Skyr in a store

Vanilla skyr (skyr með vanillu)

Skyr (Icelandic pronunciation: [ˈscɪːr̥]) is an Icelandic cultured dairy product, similar to strained yogurt. Technically, it is a fresh acid-set cheese.^[1] It is very popular in Icelandic cuisine. It is traditionally served cold with a topping of sugar and cream.^[2]

Skyr is mentioned in a number of medieval Icelandic sources, including the sagas Egils saga and Grettis saga. Just how similar this was to modern-day skyr is difficult to say, as no detailed descriptions of skyr exist from this period. Culinary historian Hallgerður Gísladóttir has suggested that skyr was known throughout Scandinavia at the time of Iceland's settlement but eventually forgotten outside of Iceland.^[3]

Traditionally, skyr is made with raw milk, however modern skyr is made with pasteurized skimmed milk. A small portion of skyr is added to the warm milk, to introduce the right bacteria, such as Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus. Rennet is added as well, and the milk is left to coagulate. The skyr is then strained through fabric to remove the whey (mysa in Icelandic) and the milk solids retained.

Skyr has a slightly sour dairy flavor, with a hint of residual sweetness. Commercial Icelandic manufacturers of skyr have added flavors such as vanilla, berries, etc. common to yogurt to the final product, to increase its appeal. Skyr-based smoothies have become very popular.

Skyr is a popular product in Iceland and can also be purchased in parts of the US,^[4] UK, and Scandinavia at specialty markets. Thise Mejeri in Denmark has produced Skyr since May 2007. As of September 1, 2009, a licensed version produced by Q-meieriene is available in Norway.^[5] In 2011 Q-meieriene launched the product in Sweden.

Varying slightly between brands, unflavored skyr is roughly 12% protein, 3% carbohydrate, and 0.5% fat. It is high in calcium and vitamins commonly found in milk products.

Skyr may be used in a traditional Icelandic dish called hræringur (meaning "stirred" or "made by stirring") which consists of roughly equal amounts of skyr and porridge. It is often mixed with jam or fruit for a dessert, or with cereals for breakfast. Children often like sugar sprinkled on top. It will keep without refrigeration, making it a good high-protein food to take on a trip.

In Norway today, skyr (or more commonly skjør) is also used as a term for other variants of cultured milk products - usually byproducts from cheese production. In its traditional use, it was diluted with water when used as a beverage, or mixed with milk and crumbs of flat-bread as a quick meal.

See also[link]

• Súrmjólk

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Skyr

• Skyr Web Site of Icelandic Skyr producer, MS (Mjólkursamsalan) skyr.is
• Amateur Gourmet blog article on trying skyr
• Food-Info article on skyr
• Recipe for making skyr (in English)
• Iceland woos America with lamb and skyr - NY Times article (October 18, 2005) on Whole Foods introducing skyr to the US.
• Web site of New York-based Skyr producer Siggi's Skyr
• Blog Dynamics of Cats entry on skyr

Lindsey Stirling
Background information
Birth name	Lindsey Stirling
Born	(1986-09-21) September 21, 1986 (age 25) Gilbert, Arizona, U.S.[1][2]
Occupations	Violinist, Performance artist, Composer
Instruments	Violin
Website	http://www.lindseystirlingviolin.com/

Lindsey Stirling (born on September 21, 1986)^[3] is an American violinist, musician, dancer, performance artist, and composer. In 2010 she competed on the fifth season of America's Got Talent.^[4][5][6] Stirling is noted for her versatility performing music from country to hip hop.^[7]

At the age of 23 Stirling was a quarter-finalist on the fifth season of America's Got Talent where she was known as the ‘Hip Hop Violinist’.^[8] After Stirling's performance, Sharon Osbourne said, "Wow... we love you Lindsey!” and Piers Morgan called her performance "Electrifying!".^[9]

Biography[link]

Life and career[link]

At the age of 5, after being influenced by the classic music records played by her father, Stirling requested the opportunity to learn and play the violin.

Stirling was classically trained through private lessons for 12 years. When she was 16, she joined a rock band with four friends called Stomp on Melvin. As part of her experience with Stomp on Melvin, Stirling wrote a solo violin rock song, and her performance helped her to win both the title of Arizona’s Jr. Miss in 2005 and the talent category of the National Jr. Miss Pageant. As of May 2, 2012, Stirling is 5'3" tall.^[10]

Shortly after her performance on America's Got Talent in 2010, cinematographer Devin Graham contacted her via facebook in hopes of making a YouTube video together. A few months later, Stirling replied to him and they scheduled to shoot a music video for her new song, "Spontaneous Me".^[11] It was filmed the week of May 9, 2011 while Graham was on a nearby business trip. The video gave a major boost to Stirling's popularity and she began making music videos for her YouTube channel regularly.^[12] Still close friends afterward, Graham eventually moved to Stirling's home state of Utah and they began dating a few days after her "Transcendence" music video was released.^[13] They have been together since, and frequently collaborate on eachother's YouTube videos; Graham films almost all of her videos, and Stirling often does backup camera work and assistance for his.^[14]

Discography[link]

• Lindsey Stomp (EP, 2010)
  • "Transcendence"
  • "Song of the Caged Bird"
  • "Spontaneous Me"
• "Electric Daisy Violin" (Single, 2011)
• "Shadows" (Single, 2011)
• "River Flows in You" (Single, 2011)
• "Zelda Medley" (Single, 2011)
• "On the Floor Take Three" (Single, 2011)
• "Silent Night" (Single, 2011)
• "Celtic Carol" (Single, 2011)
• "By No Means" (Eppic feat. Lindsey Stirling, 2011)
• "Lord of the Rings Medley" (Single, 2012)
• "Crystallize" (Single, 2012)
• "Skyrim" (Single with Peter Hollens, 2012)^[15]
• "We Found Love" (Single, 2012)

References[link]

External links[link]

• Lindsey Stirling Violin homepage
• Official Twitter
• Lindseystomp on YouTube
• Lindsey Stirling on Google+
• Lindsey Stirling on Facebook

This article is written like a personal reflection or essay rather than an encyclopedic description of the subject. Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style. (June 2011)

Peter Hollens is an American pop singer-songwriter-producer. He has been heavily involved with a cappella music since 1999 when he co-founded (with Leo da Silva) the University of Oregon's award-winning a cappella group On The Rocks, known as the first official collegiate a cappella group in Oregon.^[1] On The Rocks began a tradition of excellence in a genre that was previously unheard of in the Northwest. Originally from Ashland, Oregon, Peter graduated from the University of Oregon with a Bachelor of Music in Vocal performance. Since his graduation from the U of O, he has become very involved with collegiate a cappella,^[2] including recording, producing & judging international a cappella competitions throughout the United States. In 2010, Peter was featured on NBC’s The Sing Off receiving acclaim from The Sing-Off judges Shawn Stockman, Nicole Scherzinger and Ben Folds for solo performances leading On the Rocks, one of America’s premier collegiate a cappella groups.^[3][4] Peter records and produces from his home studio in Eugene, Oregon and recently recorded for Sony and Epic Records. Peter is married to Evynne Hollens, founder of the a cappella group Divisi.

Peter's notable recordings include tracks for "The Sing-Off Season 2-Greatest Hits" as well as many award-winning collegiate a cappella albums for such groups as On the Rocks, Divisi, Cornell's Chordials, the Duke's Men of Yale and the Whiffenpoofs.^[5] He has also recorded sing off season 2 winner's, Committed, the Backbeats from season 2, and the grammy award winning group the Swingle Singers.^[6]

In 2012 he released his first album.

Recent recordings[link]

• "Seasons Of Love" (A Cappella) featuring Evynne Hollens (single)
• "Poor Wayfaring Stranger" (A Cappella) featuring The Swingle Singers (single)
• "Pray" (A Cappella) featuring Therry Thomas of Committed and Courtney Jensen of The Backbeats and Noteworthy. (single)
• "Lullaby" (A Cappella) (single)
• "Need You Now" (A Cappella) featuring Evynne Hollens and Jake Moulton (single)
• "Firework" (A Cappella) (single)^[7]
• "Born This Way" (A Cappella) (single)
• "What's My Name/Only Girl" (A Cappella) (single)
• "Sleepwalking" (A Capella) (single)
• "Skyrim" (Single with Lindsey Stirling, 2012)^[8]

Discography[link]

• HOLLENS (HD) (2012)

National television appearances[link]

On October 22, 2010, On The Rocks and Peter Hollens announced that they were going to be appearing alongside 9 other groups on the NBC competition-reality show The Sing-Off. The first four episodes taped in August and September 2010, with a live finale on December 20. OTR placed 5th among the 10 groups, appearing in all five episodes. All 10 of the groups made an appearance on the live finale and helped congratulate Committed on winning the $100,000 prize and Sony Recording contract. A holiday album was released featuring songs from all 10 groups. Individual tracks (live and studio) were also made through iTunes and can be found at http://www.itunes.com/singoff. Peter Hollens had a solo in every episode.

Songs Performed: Episode 2.1 - Group: Bad Romance (Lady Gaga) Peter: "I've Got the Music in Me" Episode 2.2 - Live Your Life (TI and Rihanna) - Solos: Peter Hollens, Rap: Jeff Rogers Episode 2.3 - Pour Some Sugar On Me Solo: Jonah, Peter Hollens (Def Leppard), Kyrie (Mr. Mister) Solo: Peter Hollens Episode 2.4 - Elton John Medley (Bitch Is Back, Bennie and the Jets, Don't Let The Sun Go Down On Me) Solos: Nick Firth, Jonah Seitz, Peter Hollens Episode 2.5- Swan Song- The Final Countdown (Europe) Solos: Peter Hollens,

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official website
• Peter Hollens' Youtube Channel

Jane Fonda
at the 2007 Cannes Film Festival
Born	Lady Jayne Seymour Fonda (1937-12-21) December 21, 1937 (age 74) New York City, New York, U.S.
Occupation	Actress, writer, activist
Years active	1959–present
Spouse	Roger Vadim (1965–1973, divorced) Tom Hayden (1973–1989, divorced) Ted Turner (1991–2001, divorced)
Children	Vanessa Vadim Troy Garity
Parents	Henry Fonda Frances Ford Seymour
Relatives	Peter Fonda (brother) Bridget Fonda (niece)

Jane Fonda (born Lady Jayne Seymour Fonda; December 21, 1937) is an American actress, writer, political activist, former fashion model, and fitness guru. She rose to fame in the 1960s with films such as Barbarella and Cat Ballou. She has won two Academy Awards and received several other movie awards and nominations during more than 50 years as an actress. After 15 years of retirement, she returned to film in 2005 with Monster in Law, followed by Georgia Rule two years later. She also produced and starred in over 20 exercise videos released between 1982 and 1995, and once again in 2010.

Fonda has been an activist for many political causes; her opposition to the Vietnam War and associated activities were controversial. She has also protested the Iraq War and violence against women. She describes herself as a liberal and a feminist. In 2005, Fonda worked alongside Robin Morgan and Gloria Steinem to co-found the Women's Media Center, an organization that works to amplify the voices of women in the media through advocacy, media and leadership training, and the creation of original content. Fonda currently serves on the board of the organization. Since 2001, Fonda has been a Christian. She published an autobiography in 2005, and in 2011, she published a second memoir, Prime Time.

Family background[link]

Lady Jayne Seymour Fonda was born in New York City, the daughter of actor Henry Fonda and the Canadian-born socialite Frances Ford Seymour Brokaw. Fonda's surname originates from her patrilineal Dutch ancestry; she is also of English descent.^[1] She was named after the third wife of English king Henry VIII, Lady Jane Seymour, to whom she is distantly related on her mother's side.^[2] Her brother, Peter Fonda (born 1940), and his daughter Bridget Fonda, also are actors. Fonda had a maternal half-sister, Frances, who died in 2008.^[3] In 1950, when Fonda was 12, her mother committed suicide while under treatment at a psychiatric hospital.^[4] Later that year Fonda's father married socialite Susan Blanchard (born 1928), only nine years his daughter's senior; this marriage would end in divorce.

At age 15, Fonda taught dance at Fire Island Pines, New York.^[5] She attended the Emma Willard School in Troy, New York, and Vassar College in Poughkeepsie, but dropped out to become a fashion model.^[6] She was twice featured on the cover of Vogue.^[7]

Acting career[link]

Fonda became interested in acting in 1954, while appearing with her father in a charity performance of The Country Girl, at the Omaha Community Playhouse.^[7] When she was five, she and her brother, Peter, used to act out Western stories similar to those their father played in the movies. While at Vassar, she went to Paris for two years to study art. Upon returning to the states, in 1958 she met Lee Strasberg, and started studying acting with him. Fonda said, "I went to the Actors Studio and Lee Strasberg told me I had talent. Real talent. It was the first time that anyone, except my father—who had to say so—told me I was good. At anything. It was a turning point in my life. I went to bed thinking about acting. I woke up thinking about acting. It was like the roof had come off my life!"^[8]

1960s[link]

Her stage work in the late 1950s laid the foundation for her film career in the 1960s. She averaged almost two movies a year throughout the decade, starting in 1960 with Tall Story, in which she recreated one of her Broadway roles as a college cheerleader pursuing a basketball star, played by Anthony Perkins. Period of Adjustment and Walk on the Wild Side followed in 1962. In Walk on the Wild Side Fonda played a prostitute, and earned a Golden Globe for Most Promising Newcomer.

In 1963, she starred in the romantic comedy Sunday in New York. Newsday called her "the loveliest and most gifted of all our new young actresses". However, she also had her detractors—in the same year, the Harvard Lampoon named her the "Year's Worst Actress". Although already an established actress, Fonda did not become "bankable" until appearing in Cat Ballou (1965), in which she played a schoolmarm turned outlaw. This comedy Western received five Oscar nominations and was one of the year's top ten films at the box office. It was considered by many to have been the film that brought Fonda to superstardom at the age of twenty-eight. After this came the romantic comedies Any Wednesday (1966) and Barefoot in the Park (1967), the latter co-starring Robert Redford.

In 1968, she played the title role in the science fiction spoof Barbarella, directed by her French film director husband Roger Vadim, which established her status as a sex symbol. In contrast, the tragedy They Shoot Horses, Don't They? (1969) won her critical acclaim, and she earned her first Oscar nomination for the role. Fonda was very selective by the end of the 1960s, turning down lead roles in Rosemary's Baby and Bonnie and Clyde.

1970s[link]

Fonda won her first Academy Award for Best Actress in 1971, playing a high-class call girl, Bree Daniels, in the murder mystery Klute. She won her second Oscar in 1978 for Coming Home, as a Marine officer's wife who volunteers at a veterans' hospital and becomes involved with a disabled Vietnam War veteran (played by Jon Voight).^[9]

Between Klute in 1971 and Fun With Dick and Jane in 1977, Fonda did not have a major film success. She appeared in A Doll's House (1973), Steelyard Blues and The Blue Bird (1976). At one point, she suggested her politics had worked against her: "I can't say I was blacklisted, but I was greylisted."^[10] However, in her 2005 autobiography, My Life So Far, she rejected such simplification. "The suggestion is that because of my actions against the war my career had been destroyed ... But the truth is that my career, far from being destroyed after the war, flourished with a vigor it had not previously enjoyed."^[11] She reduced acting because of her political activism providing a new focus in her life. Her return to acting in a series of 'issue-driven' films reflected this new focus.

In 1972, Fonda starred as a reporter alongside Yves Montand in Jean-Luc Godard's and Jean-Pierre Gorin's film Tout va bien. The film's directors made Letter to Jane, in which the two spent nearly an hour discussing a news photograph of Fonda.

Through her production company, IPC Films, she produced films that helped return her to star status. The 1977 comedy film Fun With Dick and Jane is generally considered her "comeback" picture. She also received positive reviews, BAFTA and Golden Globe Awards for Best Actress, and an Oscar nomination for her portrayal of the playwright Lillian Hellman in the 1977 film Julia.^[9] During this period, Fonda announced that she would make only films that focused on important issues, and she generally stuck to her word. She turned down An Unmarried Woman because she felt the part was not relevant. She followed with popular and successful films such as The China Syndrome (1979), about a cover-up of an accident in a nuclear power plant; and The Electric Horseman (1979) with her previous co-star, Robert Redford.

1980s[link]

In 1980, Fonda starred in Nine to Five with Lily Tomlin and Dolly Parton. The film was a critical and box office success. Fonda had long wanted to work with her father, hoping it would help their strained relationship.^[9] She achieved this goal when she purchased the screen rights to the play On Golden Pond, specifically for her father and her.^[12] On Golden Pond, which also starred Katharine Hepburn, brought Henry Fonda his only Academy Award for Best Actor, which Jane accepted on his behalf, as he was ill and could not leave home. He died five months later.^[9]

Fonda continued appearing in feature films throughout the 1980s, most notably in the role of Dr. Martha Livingston in Agnes of God. She was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress for her portrayal of an alcoholic murder suspect in the 1986 thriller The Morning After. She ended the decade by appearing in Old Gringo. This was followed by the romantic drama Stanley & Iris (1990), which was her final film for 15 years.

Exercise videos[link]

For many years Fonda took ballet class to keep fit, but after fracturing her foot while filming The China Syndrome, she was no longer able to participate. To compensate, she began participating in aerobics and strengthening exercises under the direction of Leni Cazden. The Leni Workout became the Jane Fonda Workout, which began a second career for her, which continued for many years.^[9] This was considered one of the influences that started the fitness craze among baby boomers, then approaching middle age.

In 1982, Fonda released her first exercise video, titled Jane Fonda's Workout, inspired by her best-selling book, Jane Fonda's Workout Book. The Jane Fonda's Workout became the highest selling home video of the next few years, selling over a million copies. The video's release led many people to buy the then-new VCR in order to watch and perform the workout at home. Fonda subsequently released 23 workout videos with the series selling a total of 17 million copies combined, more than any other exercise series. ^[9] She also released five workout books and thirteen audio programs, through 1995. After a fifteen-year hiatus, she released two new fitness videos on DVD in 2010, aiming at an older audience.^[13]

Retirement and return[link]

Alan Light shown with Fonda following the 62nd Academy Awards in 1990.

In the early 1990s, after three decades in film, Fonda announced her retirement from the film industry.^[14] In May 2005, she returned to the screen with the box office success Monster-in-Law.^[9] In July 2005 the British tabloid The Sun reported that when asked if she would appear in a sequel to her 1980 hit Nine to Five, Fonda replied, "I'd love to".^[15] Fonda appeared in the 2007 Garry Marshall-directed Georgia Rule, starring with Felicity Huffman and Lindsay Lohan.

In 2009, Fonda returned to theater with her first Broadway performance since 1963, playing Katherine Brandt in Moisés Kaufman's 33 Variations.^[16][17] The role earned her a Tony nomination for Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Play.^[18]

She will star alongside Catherine Keener in the upcoming indie film, Peace, Love, and Misunderstanding, to be released in 2012.^[19] She made a return to French cinema, shooting Et Si On Vivait Tous Ensemble (...And If We All Lived Together) mid-2010.^[20][21][22]

In July 2011, Fonda's planned appearance on the QVC shopping network to promote her latest book, Prime Time: Making the Most of Your Life, was cancelled on short notice. Fonda said the cancellation was a response to viewer complaints about her activities during the Vietnam War.^[23] Fonda said that she had "never done anything to hurt my country or the men and women who have fought and continue to fight for us" and blamed QVC's actions on "pressure by some well-funded and organized political extremist groups".^[24]

Political activism[link]

During the 1960s, Fonda engaged in political activism in support of the Civil Rights Movement, and in opposition to the Vietnam War.^[9] Fonda's visits to France brought her into contact with leftist French intellectuals who were opposed to war, an experience that she later characterized as "small-c communism".^[25]

Along with other celebrities, she supported the Alcatraz Island occupation by American Indians in 1969, which was intended to call attention to failures of the government in treaty rights and the movement for greater Indian sovereignty.^[26]

She likewise supported Huey Newton and the Black Panthers in the early 1970s, stating "Revolution is an act of love; we are the children of revolution, born to be rebels. It runs in our blood." She called the Black Panthers "our revolutionary vanguard", and said "we must support them with love, money, propaganda and risk."^[27]

Fonda has also been involved in the feminist movement since the 1970s, which dovetails with her activism in support of civil rights.

Opposition to Vietnam War[link]

In April 1970, Fred Gardner, Fonda, and Donald Sutherland formed the FTA tour ("Free The Army", a play on the troop expression "Fuck The Army"), an anti-war road show designed as an answer to Bob Hope's USO tour. The tour, referred to as "political vaudeville" by Fonda, visited military towns along the West Coast, with the goal of establishing a dialogue with soldiers about their upcoming deployments to Vietnam. The dialogue was made into a movie (F.T.A.) that contained strong, frank criticism of the war by service men and women. It was released in 1972.^[28]

On May 4, 1970, Fonda appeared before an assembly at the University of New Mexico, in Albuquerque, to speak on GI rights and issues. The end of her presentation was met with a discomforting silence. The quiet was broken when Beat poet, Gregory Corso staggered onto the stage. Drunk, Corso challenged Fonda, using a four-letter expletive: Why hadn't she addressed the shooting of four students at Kent State by the Ohio National Guard, which had just taken place? Fonda in her autobiography revisited the incident: "I was shocked by the news and felt like a fool." On the same day, she then immediately joined a protest march on the home of university president Ferrel Heady. The protestors called themselves "They Shoot Students, Don't They?"—a reference to Fonda's film, They Shoot Horses, Don't They?, which had just had a run in Albuquerque.^[29]

In the same year, Fonda spoke out against the war at a rally organized by Vietnam Veterans Against the War (VVAW) in Valley Forge, Pennsylvania. She offered to help raise funds for VVAW, and, for her efforts, was rewarded with the title of Honorary National Coordinator.^[30] On November 3, 1970, Fonda started a tour of college campuses on which she raised funds for the organization. As noted by The New York Times, Fonda was a "major patron" of the VVAW.

"Hanoi Jane" controversy[link]

Fonda visited Hanoi in July 1972. Among other statements, she said the United States had been deliberately targeting the dike system along the Red River. The columnist Joseph Kraft, who was also touring North Vietnam, said he believed the damage to the dikes was incidental and was being used as propaganda by Hanoi, and if the U.S. Air Force were "truly going after the dikes, it would do so in a methodical, not a harum-scarum way".^[31]

In North Vietnam, Fonda was photographed seated on an anti-aircraft battery; the controversial photo outraged a number of Americans.^[32] In her 2005 autobiography, she writes that she was manipulated into sitting on the battery; she had been horrified at the implications of the pictures and regretted they were taken. In a recent entry at her official website, Fonda explained:

It happened on my last day in Hanoi. I was exhausted and an emotional wreck after the 2-week visit ... The translator told me that the soldiers wanted to sing me a song. He translated as they sung. It was a song about the day 'Uncle Ho' declared their country's independence in Hanoi's Ba Dinh Square. I heard these words: "All men are created equal; they are given certain rights; among these are life, Liberty and Happiness." These are the words Ho pronounced at the historic ceremony. I began to cry and clap. These young men should not be our enemy. They celebrate the same words Americans do. The soldiers asked me to sing for them in return ... I memorized a song called Day Ma Di, written by anti-war South Vietnamese students. I knew I was slaughtering it, but everyone seemed delighted that I was making the attempt. I finished. Everyone was laughing and clapping, including me ... Here is my best, honest recollection of what happened: someone (I don't remember who) led me towards the gun, and I sat down, still laughing, still applauding. It all had nothing to do with where I was sitting. I hardly even thought about where I was sitting. The cameras flashed ... It is possible that it was a set up, that the Vietnamese had it all planned. I will never know. But if they did I can't blame them. The buck stops here. If I was used, I allowed it to happen ... a two-minute lapse of sanity that will haunt me forever ... But the photo exists, delivering its message regardless of what I was doing or feeling. I carry this heavy in my heart. I have apologized numerous times for any pain I may have caused servicemen and their families because of this photograph. It was never my intention to cause harm.^[33]

During her trip, Fonda made ten radio broadcasts in which she denounced American political and military leaders as "war criminals". Fonda has defended her decision to travel to North Vietnam and her radio broadcasts.^[34][35] Also during the course of her visit, Fonda visited American prisoners of war (POWs), and brought back messages from them to their families. When cases of torture began to emerge among POWs returning to the United States, Fonda called the returning POWs "hypocrites and liars". She added, "These were not men who had been tortured. These were not men who had been starved. These were not men who had been brainwashed."^[36] Later, on the subject of torture used during the Vietnam War, Fonda told The New York Times in 1973, "I'm quite sure that there were incidents of torture ... but the pilots who were saying it was the policy of the Vietnamese and that it was systematic, I believe that's a lie."^[37] Fonda said the POWs were "military careerists and professional killers" who are "trying to make themselves look self-righteous, but they are war criminals according to the law".^[35]

Her visits to the POW camp led to persistent and exaggerated^[35] rumors repeated widely in the press, and decades later have continued to circulate on the Internet. Fonda has personally denied the rumors.^[33] Interviews with two of the alleged victims specifically named in the emails found these allegations to be false as they had never met Fonda.^[35]

In 1972, Fonda helped fund and organize the Indochina Peace Campaign.^[38] It continued to mobilize antiwar activists across the nation after the 1973 Paris Peace Agreement, through 1975, when the United States withdrew from Vietnam.^[39]

Because of her time in North Vietnam, the ensuing circulated rumors regarding the visit, and statements made following her return, resentment against her among veterans and those currently serving in the U.S. military still exists. For example, at the U.S. Naval Academy, when a plebe shouts out "Goodnight, Jane Fonda!", the entire company will reply "Goodnight, bitch!"^[40] In 2005, Michael A. Smith, a U.S. Navy veteran, was arrested for disorderly conduct in Kansas City after he spit chewing tobacco in Fonda's face during a book signing event for her autobiography My Life So Far. He told reporters that he "consider[s] it a debt of honor" and further stated, "she spit in our faces for 37 years. It was absolutely worth it. There are a lot of veterans who would love to do what I did."^[24][41]

Regrets[link]

In a 1988 interview with Barbara Walters, Fonda expressed regret for some of her comments and actions, stating:

I would like to say something, not just to Vietnam veterans in New England, but to men who were in Vietnam, who I hurt, or whose pain I caused to deepen because of things that I said or did. I was trying to help end the killing and the war, but there were times when I was thoughtless and careless about it and I'm very sorry that I hurt them. And I want to apologize to them and their families. [...] I will go to my grave regretting the photograph of me in an anti-aircraft gun, which looks like I was trying to shoot at American planes. It hurt so many soldiers. It galvanized such hostility. It was the most horrible thing I could possibly have done. It was just thoughtless.^[42]

Critics pointed out that her apology came at a time when a group of New England Veterans had launched a campaign to disrupt a film project she was working on, leading to the charge that her apology was motivated at least partially by self-interest.^[43][44]

In a 60 Minutes interview on March 31, 2005, Fonda reiterated that she had no regrets about her trip to North Vietnam in 1972, with the exception of the anti-aircraft gun photo. She stated that the incident was a "betrayal" of American forces and of the "country that gave me privilege". Fonda said, "The image of Jane Fonda, Barbarella, Henry Fonda's daughter ... sitting on an enemy aircraft gun was a betrayal ... the largest lapse of judgment that I can even imagine." She later distinguished between regret over the use of her image as propaganda and pride for her anti-war activism: "There are hundreds of American delegations that had met with the POWs. Both sides were using the POWs for propaganda... It's not something that I will apologize for." Fonda said she had no regrets about the broadcasts she made on Radio Hanoi, something she asked the North Vietnamese to do: "Our government was lying to us and men were dying because of it, and I felt I had to do anything that I could to expose the lies and help end the war."^[45]

Feminist causes[link]

Fonda has been a longtime supporter of feminist causes, including V-Day, a movement to stop violence against women, inspired by the off-Broadway hit The Vagina Monologues, of which she is an honorary chairperson. She was present at their first summit in 2002, bringing together founder Eve Ensler, Afghan women oppressed by the Taliban, and a Kenyan activist campaigning to save girls from genital mutilation.^[46]

In 2001, Fonda established the Jane Fonda Center for Adolescent Reproductive Health at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia; the goal of the center is to prevent adolescent pregnancy through training and program development.^[47]

On February 16, 2004, Fonda led a march through Ciudad Juárez, with Sally Field, Eve Ensler, and other women, urging Mexico to provide sufficient resources to newly appointed officials helping investigate the murders of hundreds of women in the rough border city.^[48]

In 2004, she served as a mentor to the first ever all-transsexual cast of The Vagina Monologues.^[49]

In the days before the Swedish election on September 17, 2006, Fonda went to Sweden to support the new political party Feministiskt initiativ in their election campaign.^[50]

In My Life So Far Fonda says that she considers patriarchy to be harmful to men as well as women. She also states that for many years, she feared to call herself a feminist, because she believed that all feminists were "anti-male". But now, with her increased understanding of patriarchy, she feels that feminism is beneficial to both men and women, and states that she "still loves men". She states that when she divorced Ted Turner, she felt like she had also divorced the world of patriarchy, and was very happy to have done so.^[51]

Native Americans[link]

Fonda went to Seattle, Washington, in 1970 to support a group of Native Americans who were led by Bernie Whitebear. The group had occupied part of the grounds of Fort Lawton, which was in the process of being surplussed by the United States Army and turned into a park. The group was attempting to secure a land base where they could establish services for the sizable local urban Indian population, protesting that "Indians had a right to part of the land that was originally all theirs."^[52] The endeavor succeeded and the Daybreak Star Cultural Center was constructed in the city's Discovery Park.^[53]

Israeli–Palestinian conflict[link]

In December 2002, Fonda visited Israel and the West Bank as part of a tour focusing on stopping violence against women. She demonstrated with Women in Black against Israel's occupation of the West Bank and Gaza Strip outside the residence of Israel's Prime Minister. She later visited Jewish and Arab doctors and patients at a Jerusalem hospital, followed by visits to Ramallah to see a physical rehabilitation center, and a Palestinian refugee camp.^[54] Fonda was criticized by right-wing Israelis, and was heckled by members of Women for Israel's Tomorrow as she arrived for a meeting with leading Israeli feminists.^[55]

In September 2009, Fonda was one of over fifty signatories to a letter protesting the 2009 Toronto International Film Festival's presentation of ten films about the Israeli city Tel Aviv. The protest letter said that the spotlight on Tel Aviv was part of "the Israeli propaganda machine" because it was supported in part by funding from the Israeli government and had been described by the Israeli Consul General Amir Gissin as being part of a Brand Israel campaign intended to draw attention away from Israel's conflict with the Palestinians.^[56][57][58] Other signers included actor Danny Glover, musician David Byrne, journalist John Pilger, and authors Alice Walker, Naomi Klein, and Howard Zinn.^[59][60]

Rabbi Marvin Hier of the Simon Wiesenthal Center stated that "People who support letters like this are people who do not support a two-state solution. By calling into question the legitimacy of Tel Aviv, they are supporting a one-state solution, which means the destruction of the State of Israel."^{[citation needed]} Hier continued, saying that "it is clear that the script [the protesters] are reading from might as well have been written by Hamas."^[61]

Fonda, in a posting on The Huffington Post, said that she regretted some of the language used in the original protest letter and how it "was perhaps too easily misunderstood. It certainly has been wildly distorted. Contrary to the lies that have been circulated, the protest letter was not demonizing Israeli films and filmmakers." She continued, writing "the greatest 're-branding' of Israel would be to celebrate that country's long standing, courageous and robust peace movement by helping to end the blockade of Gaza through negotiations with all parties to the conflict, and by stopping the expansion of West Bank settlements. That's the way to show Israel's commitment to peace, not a PR campaign. There will be no two-state solution unless this happens."^[62] Fonda emphasized that she, "in no way, support[s] the destruction of Israel. I am for the two-state solution. I have been to Israel many times and love the country and its people."^[62] Several prominent Atlanta Jews subsequently signed a letter to The Huffington Post rejecting the vilification of Fonda, who they described as "a strong supporter and friend of Israel".^[63]

Opposition to the Iraq War[link]

Fonda has argued that the military campaign in Iraq will turn people all over the world against America, and has asserted that a global hatred of America will result in more terrorist attacks in the aftermath of the war. In July 2005, Fonda announced plans to make an anti-war bus tour in March 2006 with her daughter and several families of military veterans, saying that some of the war veterans she had met while on her book tour had urged her to speak out against the Iraq War.^[64] She later canceled the tour, due to concerns that she would distract attention from Cindy Sheehan's activism.^[65]

In September 2005, Fonda was scheduled to join British politician and anti-war activist George Galloway at two stops on his U.S. book tour, Madison, Wisconsin and Chicago. She canceled her appearances at the last minute, citing instructions from her doctors to avoid travel following recent hip surgery.^[66]

On January 27, 2007, Fonda participated in an anti-war rally and march held on the National Mall in Washington, D.C., declaring that "silence is no longer an option".^[67] Fonda also spoke at an anti-war rally earlier in the day at the Navy Memorial, where members of the organization Free Republic picketed in a counter protest.^[68]

Fonda and Kerry[link]

In the 2004 presidential election, her name was used as a disparaging epithet against John Kerry, the former VVAW leader, who was then the Democratic Party presidential candidate. Republican National Committee Chairman Ed Gillespie called Kerry a "Jane Fonda Democrat". In addition, Kerry's opponents circulated a photograph showing Fonda and Kerry in the same large crowd at a 1970 anti-war rally, although they were sitting several rows apart.^[69] A faked composite photograph, which gave the false impression that the two had shared a speaker's platform, was also circulated.^[70]

Religion[link]

In 2001, Fonda announced that she had become a Christian. She stated that she strongly opposed bigotry, discrimination and dogma, which she believes are promoted by a small minority of Christians. Her announcement came shortly after her divorce from Ted Turner. Fonda stated publicly on Charlie Rose in April 2006 that her Christianity may have played a part in the divorce, as Turner was known to be critical of religion.^[71]

Fonda has in the past practiced Transcendental Meditation with Maharishi Mahesh Yogi,^[72] and more recently has engaged in meditation at the Upaya Institute and Zen Center.^[73]

Writing[link]

Jane Fonda at a book signing, 2005

On April 5, 2005, Random House released Fonda's autobiography My Life So Far. The book describes her life as a series of three acts, each thirty years long, and declares that her third "act" will be her most significant, due in part to her commitment to the Christian religion, and that it will determine the things for which she will be remembered.^[74]

Fonda's autobiography was well received by book critics, and was noted to be "as beguiling and as maddening as Jane Fonda herself" in its Washington Post review, pronouncing her a "beautiful bundle of contradictions".^[75] The New York Times called the book "achingly poignant".^[76]

In January 2009, Fonda started chronicling her Broadway return in a blog, with posts ranging from her Pilates class to her fears and excitement about her new play. She also uses Twitter and has a Facebook page.^[77]

In 2011 Fonda published a new book: Prime Time: Love, health, sex, fitness, friendship, spirit--making the most of all of your life. The book offers stories from her own life as well as from the lives of others, giving her perspective on how to better live what she calls "the critical years from 45 and 50, and especially from 60 and beyond".^[78]

Honors[link]

In 1981, she was awarded the Women in Film Crystal Award.^[79]

In 1994, the United Nations Population Fund made Fonda a Goodwill Ambassador.^[80]

In 2004 Fonda was awarded the Women's eNews 21 Leaders for the 21st Century award as one of Seven Who Change Their Worlds^[81]

In 2007, Fonda was awarded an Honorary Palme d'Or by Cannes Film Festival President Gilles Jacob for career achievement. Only three others had received such an award – Jeanne Moreau, Alain Resnais, and Gerard Oury.^[82]

In December 2008, Fonda was inducted into the California Hall of Fame, located at The California Museum for History, Women and the Arts.^[80][83]

In December 2009, Fonda was given the New York Women's Agenda Lifetime Achievement Award.

Ted Turner and Jane Fonda on the red carpet at the 1992 Emmy Awards, photo by Alan Light

Personal life[link]

Fonda married her first husband Roger Vadim in 1965.^[6] The couple had a daughter, Vanessa, born in 1968 and named for actress and activist Vanessa Redgrave.^[84]

In 1973, shortly after her divorce from Vadim, Fonda married activist Tom Hayden.^[85] Their son, Troy O'Donovan Garity (born 1973), was given his paternal grandmother's surname, Garity, since the names "Fonda and Hayden carried too much baggage",^[85] and "Troy", an Americanization of the Vietnamese name "Troi".^[85] Fonda and Hayden unofficially adopted an African-American teenager, Mary Luana Williams (known as Lulu),^[86] who was the daughter of members of the Black Panthers.^[87] Fonda and Hayden divorced in 1989.^[88]

Fonda married her third husband, cable-television tycoon and CNN founder Ted Turner, in 1991. The pair divorced in 2001.^[88]

Having been diagnosed with breast cancer in 2010, Fonda underwent a lumpectomy in November 2010, and has recovered.^[89]

Filmography[link]

Exercise videos[link]

Starting in 1982, Fonda released a series of exercise videos:^{[citation needed]}

2010s

• 2010: Jane Fonda's Prime Time: Fit and Strong
• 2010: Jane Fonda's Prime Time: Walkout
• 2011: Jane Fonda's Prime Time: Trim, Tone & Flex
• 2011: Jane Fonda's Prime Time: Firm & Burn

References[link]

[edit] Bibliography

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Jane Fonda

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Jane Fonda

• Official Web Site
• Jane Fonda at the Internet Movie Database
• Jane Fonda at the Internet Broadway Database
• Jane Fonda at Yahoo! Movies
• Appearances on C-SPAN
• Jane Fonda on Charlie Rose
• Works by or about Jane Fonda in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
• Jane Fonda collected news and commentary at The New York Times
• Jane Fonda Profile at Turner Classic Movies
• Spotlight on Jane Fonda
• About.com article about Fonda's Vietnam era activities
• Jane Fonda and Gloria Steinem discuss The Women's Media Center, their non-profit media organization. (video)
• Fonda Family Genealogy
• Text of Jane Fonda Hanoi Radio Broadcast