Chogyal of Sikkim
Former Monarchy
Seal of Sikkim
120px
First monarch	Chogyal Phuntsog Namgyal
Last monarch	Chogyal Palden Thondup Namgyal
Official residence	Gangtok, Sikkim
Appointer	Crowned by three revered lamas who arrived there from three different directions, namely the north, west and south
Monarchy started	1642
Monarchy ended	May 16, 1975
Current pretender	Wangchuk Namgyal

The Chogyal (Tibetan: "ཆོས་རྒྱལ, Wylie: chos rgyal) were the monarchs of the former kingdoms of Sikkim and Ladakh, which were ruled by separate branches of the Namgyal family. The Chogyal, or divine ruler, was the absolute potentate of Sikkim from 1642 to 1975, when monarchy was abrogated and its people voted to make Sikkim India's 22nd state.

However, Chogyal meaning "Dharma Raja" or "Religious King" is a title which was also conferred upon a special class of temporal and spiritual rulers.

In Bhutan the Chogyal were also known as the Dharmaraja, or Kings of Dharma, and Shabdrung. In this context, the Chogyal was a recognized reincarnation (or succession of reincarnations) of Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyal, the 17th Century Tibetan-born founder of Bhutan. A position of supreme importance, the Bhutanese Chogyal was above both the highest monastic authority, the Je Khenpo, and the highest temporal ruler, the Deb Raja or Druk Desi.^[1] The Tibetan Dzogchen teacher Namkhai Norbu holds this title as a recognized reincarnation of Ngawang Namgyel, and there is also a line of claimed reincarnations in Bhutan and India. The remainder of this article deals with the Chogyal of Sikkim. For Bhutan, see Shabdrung.

History[link]

From 1642 to 1975, Sikkim was ruled by the Namgyal Monarchy (also called the Chogyal Monarchy), founded by the fifth-generation descendants of Guru Tashi, a prince of the Minyak House who came to Sikkim from the Kham district of Tibet (link to Tibet page?).^[2] Chogyal means 'righteous ruler,' and was the title conferred upon Sikkim's Buddhist kings during the reign of the Namgyal Monarchy.^[3]

The reign of the Chogyal was foretold by the patron saint of Sikkim, Guru Rinpoche. The 8th century saint had predicted the rule of the kings when he arrived in the state. In 1642, Chogyal Phuntsog Namgyal was crowned as Sikkim's first ruler in Yuksom. The crowning of the king was a great event and he was crowned by three revered lamas who arrived there from three different directions, namely the north, west and south.

List of Chogyals of Sikkim (1642-1975)[link]

Flag of Sikkim (1914-1962)

Flag of Sikkim (1962-1967)

Flag of Sikkim (1967-1975)

#	Reign	Portrait	Ruler	Events during reign
1	1642–1670		Phuntsog Namgyal	Ascended the throne and was consecrated as the first Chogyal of Sikkim. Made the capital in Yuksom.
2	1670–1700		Tensung Namgyal	Shifted capital to Rabdentse from Yuksom.
3	1700–1717		Chakdor Namgyal	His half-sister Pendiongmu tried to dethrone Chakdor, who fled to Lhasa, but was reinstated as king with the help of Tibetans.
4	1717–1733		Gyurmed Namgyal	Sikkim was attacked by Nepalese.
5	1733–1780		Phuntsog Namgyal II	Nepalese raided Rabdentse, the then capital of Sikkim.
6	1780–1793		Tenzing Namgyal	Chogyal fled to Tibet, and later died there in exile.
7	1793–1863		Tshudpud Namgyal	The longest-reigning Chogyal of Sikkim. Shifted the capital from Rabdentse to Tumlong. Treaty of Titalia in 1817 between Sikkim and British India was signed in which territories lost to Nepal were appropriated to Sikkim. Darjeeling was gifted to British India in 1835. Two Britons, Dr. Arthur Campbell and Dr. Joseph Dalton Hooker were captured by the Sikkimese in 1849. Hostilities between British India and Sikkim continued and led to a treaty signed, in which Darjeeling was ceded to British India.
8	1863–1874		Sidkeong Namgyal
9	1874–1914		Thutob Namgyal	Claude White appointed as the first political officer of Sikkim in 1889. Capital shifted from Tumlong to Gangtok in 1894.
10	1914		Sidkeong Tulku Namgyal	The shortest-reigning Chogyal of Sikkim, ruled from 10 February to 5 December 1914. Died of heart failure, aged 35, in most suspicious circumstances.
11	1914–1963		Tashi Namgyal	Treaty between India and Sikkim was signed in 1950, giving India suzerainty over Sikkim.
12	1963–1975	60px	Palden Thondup Namgyal	Forced to abdicate after illness and a plebiscite. Married Hope Cooke, a US citizen. Died in 1982.

The son from the first marriage of Palden Thondup Namgyal, Wangchuk Namgyal, was named the 13th Chogyal after his father's death on 29 January 1982, but the position no longer confers any official authority.

See also[link]

• Namgyal dynasty of Ladakh

References[link]

External links[link]

• History of the Namgyal Dynasty

Chögyal Namkhai Norbu
Chögyal Namkhai Norbu
Religion	Buddhism
School	Dzogchen
Personal
Nationality	Tibetan
Born	(1938-12-08) December 8, 1938 (age 73) Derge (Kham), Tibet
Senior posting
Title	Rinpoche, Chögyal
Religious career
Teacher	Changchub Dorje
Website	http://www.dzogchen.it/

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Chögyal Namkhai Norbu (Tibetan: ཆོས་རྒྱལ་ནམ་མཁའི་ནོར་བུ་) is a Dzogchen teacher who was born in Derge, Kham district (Eastern Tibet) on 8 December 1938. When he was two years old, Namkhai Norbu was recognized as the 'mindstream emanation', a tulku, of the great Dzogchen teacher, Adzom Drugpa (1842-1924), at five he was also recognized as a mindstream emanation of an emanation of Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyel (1594–1651). From an early age Namkhai Norbu undertook an accelerated course of study, attending monastic college, taking retreats, and studying with renowned teachers, including some of the most important Tibetan masters of his time. Under the tutelage of these teachers, he completed the training required by Buddhist tradition in both Sutrayana and Tantrayana. At the age of sixteen he met master Rigdzin Changchub Dorje (1826-1961/1978),^[1] who became his principal Dzogchen teacher.^[2]

In 1960 he came to Italy at the invitation of Professor Giuseppe Tucci, and served as Professor of Tibetan and Mongolian Language and Literature from 1964 to 1992 at the Naples Eastern University. Namkhai Norbu is widely recognized as a leading authority on Tibetan culture, particularly in the fields of history, literature, and Traditional Tibetan medicine and astrological sciences such as the Tibetan calendar. In 1983, he hosted the first International Convention on Tibetan Medicine, held in Venice, Italy.^[3]

In 1976 Chögyal Namkhai Norbu began to give Dzogchen instruction in the West, first in Italy, then in numerous other countries. He quickly became a respected spiritual authority among many practitioners, and has created centers for the study of Dzogchen around the world. ^[4]

Nomenclature, orthography and etymology[link]

This section details the origins and meaning of the name Chögyal Namkhai Norbu (Tibetan: Chos-rGyal Nam-mkha’i Nor-bu).^[5]

Chögyal is a title most commonly associated with the monarchy of Sikkim, now a state in far-northern India. However, Chögyal (or Chos-rGyal) is a title also conferred upon a special class of temporal and spiritual rulers of the Kingdom of Bhutan, who were recognized mindstream emanations of Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyel, the 17th Century Tibetan-born founder of Bhutan. Namkhai Norbu, recognized at the age of five as an emanation of Ngawang Namgyel, holds the title of Chögyal in this context.^[6]

Namkhai (Tibetan) holds the semantic field of "sky", "space" and "aether," and has the possessive case ending, thus it may be rendered into English as "...of the sky". Norbu (Tibetan) holds the semantic field of "jewel", "crystal", "gem", "cintamani". Therefore, Namkhai Norbu may be rendered in English as "Jewel of the Sky", "Gem of the Aether" or "Crystal of Space".

Recognition as a Tulku[link]

Namkai Norbu is a recognized tulku (also trulku), a reincarnate master. At birth two of Norbu's uncles, the Dzogchen masters Palyul Karma Yangsid and Shechen Rabjam believed him to be the reincarnation of their master, Adzom Drugpa Rinpoche (1841–1934). When Norbu was two years old, this was confirmed by a senior tulku of the Nyingma school.^[6]

Then when he was five years old, the 16th Gyalwa Karmapa and the Situ Rinpoche together recognized Namkhai Norbu as the mind emanation^[7] of the mindstream of another well known teacher, who was in turn the emanation of Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyel, the 17th Century Tibetan-born founder of Bhutan.^[6]

At a very young age, these recognitions conferred upon Namkhai Norbu a great deal of attention and prestige, as he himself remarks: "As I grew up, I was thus given quite a few names and titles, many of which are very long and grand sounding. But I have never used them, because I have always preferred the name my parents gave me at birth."^[6]

Early life[link]

In his early years Namkhai Norbu Rinpoche studied at the Derge Gonchen monastery. At the age of nine he entered a Sakya College where he studied Buddhist philosophy for many years with Khyenrab Chökyi Odzer. He also received numerous tantric and Dzogchen transmissions and teachings from many masters, including his paternal uncle Togden Ugyen Tendzin (who achieved the rainbow body), maternal uncle Khyentse Rinpoche Chökyi Wangchug, Drubwang Rinpoche Kunga Palden, Negyab Rinpoche, Drugse Gyurmed Dorje, Dzongsar Khyentse Rinpoche and Bo Gongkar Rinpoche. In 1951, he also received Chöd teachings from Ayu Khandro Dorje Paldrön (1838–1953), a woman who spent over fifty years in dark retreat and was a disciple of Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo.

Rinpoche was invited to China in 1953 as a representative of the Tibetan monasteries. After visiting Chengdu and Chungching, he accepted the invitation to teach Tibetan language in Menyag. During this time Rinpoche met Kangkar Rinpoche from whom he received instructions on the Six Yogas of Naropa and other teachings.

Rinpoche met his root teacher Rigdzin Changchub Dorje in 1955 and stayed at his residence in Khamdogar for six months. From Changchub Dorje he received the authentic transmission of Dzogchen and realized the essence of the 'Dharma' (subsuming both Wylie: 'chos' & 'bon') as one state of knowledge beyond all limitations. This realization has remained a characteristic feature of his way of teaching throughout his life.

In the late 1950s, Chögyal Namkhai Norbu made a pilgrimage to Tibet, India, and Nepal. While he was residing in Sikkim in 1959, the Chinese occupied Tibet, and as he was unable to return to his homeland to join his family, he remained in Sikkim working as an author and editor for the Government of Sikkim.

Professorship[link]

Recognized as extremely knowledgeable in all aspects of Tibetan culture at only the age of twenty-two, he was invited to Italy by the famous Professor Giuseppe Tucci to work at the ISMEO Institute in Rome for two years. In 1962 he took a post in Naples at the Istituto Universitario Orientale where he taught Tibetan language and literature until 1992. From the time of his residence in Italy, Chögyal Namkhai Norbu focused his research mainly on the ancient history of Tibet investigating thoroughly the autochthonous Bön tradition. His books, which include works on history, Tibetan medicine, astrology, Bön and folk traditions such as namkha, are evidence of his profound knowledge of Tibetan culture and his commitment to preserve this ancient cultural heritage. They have been highly appreciated by Tibetans as well as scholars throughout the world.

Teaching Dzogchen in the West[link]

Trul khor: Yantra Yoga[link]

In 1971 Chögyal Namkhai Norbu began to teach Yantra Yoga, an ancient form of Tibetan Yoga combining movement, breathing and visualization. A few years later he started to give Dzogchen teachings to a small group of Italian students with whom he founded the 'Dzogchen Community' (Wylie: rdzogs chen 'dus sde).^[8] At that time Dzogchen was relatively unknown in the West.

International Dzogchen Community[link]

Tibetan letter "A", the symbol of body of light

As interest in his teachings grew, Rinpoche dedicated himself to spreading Dzogchen and establishing 'gars' (Tibetan), seats of the International Dzogchen Community, throughout the world. Today there are gars in Italy, the United States, Mexico, Venezuela, Argentina, Australia, Romania, Russia and Ukraine. Apart from his spiritual activity, he founded the International Shang-Shung Institute to preserve the cultural traditions of Tibet, and ASIA, a non-profit organization operating in Tibet which is mainly dedicated to serving the educational and medical needs of the Tibetan people.

Bibliography[link]

• Dzogchen and Zen (1984), Blue Dolphin Publishing. ISBN 0-931892-08-2
• The Crystal and the Way of Light: Sutra, Tantra and Dzogchen (1988). Routledge & Kegan Paul. ISBN 0-14-019084-8
• The Cycle of Day and Night: An Essential Tibetan Text on the Practice of Contemplation (1987). Station Hill Press. ISBN 0-88268-040-4
• Primordial Experience: An Introduction to Rdzogs-Chen Meditation (1987) (with Kennard Lipman). Shambhala Publications. ISBN 0-87773-372-4
• The Dzogchen Ritual Practices (1991). Kailash Editions. Restricted distribution.
• Yantra Yoga by Chögyal Namkhai Norbu, Trans. by Adriano Clemente. Snow Lion Publications.
• Dream Yoga and the Practice of Natural Light (1992). Snow Lion Publications. ISBN 1-55939-007-7
• Dzogchen - The Self-Perfected State (1996). Snow Lion Publications. ISBN 1-55939-057-3, ISBN 978-1-55939-057-6
• The Golden Letters (1996) (Foreword). Snow Lion Publications. ISBN 1-55939-050-6
• The Mirror: Advice on the Presence of Awareness (1996). Station Hill Press. ISBN 1-886449-10-4
• Self-Liberation: Through Seeing with Naked Awareness (2000) (Foreword). Station Hill Press. ISBN 0-88268-058-7
• The Supreme Source: The Fundamental Tantra of the Dzogchen Semde (1999) (with Adriano Clemente). Snow Lion Publications. ISBN 1-55939-120-0
• Dream Yoga and the Practice of Natural Light, Revised (2002). Snow Lion Publications. ISBN 1-55939-161-8
• Drung, Deu and Bön (2002). Paljor Publications. ISBN 81-85102-93-7
• Journey Among the Tibetan Nomads (2002). Paljor Publications. ISBN 81-86470-10-7
• Dzogchen Teachings (2006). Snow Lion Publications. ISBN 1-55939-243-6
• Yantra Yoga. The Tibetan Yoga of Movement (2008). Snow Lion Publications. ISBN 1-55939-308-4

See also[link]

• Lucid dream
• Rime movement
• Six Lokas
• Vajranatha
• Zhitro

Notes[link]

External links[link]

This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references. (February 2012)

• Dzogchen Community in Italy - Merigar, The International Dzogchen Community
• Tsegyalgar.org - Dzogchen Communities of North America - Worldwide portal
• Dzogchen Community Of New York - Biography of Chögyal Namkhai Norbu
• The Mirror: Advice on the Presence of Awareness - Essay by Namkhai Norbu on the essential aspects of Dzogchen practice
• Snow Lion Publications: Chögyal Namkhai Norbu - Teaching Schedule & Select Publications
• Dzogchen Community of Peru - Dzogchen Community of Peru
• Tashigar South / Argentina - Summer Continental Gar for South America
• Namgyalgar - Dzogchen Community of Australia and Asia Pacific
• Dzogchen Community in New Zealand
• Dzogchen Community in Volgograd
• Dzogchen Community in Moscow
• Dzogchen Community in Russia
• Yantra Yoga Official WebSite
• Yantra Yoga In Italy
• My Reincarnation - a Documentary by Jennifer Fox