local fascists.[105][106]
In foreign policy, the success in resolving border disputes with neighboring countries[107] in the early years of this period, was followed by a failed attempt to permanently exert a prominent role in the League of Nations[108] after military involvement in World War I.[109][110][111] Notwithstanding, Brazil remained neutral at the beginning of World War II until the Pan-American Conference of January 1942 when Brazil stood alongside the U.S.A. severing diplomatic relations with the Axis powers.[112] In retaliation, Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy extended their submarine warfare against Brazil, which led the country to enter the war on the allied side in August of that year.[113][114]
With the allied victory in 1945 and the end of the Nazi-fascist regimes in Europe, Vargas's position became unsustainable and he was swiftly overthrown in another military coup.[115] Democracy was reinstated and General Eurico Gaspar Dutra was elected president taking office in 1946.[116] Having returned to power democratically elected at the end of 1950, Vargas committed suicide in August 1954 amid a political crisis.[117][118]
Contemporary era[link]
Main articles: Military dictatorship (Brazil) and History of Brazil since 1985
Several brief interim governments succeeded after Vargas's suicide.[119] Juscelino Kubitscheck became president in 1956 and assumed a conciliatory posture towards the political opposition that allowed him to govern without major crises.[120] The economy and industrial sector grew remarkably,[121] but his greatest achievement was the construction of the new capital city of Brasília, inaugurated in 1960.[122] His successor was Jânio Quadros, who resigned in 1961 less than a year after taking office.[123] His vice-president, João Goulart, assumed the presidency, but aroused strong political opposition[124] and was deposed in April 1964 by a coup that resulted in a military regime.[125]
The new regime was intended to be transitory[126] but it gradually closed in on itself and became a full dictatorship with the promulgation of the Fifth Institutional Act in 1968.[127] The repression of the dictatorship's opponents, including urban guerrillas,[128] was harsh, but not as brutal as in other Latin American countries.[129] Due to the extraordinary economic growth, known as an "economic miracle", the regime reached its highest level of popularity in the years of repression.[130]
General Ernesto Geisel became president in 1974 and began his project of re-democratization through a process that he said would be "slow, gradual and safe."[131][132] Geisel ended the military indiscipline that had plagued the country since 1889,[133] as well as the torture of political prisoners, censorship of the press,[134] and finally, the dictatorship itself, after he extinguished the Fifth Institutional Act.[127] However, the military regime continued, under his chosen successor General João Figueiredo, to complete the transition to full democracy.[135]
The civilians fully returned to power in 1985 when José Sarney assumed the presidency[136] but, by the end of his term, he had become extremely unpopular due to the uncontrollable economic crisis and unusually high inflation.[137] Sarney's unsuccessful government allowed the election in 1989 of the almost unknown Fernando Collor, who was subsequently impeached by the National Congress in 1992.[138] Collor was succeeded by his Vice-President Itamar Franco, who appointed Fernando Henrique Cardoso as Minister of Finance.
Cardoso produced a highly successful Plano Real (Royal or Real Plan)[139] that granted stability to the Brazilian economy[140] and he was elected as president in 1994 and again in 1998.[141] The peaceful transition of power to Luís Inácio Lula da Silva, who was elected in 2002 and re-elected in 2006, proved that Brazil had finally succeeded in achieving its long-sought political stability.[142] Lula was succeeded in 2011 by the current president, Dilma Rousseff.[143]
Geography[link]
Main article: Geography of Brazil
Brazil occupies a large area along the eastern coast of South America and includes much of the continent's interior,[144] sharing land borders with Uruguay to the south; Argentina and Paraguay to the southwest; Bolivia and Peru to the west; Colombia to the northwest; and Venezuela, Suriname, Guyana and the French overseas department of French Guiana to the north. It shares a border with every country in South America except for Ecuador and Chile. It also encompasses a number of oceanic archipelagos, such as Fernando de Noronha, Rocas Atoll, Saint Peter and Paul Rocks, and Trindade and Martim Vaz.[11] Its size, relief, climate, and natural resources make Brazil geographically diverse.[144] Including its Atlantic islands, Brazil lies between latitudes 6°N and 34°S, and longitudes 28° and 74°W.
Brazil is the fifth largest country in the world, after Russia, Canada, China and the United States, and third largest in the Americas; with a total area of 8,514,876.599 km2 (3,287,612 sq mi),[145] including 55,455 km2 (21,411 sq mi) of water.[11] It spans three time zones; from UTC-4 in the western states, to UTC-3 in the eastern states (and the official time of Brazil) and UTC-2 in the Atlantic islands.[146] Brazil is the only country in the world that lies on the equator while having contiguous territory outside the tropics.
Brazilian topography is also diverse and includes hills, mountains, plains, highlands, and scrublands. Much of the terrain lies between 200 metres (660 ft) and 800 metres (2,600 ft) in elevation.[147] The main upland area occupies most of the southern half of the country.[147] The northwestern parts of the plateau consist of broad, rolling terrain broken by low, rounded hills.[147]
The southeastern section is more rugged, with a complex mass of ridges and mountain ranges reaching elevations of up to 1,200 metres (3,900 ft).[147] These ranges include the Mantiqueira and Espinhaço mountains and the Serra do Mar.[147] In the north, the Guiana Highlands form a major drainage divide, separating rivers that flow south into the Amazon Basin from rivers that empty into the Orinoco River system, in Venezuela, to the north. The highest point in Brazil is the Pico da Neblina at 2,994 metres (9,823 ft), and the lowest is the Atlantic Ocean.[11]
Brazil has a dense and complex system of rivers, one of the world's most extensive, with eight major drainage basins, all of which drain into the Atlantic.[148] Major rivers include the Amazon (the world's second-longest river and the largest in terms of volume of water), the Paraná and its major tributary the Iguaçu (which includes the Iguazu Falls), the Negro, São Francisco, Xingu, Madeira and Tapajós rivers.[148]
Climate[link]
Main article: Climate of Brazil
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Snow in São Joaquim, Santa Catarina in 2010 (South) and tropical climate in Cabedelo, Paraíba, (Northeast).
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The climate of Brazil comprises a wide range of weather conditions across a large area and varied topography, but most of the country is tropical.[11] According to the Köppen system, Brazil hosts five major climatic subtypes: equatorial, tropical, semiarid, highland tropical, temperate, and subtropical. The different climatic conditions produce environments ranging from equatorial rainforests in the north and semiarid deserts in the northeast, to temperate coniferous forests in the south and tropical savannas in central Brazil.[149] Many regions have starkly different microclimates.[150][151]
An equatorial climate characterizes much of northern Brazil. There is no real dry season, but there are some variations in the period of the year when most rain falls.[149] Temperatures average 25 °C (77 °F),[151] with more significant temperature variation between night and day than between seasons.[150]
Over central Brazil rainfall is more seasonal, characteristic of a savanna climate.[150] This region is as extensive as the Amazon basin but has a very different climate as it lies farther south at a higher altitude.[149] In the interior northeast, seasonal rainfall is even more extreme. The semiarid climatic region generally receives less than 800 millimetres (31.5 in) of rain,[152] most of which generally falls in a period of three to five months of the year[153] and occasionally less than this, creating long periods of drought.[150] Brazil's 1877–78 Grande Seca (Great Drought), the most severe ever recorded in Brazil,[154] caused approximately half a million deaths.[155] The one from 1915 was devastating too.[156]
South of Bahia, near the coasts, and more southerly most of the state of São Paulo, the distribution of rainfall changes, with rain falling throughout the year.[149] The south enjoys temperate conditions, with cool winters and average annual temperatures not exceeding 18 °C (64.4 °F);[151] winter frosts are quite common, with occasional snowfall in the higher areas.[149][150] Other kinds of solid precipitation happen in a wider area, including cities as Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. Fall of snow grains and ice pellets, deemed as not dissimilar from true hail, are popularly called granizo.
Biodiversity[link]
Main articles: Wildlife of Brazil and Deforestation in Brazil
Brazil's large territory comprises different ecosystems, such as the Amazon Rainforest, recognized as having the greatest biological diversity in the world,[157] with the Atlantic Forest and the Cerrado, sustaining the greatest biodiversity.[158] In the south, the Araucaria pine forest grows under temperate conditions.[158] The rich wildlife of Brazil reflects the variety of natural habitats. Scientists estimate that the total number of plant and animal species in Brazil could approach four million.[158]
Larger mammals include pumas, jaguars, ocelots, rare bush dogs, and foxes; peccaries, tapirs, anteaters, sloths, opossums, and armadillos are abundant. Deer are plentiful in the south, and many species of New World monkeys are found in the northern rain forests.[158][159] Concern for the environment has grown in response to global interest in environmental issues.[160]
Environment[link]
See also: Conservation in Brazil
The natural heritage of Brazil is severely threatened by cattle ranching and agriculture, logging, mining, resettlement, oil and gas extraction, over-fishing, wildlife trade, dams and infrastructure, water contamination, climate change, fire, and invasive species.[157] In many areas of the country, the natural environment is threatened by development.[161] Construction of highways has opened up previously remote areas for agriculture and settlement; dams have flooded valleys and inundated wildlife habitats; and mines have scarred and polluted the landscape.[160][162] At least 70 dams are said to be planned for the Amazon region, including controversial Belo Monte hydroelectric dam.[163]
Politics[link]
Main article: Politics of Brazil
The Brazilian Federation is the "indissoluble union" of three distinct political entities: the States, the Municipalities and the Federal District.[14] The Union, the states and the Federal District, and the municipalities, are the "spheres of government." The Federation is set on five fundamental principles:[14] sovereignty, citizenship, dignity of human beings, the social values of labour and freedom of enterprise, and political pluralism. The classic tripartite branches of government (executive, legislative, and judicial under the checks and balances system), is formally established by the Constitution.[14] The executive and legislative are organized independently in all three spheres of government, while the judiciary is organized only at the federal and state/Federal District spheres.
All members of the executive and legislative branches are directly elected.[164][165][166] Judges and other judicial officials are appointed after passing entry exams.[164] For most of its democratic history, Brazil has had a multi-party system, proportional representation. Voting is compulsory for the literate between 18 and 70 years old and optional for illiterates and those between 16 and 18 or beyond 70.[14] Together with several smaller parties, four political parties stand out: Workers' Party (PT), Brazilian Social Democracy Party (PSDB), Brazilian Democratic Movement Party (PMDB), and Democrats (DEM). Almost all governmental and administrative functions are exercised by authorities and agencies affiliated to the Executive.
The form of government is that of a democratic republic, with a presidential system.[14] The president is both head of state and head of government of the Union and is elected for a four-year term,[14] with the possibility of re-election for a second successive term. The current president is Dilma Rousseff who was inaugurated on January 1, 2011.[167] The President appoints the Ministers of State, who assist in government.[14] Legislative houses in each political entity are the main source of law in Brazil. The National Congress is the Federation's bicameral legislature, consisting of the Chamber of Deputies and the Federal Senate. Judiciary authorities exercise jurisdictional duties almost exclusively.
Fifteen political parties are represented in Congress. It is common for politicians to switch parties, and thus the proportion of congressional seats held by particular parties changes regularly. The largest political parties are the Workers' Party (PT), Democrats (DEM), Brazilian Democratic Movement Party (PMDB-center), Brazilian Social Democratic Party (PSDB), Progressive Party (PP), Brazilian Labor Party (PTB), Liberal Party (PL), Brazilian Socialist Party (PSB), Popular Socialist Party (PPS), Democratic Labor Party (PDT), and the Communist Party of Brazil (PCdoB).[168]
Law[link]
Main articles: Law of Brazil and Crime in Brazil
Brazilian law is based on Roman-Germanic traditions[169] and civil law concepts prevail over common law practice. Most of Brazilian law is codified, although non-codified statutes also represent a substantial part, playing a complementary role. Court decisions set out interpretive guidelines; however, they are seldom binding on other specific cases. Doctrinal works and the works of academic jurists have strong influence in law creation and in law cases.
The legal system is based on the Federal Constitution, which was promulgated on 5 October 1988, and is the fundamental law of Brazil. All other legislation and court decisions must conform to its rules.[170] As of April 2007[update], there have been 53 amendments. States have their own constitutions, which must not contradict the Federal Constitution.[171] Municipalities and the Federal District have "organic laws" (leis orgânicas), which act in a similar way to constitutions.[14][172] Legislative entities are the main source of statutes, although in certain matters judiciary and executive bodies may enact legal norms.[14] Jurisdiction is administered by the judiciary entities, although in rare situations the Federal Constitution allows the Federal Senate to pass on legal judgments.[14] There are also specialized military, labor, and electoral courts.[14] The highest court is the Supreme Federal Court.
This system has been criticised over the last few decades for the slow pace of decision making. Lawsuits on appeal may take several years to resolve, and in some cases more than a decade elapses before definitive rulings.[173] Nevertheless, the Supreme Federal Tribunal was the first court in the world to transmit its sessions on television, and also via YouTube.[174][175] More recently, in December 2009, the Supreme Court adopted Twitter to display items on the day planner of the ministers, to inform the daily actions of the Court and the most important decisions made by them.[176]
Brazil continues to have high crime rates in a number of statistics, despite recent improvements. More than 500,000 people have been killed by firearms in Brazil between 1979 and 2003, according to a new report by the United Nations.[177] In 2010, there were 473,600 people incarcerated in Brazilian prisons and jails.[178]
Foreign relations and military[link]
Main articles: Foreign relations of Brazil and Brazilian Armed Forces
Brazil is a political and economic leader in Latin America.[179][180] However, social and economic problems have prevented it from becoming an effective global power.[181] Between 1945 and 1990, both democratic and military governments sought to expand Brazil's influence in the world by pursuing a state-led industrial policy and an independent foreign policy. More recently, the country has aimed to strengthen ties with other South American countries, and engage in multilateral diplomacy through the United Nations and the Organization of American States.[182]
Brazil's current foreign policy is based on the country's position as a regional power in Latin America, a leader among developing countries, and an emerging world power.[183] In general, current Brazilian foreign policy reflects multilateralism, peaceful dispute settlement, and nonintervention in the affairs of other countries.[184] The Brazilian Constitution also determines that the country shall seek the economic, political, social and cultural integration of the nations of Latin America.[14][185][179][180]
An increasingly well-developed tool of Brazil's foreign policy is providing aid as a donor to other developing countries.[186] Brazil does not just use its growing economic strength to provide financial aid, but it also provides high levels of expertise and most importantly of all, a quiet non-confrontational diplomacy to improve governance levels.[186] Total aid is estimated to be around $1 billion per year that includes:[186]
- technical cooperation of around $480 million ($30 million in 2010 provided directly by the Brazilian Cooperation Agency (ABC))
- an estimated $450 million for in-kind expertise provided by Brazilian institutions specialising in technical cooperation
_fires_at_an_unmanned_aerial_vehicle_during_a_drone_exercise_(DRONEX)_with_ship.jpg)
In addition, Brazil manages a peacekeeping mission in Haiti ($350 million) and makes in-kind contributions to the World Food Programme ($300 million).[186] This is in addition to humanitarian assistance and contributions to multilateral development agencies. The scale of this aid places it on par with China and India and ahead of many western donors.[186] The Brazilian South-South aid has been described as a "global model in waiting."[187]
The armed forces of Brazil consist of the Brazilian Army, the Brazilian Navy, and the Brazilian Air Force. With a total of 371,199 active personnel,[188] they constitute the largest armed force in Latin America.[189] The Army is responsible for land-based military operations and has 235,978 active personnel.[190]
The Military Police (States' Military Police) is described as an ancillary force of the Army by the constitution, but is under the control of each state's governor.[14] The Navy is responsible for naval operations and for guarding Brazilian territorial waters. It is the oldest of the Brazilian armed forces and the only navy in Latin America to operate an aircraft carrier, the NAe São Paulo (formerly FS Foch of the French Navy).[191] The Air Force is the aerial warfare branch of the Brazilian armed forces, and the largest air force in Latin America, with about 700 manned aircraft in service.[192]
Administrative divisions[link]
Main articles: States of Brazil and Municipalities of Brazil
See also: Regions of Brazil
Brazil is a federation composed of 26 States, one federal district (which contains the capital city, Brasília) and municipalities.[14] States have autonomous administrations, collect their own taxes and receive a share of taxes collected by the Federal government. They have a governor and a unicameral legislative body elected directly by their voters. They also have independent Courts of Law for common justice. Despite this, states have much less autonomy to create their own laws than in the United States. For example, criminal and civil laws can only be voted by the federal bicameral Congress and are uniform throughout the country.[14]
The states and the federal district may be grouped into regions: Northern, Northeast, Central-West, Southeast and Southern. The Brazilian regions are merely geographical, not political or administrative divisions, and they do not have any specific form of government. Although defined by law, Brazilian regions are useful mainly for statistical purposes, and also to define the application of federal funds in development projects.
Municipalities, as the states, have autonomous administrations, collect their own taxes and receive a share of taxes collected by the Union and state government.[14] Each has a mayor and an elected legislative body, but no separate Court of Law. Indeed, a Court of Law organized by the state can encompass many municipalities in a single justice administrative division called comarca (county).
Economy[link]
Main article: Economy of Brazil
Brazil is the largest national economy in Latin America, the world's sixth largest economy at market exchange rates and the seventh largest in purchasing power parity (PPP), according to the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. Brazil has a mixed economy with abundant natural resources. The Brazilian economy has been predicted to become one of the five largest in the world in the decades to come, the GDP per capita following and growing.[195] Its current GDP (PPP) per capita is $10,200, putting Brazil in the 64th position according to World Bank data. It has large and developed agricultural, mining, manufacturing and service sectors, as well as a large labor pool.[196]
Brazilian exports are booming, creating a new generation of tycoons.[197] Major export products include aircraft, electrical equipment, automobiles, ethanol, textiles, footwear, iron ore, steel, coffee, orange juice, soybeans and corned beef.[198] The country has been expanding its presence in international financial and commodities markets, and is one of a group of four emerging economies called the BRIC countries.[199]
Brazil pegged its currency, the real, to the U.S. dollar in 1994. However, after the East Asian financial crisis, the Russian default in 1998[200] and the series of adverse financial events that followed it, the Central Bank of Brazil temporarily changed its monetary policy to a managed-float scheme while undergoing a currency crisis, until definitively changing the exchange regime to free-float in January 1999.[201]
Brazil received an International Monetary Fund rescue package in mid-2002 of $30.4 billion,[203] then a record sum. Brazil's central bank paid back the IMF loan in 2005, although it was not due to be repaid until 2006.[204] One of the issues the Central Bank of Brazil recently dealt with was an excess of speculative short-term capital inflows to the country, which may have contributed to a fall in the value of the U.S. dollar against the real during that period.[205] Nonetheless, foreign direct investment (FDI), related to long-term, less speculative investment in production, is estimated to be $193.8 billion for 2007.[206] Inflation monitoring and control currently plays a major part in the Central bank's role of setting out short-term interest rates as a monetary policy measure.[207]
Between 1993 and 2010, 7'012 mergers & acquisitions with a total known value of $707 billion with the involvement of Brazlian firms have been announced.[208] The year 2010 was a new record in terms of value with 115 bil. USD of transactions. The largest transaction with involvement of Brazilian companies has been: Cia Vale do Rio Doce acquired Inco in a tender offer valued at $18.9 billion USD.
The purchasing power in Brazil is eroded by the so-called Brazil cost.[209]
Components and energy[link]
Brazil's economy is diverse,[210] encompassing agriculture, industry, and many services.[197][211][212][213] The recent economic strength has been due in part to a global boom in commodities prices with exports from beef to soybeans soaring.[212][213] Agriculture and allied sectors like forestry, logging and fishing accounted for 5.1% of the gross domestic product in 2007,[214] a performance that puts agribusiness in a position of distinction in terms of Brazil's trade balance, in spite of trade barriers and subsidizing policies adopted by the developed countries.[vague][215][216]
The industry — from automobiles, steel and petrochemicals to computers, aircraft, and consumer durables— accounted for 30.8% of the gross domestic product.[214] Industry, which is often technologically advanced, is highly concentrated in metropolitan São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Campinas, Porto Alegre, and Belo Horizonte.[217]
Brazil is the world's tenth largest energy consumer with much of its energy coming from renewable sources, particularly hydroelectricity and ethanol; nonrenewable energy is mainly produced from oil and natural gas.[218] A global power in agriculture and natural resources, Brazil experienced tremendous economic growth over the past three decades.[219] It is expected to become a major oil producer and exporter, having recently made huge oil discoveries.[220][221][222] The governmental agencies responsible for the energy policy are the Ministry of Mines and Energy, the National Council for Energy Policy, the National Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels, and the National Agency of Electricity.[223][224]
Science and technology[link]
Main article: Brazilian science and technology
Technological research in Brazil is largely carried out in public universities and research institutes, and more than 73% of funding for basic research comes from government sources.[225] Some of Brazil's most notable technological hubs are the Oswaldo Cruz Institute, the Butantan Institute, the Air Force's Aerospace Technical Center, the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation and the INPE. The Brazilian Space Agency has the most advanced space program in Latin America, with significant capabilities[vague] in launch vehicles, launch sites and satellite manufacturing.[226]
Uranium is enriched at the Resende Nuclear Fuel Factory to fuel the country's energy demands and plans are underway to build the country's first nuclear submarine.[227] Brazil is one of the three countries in Latin America[228] with an operational Synchrotron Laboratory, a research facility on physics, chemistry, material science and life sciences. And Brazil is the first and only Latin American country to have a semiconductor company with its own fab, the CEITEC.[229]
Transport[link]
Main article: Transport in Brazil
Brazil has a large and diverse transport network. Roads are the primary carriers of freight and passenger traffic. The road system totaled 1.98 million km (1.23 million mi) in 2002. The total of paved roads increased from 35,496 km (22,056 mi) in 1967 to 184,140 km (114,425 mi) in 2002.[230]
Brazil's railway system has been declining since 1945, when emphasis shifted to highway construction. The total length of railway track was 30,875 km (19,186 mi) in 2002, as compared with 31,848 km (19,789 mi) in 1970. Most of the railway system belongs to the Federal Railroad Corp., with a majority government interest. The government also privatized seven lines in 1997.[231] The São Paulo Metro was the first underground transit system in Brazil. The other metro systems are in Rio de Janeiro, Porto Alegre, Recife, Belo Horizonte, Brasília, Teresina, Fortaleza, and Salvador.
There are about 2,500 airports in Brazil, including landing fields: the second largest number in the world, after the United States.[232] São Paulo-Guarulhos International Airport, near São Paulo, is the largest and busiest airport, handling the vast majority of popular and commercial traffic of the country and connecting the city with virtually all major cities across the world.[233]
Coastal shipping links widely separated parts of the country. Bolivia and Paraguay have been given free ports at Santos. Of the 36 deep-water ports, Santos, Itajaí, Rio Grande, Paranaguá, Rio de Janeiro, Sepetiba, Vitória, Suape, Manaus and São Francisco do Sul are the most important.[234]
Demographics[link]
Main articles: Demographics of Brazil and Brazilian people
See also: Immigration to Brazil and Municipalities of Brazil
The population of Brazil, as recorded by the 2008 PNAD, was approximately 190 million[235] (22.31 inhabitants per square kilometer), with a ratio of men to women of 0.95:1[236] and 83.75% of the population defined as urban.[237] The population is heavily concentrated in the Southeastern (79.8 million inhabitants) and Northeastern (53.5 million inhabitants) regions, while the two most extensive regions, the Center-West and the North, which together make up 64.12% of the Brazilian territory, have a total of only 29.1 million inhabitants.
The first census in Brazil was carried out in 1872 and recorded a population of 9,930,478.[238] From 1880 to 1930, 4 million Europeans arrived.[239] Brazil's population increased significantly between 1940 and 1970, due to a decline in the mortality rate, even though the birth rate underwent a slight decline. In the 1940s the annual population growth rate was 2.4%, rising to 3.0% in the 1950s and remaining at 2.9% in the 1960s, as life expectancy rose from 44 to 54 years[240] and to 72.6 years in 2007.[241] It has been steadily falling since the 1960s, from 3.04% per year between 1950–1960 to 1.05% in 2008 and is expected to fall to a negative value of –0.29% by 2050 [242] thus completing the demographic transition.[243]
In 2008, the illiteracy rate was 11.48%[244] and among the youth (ages 15–19) 1.74%. It was highest (20.30%) in the Northeast, which had a large proportion of rural poor.[245] Illiteracy was high (24.18%) among the rural population and lower (9.05%) among the urban population.[246]
Race and ethnicity[link]
According to the National Research by Household Sample (PNAD) of 2008, 48.43% of the population (about 92 million) described themselves as White; 43.80% (about 83 million) as Brown (Multiracial), 6.84% (about 13 million) as Black; 0.58% (about 1.1 million) as Asian; and 0.28% (about 536 thousand) as Amerindian (officially called indígena, Indigenous), while 0.07% (about 130 thousand) did not declare their race.[247]
In 2007, the National Indian Foundation reported the existence of 67 different uncontacted tribes, up from 40 in 2005. Brazil is believed to have the largest number of uncontacted peoples in the world.[248]
| Race and ethnicity in Brazil[249][250][251] | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ethnicity | Percentage | |||
| White |
|
47.7% | ||
| Brown (Multiracial) |
|
43.1% | ||
| Black |
|
7.6% | ||
| Asian |
|
1.1% | ||
| Amerindian |
|
0.4% | ||
About 95% to 99% of Brazilians descend from the country's indigenous peoples and Portuguese settlers, while near 85% to 95% also have African slave ancestors.[252] Since the arrival of the Portuguese in 1500, considerable miscegenation between these groups has taken place, in all regions of the country (being the European one dominant nationwide according to the vast majority of all autosomal studies undertaken covering the entire population, accounting for between 65% to 77%).[253][254][255][256]
Also is common intermixing between Brazilians which are descendants of more recent extractions and those of older ones, or different immigrant communities. It has never been a widespread taboo in any ethnic community for the notable exceptions of first German and latter Japanese ones, which nevertheless fully integrated in the second halfs of the 19th and 20th centuries respectively (in Brazilian culture, ethnic preservation taboos are regarded as plain fear of outsiders – in part inherited from nationalism defining a single Brazilian cultural identity, with no space to any other).
Brazilian society is more markedly divided by social class lines – although a high income disparity is found between race groups, so racism and classism can be conflated. Socially significant closeness to one racial group is taken in account more in the basis of appearance (phenotypes) rather than ancestry, to the extent that full siblings can pertain to different "racial" groups.[257] Socioeconomic factors are also significant, because a minority of pardos are likely to start declaring themselves White or Black if socially upward.[258] Skin color and facial features do not line quite well with ancestry (usually, Afro-Brazilians are evenly mixed and European ancestry is dominant in Whites and pardos with a significant non-European contribution, but the individual variation is great).[256][259][260][261]
The brown population (as multiracial Brazilians are officially called; pardo in Portuguese, also colloquially moreno, or swarthy)[262][263] is a broad category that includes caboclos (assimilated Amerindians in general, and descendants of Whites and Natives), mulatos (descendants of primarily Whites and Afro-Brazilians) and cafuzos (descendants of Afro-Brazilians and Natives).[252][262][263][264][265][266] People of considerable Amerindian ancestry form the majority of the population in the Northern, Northeastern and Center-Western regions.[267] Higher percents of Blacks, mulattoes and tri-racials can be found in the eastern coast of the Northeastern region from Bahia to Paraíba[266][268] and also in northern Maranhão,[269][270] southern Minas Gerais[271] and in eastern Rio de Janeiro.[266][271] From the 19th century, Brazil opened its borders to immigration. About five million people from over 60 countries migrated to Brazil between 1808 and 1972, most of them of Portuguese, Italian, Spaniard, German, Japanese and Middle Eastern origin.[272]
Religion[link]
Main article: Religion in Brazil
| Religion in Brazil (2000 Census)[273] | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Religion | Percent | |||
| Roman Catholicism |
|
73.6% | ||
| Protestantism |
|
15.4% | ||
| No religion |
|
7.4% | ||
| Spiritism |
|
1.3% | ||
| Other Christian |
|
1.2% | ||
| Others |
|
1.1% | ||
Brazil possesses a richly spiritual society formed from the meeting of the Roman Catholic Church with the religious traditions of African slaves and indigenous peoples. This confluence of faiths during the Portuguese colonization of Brazil led to the development of a diverse array of syncretistic practices within the overarching umbrella of Brazilian Roman Catholicism, characterized by traditional Portuguese festivities,[274] and in some instances, Allan Kardec's Spiritism (most Brazilian Spiritists are also Christians). Religious pluralism increased during the 20th century, and a Protestant community has grown to include over 15% of the population. The most common Protestant denominations are Pentecostal, Evangelical, Baptist, Seventh-day Adventist, Lutheran and the reformed churches.
Roman Catholicism is the country's predominant faith. Brazil has the world's largest Catholic population.[275] According to the 2000 Demographic Census (the PNAD survey does not inquire about religion), 73.57% of the population followed Roman Catholicism; 15.41% Protestantism; 1.33% Kardecist spiritism; 1.22% other Christian denominations; 0.31% Afro-Brazilian religions; 0.13% Buddhism; 0.05% Judaism; 0.02% Islam; 0.01% Amerindian religions; 0.59% other religions, undeclared or undetermined; while 7.35% have no religion.[273]
However, in the last ten years Protestantism, particularly Pentecostal and/or Evangelical Protestantism, has spread in Brazil, while the proportion of Catholics has dropped significantly.[276] After Protestantism, individuals professing no religion are also a significant group, exceeding 7% of the population in the 2000 census. The cities of Boa Vista, Salvador and Porto Velho have the greatest proportion of Irreligious residents in Brazil. Teresina, Fortaleza, and Florianópolis were the most Roman Catholic in the country.[277] Greater Rio de Janeiro, not including the city proper, is the most Irreligious and least Roman Catholic Brazilian periphery, while Greater Porto Alegre and Greater Fortaleza are in the opposite sides of the lists respectively.[277]
Urbanization[link]
Main article: List of largest cities in Brazil
According to IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics) urban areas already concentrate 84.35% of the population, while the Southeast region remains the most populated one, with over 80 million inhabitants.[278] The largest metropolitan areas in Brazil are São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, and Belo Horizonte — all in the Southeastern Region — with 19.5, 11.5, and 5.1 million inhabitants respectively.[279] Almost all of the state capitals are the largest cities in their states, except for Vitória, the capital of Espírito Santo, and Florianópolis, the capital of Santa Catarina. There are also non-capital metropolitan areas in the states of São Paulo (Campinas, Santos and the Paraíba Valley), Minas Gerais (Steel Valley), Rio Grande do Sul (Sinos Valley) and Santa Catarina (Itajaí Valley).[280]
|
Largest cities or towns of Brazil 2010 Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics estimate[281] |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rank | City name | State | Pop. | Rank | City name | State | Pop. | ||
São Paulo |
1 | São Paulo | São Paulo | 11,316,149 | 11 | Belém | Pará | 1,402,056 |  Salvador |
| 2 | Rio de Janeiro | Rio de Janeiro | 6,355,949 | 12 | Goiânia | Goiás | 1,318,148 | ||
| 3 | Salvador | Bahia | 3,093,605 | 13 | Guarulhos | São Paulo | 1,233,426 | ||
| 4 | Brasília | Distrito Federal | 2,609,997 | 14 | Campinas | São Paulo | 1,088,611 | ||
| 5 | Fortaleza | Ceará | 2,476,589 | 15 | São Luís | Maranhão | 1,027,429 | ||
| 6 | Belo Horizonte | Minas Gerais | 2,385,639 | 16 | São Gonçalo | Rio de Janeiro | 1,008,064 | ||
| 7 | Manaus | Amazonas | 1,832,423 | 17 | Maceió | Alagoas | 943,109 | ||
| 8 | Curitiba | Paraná | 1,764,540 | 18 | Duque de Caxias | Rio de Janeiro | 861,157 | ||
| 9 | Recife | Pernambuco | 1,536,934 | 19 | Teresina | Piauí | 822,363 | ||
| 10 | Porto Alegre | Rio Grande do Sul | 1,413,094 | 20 | Natal | Rio Grande do Norte | 810,780 | ||
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Language[link]
Main articles: Languages of Brazil, Portuguese language, Brazilian Portuguese, and List of endangered languages in Brazil
The official language of Brazil is Portuguese[12] (Article 13 of the Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil), which almost all of the population speaks and is virtually the only language used in newspapers, radio, television, and for business and administrative purposes. The most famous exception to this is a strong sign language law that was passed by the National Congress of Brazil. Legally recognized in 2002,[282] the law was regulated in 2005.[283] The law mandates the use of the Brazilian Sign Language, more commonly known by its Portuguese acronym LIBRAS, in education and government services. The language must be taught as a part of the education and speech and language pathology curricula. LIBRAS teachers, instructors and translators are recognized professionals. Schools and health services must provide access ("include") to deaf people.
Brazilian Portuguese has had its own development, mostly similar to 16th century Central and Southern dialects of European Portuguese[284] (despite a very substantial number of Portuguese colonial settlers, and more recent immigrants, coming from Northern regions, and in minor degree Portuguese Macaronesia), with some influences from the Amerindian and African languages, especially West African and Bantu.[285] As a result, the language is somewhat different, mostly in phonology, from the language of Portugal and other Portuguese-speaking countries (the dialects of the other countries, partly due to the more recent end of Portuguese colonialism in these regions, have a closer connexion to contemporary European Portuguese). These differences are comparable to those between American and British English.[285]
Brazil is the only Portuguese-speaking nation in the Americas, making the language an important part of Brazilian national identity and giving it a national culture distinct from those of its Spanish-speaking neighbors.[286]
In 1990, the Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP), which included representatives from all countries with Portuguese as the official language, reached an agreement on the reform of the Portuguese orthography to unify the two standards then in use by Brazil on one side and the remaining lusophone countries on the other. This spelling reform went into effect in Brazil on January 1, 2009. In Portugal, the reform was signed into law by the President on July 21, 2008 allowing for a 6-year adaptation period, during which both orthographies will co-exist. The remaining CPLP countries are free to establish their own transition chronogram.[287]
Minority languages are spoken throughout the nation. One hundred and eighty Amerindian languages are spoken in remote areas and a significative number of other languages are spoken by immigrants and their descendants.[285] In the municipality of São Gabriel da Cachoeira, Nheengatu (a currently endangered South American creole language – or an 'anti-creole', according to some linguists – with mostly Indigenous Brazilian languages lexicon and Portuguese-based grammar that, together with its southern relative língua geral paulista, once was a major lingua franca in Brazil, being replaced by Portuguese only after governmental prohibition led by major political changes), Baniwa and Tucano languages had been granted co-official status with Portuguese.[288] There are significant communities of German (mostly the Brazilian Hunsrückisch, a High German language dialect) and Italian (mostly the Talian, a Venetian dialect) origins in the Southern and Southeastern regions, whose ancestors' native languages were carried along to Brazil, and which, still alive there, are influenced by the Portuguese language.[289][290] Talian is officially a historic patrimony of Rio Grande do Sul,[291] and two German dialects possess co-official status in a few municipalities.[292][293][294][295][296][297][298]
Learning at least one second language (generally English and/or Spanish) is mandatory for all the 12 grades of the mandatory education system (primary and secondary education, there called ensino fundamental and ensino médio respectively). Brazil is the first country in South America to offer Esperanto to High School students.[299]
Culture[link]
Main article: Culture of Brazil
 |
Choro "1 x 0" ("Um a zero"), recorded by Pixinguinha and Benedito Lacerda. Choro is a brazilian genre of instrumental music.
|
| Problems listening to this file? See media help. | |
The core culture of Brazil is derived from Portuguese culture, because of its strong colonial ties with the Portuguese empire. Among other influences, the Portuguese introduced the Portuguese language, Roman Catholicism and colonial architectural styles.[300] The culture was, however, also strongly influenced by African, indigenous and non-Portuguese European cultures and traditions.[301][broken citation] Some aspects of Brazilian culture were influenced by the contributions of Italian, German and other European as well Japanese and Arab immigrants who arrived in large numbers in the South and Southeast of Brazil.[302][broken citation] The indigenous Amerindians influenced Brazil's language and cuisine; and the Africans influenced language, cuisine, music, dance and religion.[303]
Brazilian art has developed since the 16th century into different styles that range from Baroque (the dominant style in Brazil until the early 19th century)[305][306] to Romanticism, Modernism, Expressionism, Cubism, Surrealism and Abstractionism.
Brazilian cinema dates back to the birth of the medium in the late 19th century and has gained a new level of international acclaim in recent years.[307][broken citation]
Music[link]
Brazilian music encompasses various regional styles influenced by African, European and Amerindian forms. It developed distinctive styles, among them samba, MPB, choro, Sertanejo, brega, forró, frevo, maracatu, bossa nova, and axé.
Literature[link]
Brazilian literature dates back to the 16th century, to the writings of the first Portuguese explorers in Brazil, such as Pêro Vaz de Caminha, filled with descriptions of fauna, flora and natives that amazed Europeans that arrived in Brazil.[308][broken citation] Brazil produced significant works in Romanticism — novelists like Joaquim Manuel de Macedo and José de Alencar wrote novels about love and pain. Alencar, in his long career, also treated Indigenous people as heroes in the Indigenist novels O Guarany, Iracema, Ubirajara.[309]
Cuisine[link]
Main article: Brazilian cuisine
Brazilian cuisine varies greatly by region, reflecting the country's mix of native and immigrant populations. This has created a national cuisine marked by the preservation of regional differences.[310] Examples are Feijoada, considered the country's national dish;[311] and regional foods such as vatapá, moqueca, polenta and acarajé.[312]
Brazil has a variety of candies such as brigadeiros (chocolate fudge balls), cocada (a coconut sweet), beijinhos (coconut truffles and clove) and romeu e julieta (cheese with a guava jam known as goiabada). Peanut is used to make paçoca, rapadura and pé-de-moleque. Local common fruits like açaí, cupuaçu, mango, papaya, cocoa, cashew, guava, orange, passionfruit, pineapple, and hog plum are turned in juices and used to make chocolates, popsicles and ice cream.[313]
Popular snacks are pastel (a pastry), coxinha (chicken croquete), pão de queijo (cheese bread and cassava flour / tapioca), pamonha (corn and milk paste), esfirra (Lebanese pastry), kibbeh (from Arabic cuisine), empanada (pastry) and empada little salt pies filled with shrimps or hearth of palm.
But the everyday meal consist mosty of rice and beans with beef and salad.[314] Its common to mix it with cassava flour (farofa). Fried potatoes, fried cassava, fried banana, fried meat and fried cheese are very often eaten in lunch and served in most typical restaurants.[315]
The national beverage is coffee and cachaça is Brazil's native liquor. Cachaça is distilled from sugar cane and is the main ingredient in the national cocktail, Caipirinha.
Sports[link]
Main article: Sport in Brazil
The most popular sport in Brazil is football (soccer). The Brazilian national football team is ranked among the best in the world according to the FIFA World Rankings, and has won the World Cup tournament a record five times.[317]
Basketball, volleyball, auto racing, and martial arts also attract large audiences. Brazil men's national volleyball team, for example, currently holds the titles of the World League, World Grand Champions Cup, World Championship and the World Cup.
Others sports practiced in Brazil are tennis, team handball, swimming, and gymnastics have found a growing number of enthusiasts over the last decades. Some sport variations have their origins in Brazil: beach football,[318] futsal (indoor football)[319] and footvolley emerged in Brazil as variations of football. In martial arts, Brazilians developed Capoeira,[320] Vale tudo,[321] and Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu.[322] In auto racing, three Brazilian drivers have won the Formula One world championship eight times.[323][324][325]
Brazil has hosted several high-profile international sporting events, including UFC 134, the 1950 FIFA World Cup[326] and has been chosen to host the 2014 FIFA World Cup.[327] The São Paulo circuit, Autódromo José Carlos Pace, hosts the annual Grand Prix of Brazil.[328]
São Paulo organized the IV Pan American Games in 1963,[329] and Rio de Janeiro hosted the XV Pan American Games in 2007.[329] On 2 October 2009, Rio de Janeiro was selected to host the 2016 Olympic Games, the first to be held in South America[330] and second in Latin America after Mexico City. Further, the country hosted the FIBA Basketball World Cups in 1954 and 1963. At the 1963 event, the Brazil national basketball team won one of its two world championship titles.[331]
In May 2010 Brazil launched TV Brasil Internacional, an international television station, initially broadcasting to 49 countries. Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, former President of Brazil, described its aim as "presenting Brazil to the world."[332]
See also[link]
- Outline of Brazil
- Index of Brazil-related articles
- International rankings of Brazil
- List of Brazilians
References[link]
- ^ "Demographics". Brazilian Government. 2011. http://www.brasil.gov.br/sobre/brazil/brazil-in-numbers/demographics. Retrieved 2011-10-08. (English)
- ^ "Caracteristicas da População e dos Domicílios do Censo Demográfico 2010 — Cor ou raça" (PDF). http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/censo2010/caracteristicas_da_populacao/tabelas_pdf/tab3.pdf. Retrieved 2012-04-07.
- ^ IBGE. Censo 2010: população do Brasil é de 190.732.694 pessoas.
- ^ IBGE. 2011 Population Projection
- ^ a b c d "Brazil". International Monetary Fund. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2012/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=48&pr.y=11&sy=2009&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=223&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=. Retrieved 2012-04-17.
- ^ Country Comparison to the World: Gini Index – Brazil The World Factbook. Retrieved on 2012-04-03.
- ^ UNDP Human Development Report 2011. "Table 1: Human development index 2011 and its components" (PDF). UNDP. http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2011_EN_Table1.pdf. Retrieved 2011-12-04.
- ^ The European Portuguese pronunciation is IPA: [bɾɐˈziɫ]
- ^ As on for example the national website.
- ^ Mugnier, Clifford (January 2009). Grids & Datums – Federative Republic of Brazil. Archived from the original on 2009-06-21. http://web.archive.org/web/20090621192851/http://www.asprs.org/resources/grids/01-2009-brazil.pdf.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "Geography of Brazil". Central Intelligence Agency. 2008. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/br.html. Retrieved 2008-06-03.
- ^ a b "People of Brazil". Central Intelligence Agency. 2008. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/br.html. Retrieved 2008-06-03.
- ^ a b "Introduction of Brazil". Central Intelligence Agency. 2008. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/br.html. Retrieved 2008-06-03.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r "Brazilian Federal Constitution" (in Portuguese). Presidency of the Republic. 1988. http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/Constituicao/Constituiçao.htm. Retrieved 2008-06-03. "Brazilian Federal Constitution". v-brazil.com. 2007. http://www.v-brazil.com/government/laws/titleI.html. Retrieved 2008-06-03. "Unofficial translate"
- ^ "Territorial units of the municipality level" (in Portuguese). Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. 2008. http://www.sidra.ibge.gov.br/bda/territorio/tabunit.asp?n=6&t=2&z=t&o=4. Retrieved 2008-06-03.
- ^ "World Development Indicators database" (PDF file), World Bank, 7 October 2009.
- ^ "CIA – The World Factbook – Country Comparisons – GDP (purchasing power parity)". Cia.gov. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2001rank.html. Retrieved 25 January 2011.
- ^ Clendenning, Alan (2008-04-17). "Booming Brazil could be world power soon". USA Today – The Associated Press. p. 2. http://www.usatoday.com/money/economy/2008-04-17-310212789_x.htm. Retrieved 2008-12-12.
- ^ CNRTL – Centre National de Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales (French)
- ^ Michaelis – Moderno Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa (Portuguese)
- ^ iDicionário Aulete (Portuguese)
- ^ (Portuguese) Eduardo Bueno, Brasil: uma História (São Paulo: Ática, 2003; ISBN 85-08-08213-4), p.36.
- ^ Boxer, p. 98.
- ^ a b Boxer, p. 100.
- ^ Boxer, pp. 100–101.
- ^ a b Skidmore, p. 27.
- ^ Boxer, p. 101.
- ^ Boxer, p. 108
- ^ a b Boxer, p. 102.
- ^ Skidmore, pp. 30, 32.
- ^ Skidmore, p. 36.
- ^ Boxer, p. 110
- ^ Skidmore, p. 34.
- ^ Skidmore, pp. 32–33.
- ^ Bueno, pp. 80–81.
- ^ Facsimiles of multiple original documents relating about the events in Brazil in the 17th century that led to a Dutch influence and their final defeat
- ^ Calmon, p. 294.
- ^ Bueno, p. 86.
- ^ Boxer, p. 164.
- ^ Boxer, pp. 168, 170.
- ^ Boxer, p. 169.
- ^ Boxer, p. 207.
- ^ a b Boxer, p. 213.
- ^ Bueno, p. 145.
- ^ Calmon (2002), p. 191.
- ^ Lustosa, pp. 109–110
- ^ Lustosa, pp. 117–119
- ^ Lustosa, pp. 150–153
- ^ Vianna, p. 418
- ^ Hendrik Kraay apud Lorenzo Aldé, Revista de História da Biblioteca Nacional, issue 50, year 5 (Rio de Janeiro: SABIN, 2009), p. 20
- ^ Sérgio Buarque de Holanda, O Brasil Monárquico: o processo de emancipação, 4th ed. (São Paulo: Difusão Européia do Livro, 1976), p. 403
- ^ Diégues 2004, pp. 168, 164, 178
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- ^ Carvalho (2007), pp. 9, 222
- ^ Lyra (v.1), p. 166
- ^ Lyra (v.3), p. 62
- ^ Vainfas, p. 18
- ^ a b Munro, p. 280
- ^ George Ermakoff, Rio de Janeiro – 1840–1900 – Uma crônica fotográfica (Rio de Janeiro: G. Ermakoff Casa Editorial, 2006), p. 189
- ^ Schwarcz, p. 444
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- ^ Barman (1999), p. 399
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- ^ Lyra (v.3), p. 126
- ^ Barman (1999), p. 361
- ^ Ricardo Salles, Nostalgia Imperial (Rio de Janeiro: Topbooks, 1996), p. 194 – However, the monarchist reaction after the fall of the empire and the subsequent exile of the Imperial Family "was not small and even less was its repression".
- ^ Lyra (v.3), p. 99
- ^ Schwarcz, pp. 450, 457
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- ^ Levine 1995, Ch. 4
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- ^ Bueno, pp. 328 and 331
- ^ Bradford Burns 1993, Ibidem p352
- ^ Fausto (2005), p. 249
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- ^ Skidmore, p. 162
- ^ Bueno, p. 336
- ^ Skidmore, p. 164
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- ^ M.Sharp, I.Westwell & J.Westwood; "History of World War I, Volume 1" Marshall Cavendish Corporation 2002, p. 97
- ^ Barman 1999, Ibidem Page405 2nd paragraph
- ^ Mónica Hirst & Andrew Hurrell; "The United States and Brazil: a long road of unmet expectations" Taylor & Francis Books 2005 ISBN 0-415-95066-X pp. 4–5
- ^ See Scheina, 2003 Part 9; Ch. 17 – World War II, Brazil and Mexico, 1942–45
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- ^ Bueno, pp. 346–347
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- ^ Skidmore, p. 201
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- ^ a b Gaspari, A Ditadura Envergonhada, p. 35.
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- ^ The name of the current Brazilian currency came both from the Real Unity of Value (a transition currency) and from an older currency that existed until 1942. In Portuguese it is called "Real", meaning "royal", as it originated in Portugal, then a monarchy (Skidmore, p. 311).
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- ^ Candido; Antonio. (1970) Vários escritos. São Paulo: Duas Cidades. p.18
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Bibliographic[link]
- Azevedo, Aroldo. O Brasil e suas regiões. São Paulo: Companhia Editora Nacional, 1971. (Portuguese)
- Barman, Roderick J. Citizen Emperor: Pedro II and the Making of Brazil, 1825–1891. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999. ISBN 0-8047-3510-7 (English)
- Boxer, Charles R.. O império marítimo português 1415–1825. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2002. ISBN 85-359-0292-9 (Portuguese)
- Bueno, Eduardo. Brasil: uma História. São Paulo: Ática, 2003. (Portuguese) ISBN 85-08-08213-4
- Calmon, Pedro. História da Civilização Brasileira. Brasília: Senado Federal, 2002. (Portuguese)
- Carvalho, José Murilo de. D. Pedro II. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2007. (Portuguese)
- Coelho, Marcos Amorim. Geografia do Brasil. 4th ed. São Paulo: Moderna, 1996. (Portuguese)
- Diégues, Fernando. A revolução brasílica. Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, 2004. (Portuguese)
- Enciclopédia Barsa. Volume 4: Batráquio – Camarão, Filipe. Rio de Janeiro: Encyclopædia Britannica do Brasil, 1987. (Portuguese)
- Fausto, Boris and Devoto, Fernando J. Brasil e Argentina: Um ensaio de história comparada (1850–2002), 2nd ed. São Paulo: Editoria 34, 2005. ISBN 8573263083 (Portuguese)
- Gaspari, Elio. A ditadura envergonhada. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2002. ISBN 85-359-0277-5 (Portuguese)
- Janotti, Aldo. O Marquês de Paraná: inícios de uma carreira política num momento crítico da história da nacionalidade. Belo Horizonte: Itatiaia, 1990. (Portuguese)
- Lyra, Heitor. História de Dom Pedro II (1825–1891): Ascenção (1825–1870). v.1. Belo Horizonte: Itatiaia, 1977. (Portuguese)
- Lyra, Heitor. História de Dom Pedro II (1825–1891): Declínio (1880–1891). v.3. Belo Horizonte: Itatiaia, 1977. (Portuguese)
- Lustosa, Isabel. D. Pedro I: um herói sem nenhum caráter. São Paulo: Companhia das letras, 2006. ISBN 85-359-0807-2 (Portuguese)
- Moreira, Igor A. G. O Espaço Geográfico, geografia geral e do Brasil. 18. Ed. São Paulo: Ática, 1981. (Portuguese)
- Munro, Dana Gardner. The Latin American Republics; A History. New York: D. Appleton, 1942. (English)
- Schwarcz, Lilia Moritz. As barbas do Imperador: D. Pedro II, um monarca nos trópicos. 2nd ed. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 1998. ISBN 85-7164-837-9 (Portuguese)
- Skidmore, Thomas E. Uma História do Brasil. 4th ed. São Paulo: Paz e Terra, 2003. (Portuguese) ISBN 85-219-0313-8
- Souza, Adriana Barreto de. Duque de Caxias: o homem por trás do monumento. Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira, 2008. (Portuguese) ISBN 978-85-200-0864-5
- Vainfas, Ronaldo. Dicionário do Brasil Imperial. Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, 2002. ISBN 85-7302-441-0 (Portuguese)
- Vesentini, José William. Brasil, sociedade e espaço – Geografia do Brasil. 7th Ed. São Paulo: Ática, 1988. (Portuguese)
- Vianna, Hélio. História do Brasil: período colonial, monarquia e república, 15th ed. São Paulo: Melhoramentos, 1994. (Portuguese)
Further reading[link]
- Alves, Maria Helena Moreira (1985). State and Opposition in Military Brazil. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.
- Amann, Edmund (1990). The Illusion of Stability: The Brazilian Economy under Cardoso. World Development (pp. 1805–1819).
- "Background Note: Brazil". US Department of State. http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35640.htm. Retrieved 2011-06-16.
- Bellos, Alex (2003). Futebol: The Brazilian Way of Life. London: Bloomsbury Publishing plc.
- Bethell, Leslie (1991). Colonial Brazil. Cambridge: CUP.
- Costa, João Cruz (1964). A History of Ideas in Brazil. Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.
- Fausto, Boris (1999). A Concise History of Brazil. Cambridge: CUP.
- Furtado, Celso. The Economic Growth of Brazil: A Survey from Colonial to Modern Times. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
- Leal, Victor Nunes (1977). Coronelismo: The Municipality and Representative Government in Brazil. Cambridge: CUP.
- Malathronas, John (2003). Brazil: Life, Blood, Soul. Chichester: Summersdale.
- Martinez-Lara, Javier (1995). Building Democracy in Brazil: The Politics of Constitutional Change. Macmillan.
- Prado Júnior, Caio (1967). The Colonial Background of Modern Brazil. Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.
- Schneider, Ronald (1995). Brazil: Culture and Politics in a New Economic Powerhouse. Boulder Westview.
- Skidmore, Thomas E. (1974). Black Into White: Race and Nationality in Brazilian Thought. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Wagley, Charles (1963). An Introduction to Brazil. New York, New York: Columbia University Press.
- The World Almanac and Book of Facts: Brazil. New York, NY: World Almanac Books. 2006.
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- Official Tourist Guide of Brazil
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