The Squeak programming language is a Smalltalk implementation. It is object-oriented, class-based and reflective.

It was derived directly from Smalltalk-80 by a group at Apple Computer that included some of the original Smalltalk-80 developers. Its development was continued by the same group at Walt Disney Imagineering, where it was intended for use in internal Disney projects.

Squeak is available for many platforms, and programs produced on one platform run bit-identical on all other platforms. The Squeak system includes code for generating a new version of the virtual machine (VM) on which it runs. It also includes a VM simulator written in itself (Squeak). For this reason, it is easily ported.

Developers[link]

Dan Ingalls, an important contributor to the Squeak project, wrote the paper^[1] upon which Squeak is built and constructed the architecture for five generations of the Smalltalk language.

Squeak incorporates many of the elements Alan Kay proposed in the Dynabook concept, which he formulated in the 1960s. Kay is an important contributor to the Squeak project.

User interface frameworks[link]

Squeak includes a number of user interface frameworks:

• An implementation of Morphic, Self's graphical direct manipulation interface framework. This is Squeak's main interface.
• Tile-based, limited visual programming scripting in Etoys, based on Morphic.
• A new, experimental interface called Tweak. In 2001, it became clear that the Etoy architecture in Squeak had reached its limits in what the Morphic interface infrastructure could do. Hewlett-Packard researcher Andreas Raab proposed defining a "script process" and providing a default scheduling mechanism that avoids several more general problems.^[2] The result was a new user interface, proposed to replace the Squeak Morphic user interface in the future. Tweak added mechanisms of islands, asynchronous messaging, players and costumes, language extensions, projects, and tile scripting.^[3] Its underlying object system is class-based, but to users, during programming (scripting), it acts like it is prototype-based. Tweak objects are created and run in Tweak project windows.
• In Squeak versions 3.8 and earlier, the MVC interface. It is derived from the original Smalltalk-80 user interface framework which first introduced and popularized the model-view-controller architectural pattern^[4] (so named after the three core classes of the framework). Thus, the term "MVC" in the context of Squeak refers to both one of the available user interface frameworks and the pattern the framework follows. MVC was provided for programmers who wished to use this older type of interface.

Uses[link]

Many Squeak contributors collaborate on Open Cobalt, a free and open source virtual world browser and construction toolkit application which is built on Squeak.

Squeak is also used in the es operating system and for implementing the Scratch programming language for beginning programmers. In May 2011 the OpenQwaq virtual conferencing and collaboration system based on Squeak, an open source release of Teleplace, was announced on the Teleplace blog.^[5]

License[link]

Squeak 4.0 may be downloaded at no cost, including source code, as a prebuilt virtual machine image licensed under the MIT License, with the exception of some of the original Apple code, which is governed by the Apache License.

Originally, Apple actually released Squeak under a license called the "Squeak License." While source code was available and modification permitted, the Squeak License contained an indemnity clause that prevented it from qualifying as true Free and Open Source Software.

In 2006, Apple relicensed Squeak twice. First, in May, Apple used its own Apple Public Source License, which satisfies the Free Software Foundation's concept of a Free Software License ^[6] and has attained official approval from the Open Source Initiative^[7] as an Open Source License. The Apple Public Source License, as it turns out, fails to pass the third standard that Free and Open Source Software licenses are held to: the Debian Free Software Guidelines promulgated by the Debian project, an influential volunteer-run GNU/Linux distribution. To enable inclusion of Etoys in the One Laptop Per Child project, a second relicensing was undertaken using the Apache License. At this point, an effort was also made to address the issue of code contributed by members of the Squeak community, which it was not in Apple's power to unilaterally relicense.

For each contribution made under the Squeak License since 1996, a relicensing statement was obtained authorizing distribution under the MIT license, and finally in March 2010, the end result was released as Squeak 4.0, now under combined MIT and Apache licenses.^[8]

See also[link]

• Open Cobalt
• Croquet project
• OpenQwaq
• Seaside
• Scratch
• Alice
• Etoys
• Pharo
• List of open-source programming languages

References[link]

1. ^ Ingalls, Dan; Kaehler, Ted; Maloney, John; Wallace, Scott; Kay, Alan (1997). "Back to the Future: the story of Squeak, a practical Smalltalk written in itself". ACM Digital Library. http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=263754&coll=portal&dl=ACM. Retrieved 2011-06-12. 
2. ^ "Tweak: OriginalTweakMemo". Tweakproject.org. 2001-07-06. http://tweakproject.org/ABOUT/FAQ/OriginalTweakMemo/. Retrieved 2011-06-12. 
3. ^ "Tweak: Whitepapers". Tweakproject.org. http://tweakproject.org/TECHNOLOGY/Whitepapers/. Retrieved 2011-06-12. 
4. ^ Burbeck, Steve (1997-04-04). "How to use Model-View-Controller (MVC)". St-www.cs.uiuc.edu. http://st-www.cs.uiuc.edu/users/smarch/st-docs/mvc.html. Retrieved 2011-06-12. 
5. ^ "Moving Immersive Collaboration Forward". http://teleplace.wordpress.com/2011/05/03/moving-immersive-collaboration-forward/. 
6. ^ "FSF's Opinion on the Apple Public Source License (APSL) 2.0". Gnu.org. 2011-05-07. http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/apsl.html. Retrieved 2011-06-12. 
7. ^ "Clarification of the APSL: Press Releases OS Clarifies The Status Of The APSL". Opensource.org. 1999-03-17. http://www.opensource.org/pressreleases/osi-clarifies-APSL.php. Retrieved 2011-06-12. 
8. ^ "Squeak 4.0 released - now under MIT/Apache license". The H Open. 2010-03-16. http://www.h-online.com/open/news/item/Squeak-4-0-released-now-under-MIT-Apache-license-956267.html. Retrieved 2011-06-12. 

External links[link]

• Official website
• Squeak Swiki
• Back to the future: the story of Squeak, a practical Smalltalk written in itself (HTML versions:[1][2])
• Squeakland.org
• SqueakNotes
• Learning Squeak at c2.com
• EtoysIllinois Champaign, IL
• (Spanish) Small-Land.org
• OpenQwaq website
• Squeak at the Open Directory Project
• Pharo
• RoarVM, a multi- and manycore VM for Squeak

Books[link]

• Squeak by Example Squeak by Example is a new open-source book about the Squeak development environment.
• Downloadable books about Smalltalk Permission obtained to make these books freely available. Over a dozen full texts scanned from print.)
• Programando con Smalltalk - Un ambiente de objetos vivos Book in Spanish by Diego Gomez Deck.
• Squeak: Object-Oriented design With Multimedia Applications, by Mark Guzdial

Sophie Dahl (born 15 September 1977), born Sophie Holloway, is an English author and former fashion model. She was born in London, the daughter of actor Julian Holloway and writer Tessa Dahl. Her maternal grandparents were author Roald Dahl and actress Patricia Neal. Her paternal grandparents were actor Stanley Holloway and actress and chorus dancer Violet Lane. She was the inspiration for Sophie, the main character in her maternal grandfather's book The BFG.

Discovery and modeling career[link]

Dahl was discovered by Isabella Blow, a Vogue stylist. Blow referred Dahl to Sarah Doukas of the Storm Model Agency in London. Dahl appeared in campaigns for Versace, Alexander McQueen, Patrick Cox, Pringle, Godiva, Banana Republic, and Gap, amongst others. She was featured prominently in many large-circulation magazines, including Elle, Harper's Bazaar, Marie Claire and the British, Italian and American versions of Vogue.^[2] Dahl worked with several well-known photographers, including Richard Avedon, David Bailey, Peter Lindbergh, Bruce Weber and Steven Meisel. She appeared in several high-fashion editorials for magazines such as Harpers Bazaar, Elle, Visionaire, and W, and was featured on the covers of British and Italian Vogue. In 2000, Dahl achieved a degree of notoriety when Tom Ford and Steven Meisel cast her in an advertisement for the Yves Saint-Laurent perfume brand Opium. The ad featured a photograph of her posing nude on black satin. It was removed from UK billboards after complaints were made to the Advertising Standards Authority.^[3]

Writing[link]

She is a columnist for British Vogue (winning a Jasmine Award for her column) and Waitrose Kitchen and has contributed to, among other publications, The Saturday Times Magazine, The Daily Telegraph and the American edition of Vogue.

In 2003 Dahl published her first book, an illustrated novella and Times bestseller, The Man with the Dancing Eyes. After this she began writing regularly for publications such as American Vogue, The Guardian, The Telegraph, The Observer and the Saturday Times. From 2005 Dahl was a contributing editor and regular columnist at Men's Vogue, prior to its closure in 2008. Dahl is the author of three other books: Playing with the Grown-Ups (2008) and two cook books, Miss Dahl's Voluptuous Delights (2009) and From Season To Season (2011). She was a contributor to an anthology, Truth or Dare edited by Justine Picardie, which included works by Zoë Heller and William Fiennes. She also provided introductions to the Puffin Classic new edition of The Secret Garden by Frances Hodgson Burnett, and the Virago Press re-issue of Stella Gibbons' 1938 novel Nightingale Wood, which was released in April 2009.

In March and April 2010, her six-part cookery series entitled The Delicious Miss Dahl, which Dahl wrote and presented, was broadcast on BBC 2. She also wrote and presented a television programme about the Victorian cook, Isabella Beeton which was transmitted on BBC2 on 29 September 2011.^[4]

Family history and personal life[link]

Dahl is a patron of the Roald Dahl Museum and Story Centre in Great Missenden, Buckinghamshire, and supports the charities The Place2be, First Story, GOSH, NSPCC, RSPCA & Break Through Breast Cancer.

She is the daughter of actor Julian Holloway and writer Tessa Dahl. Her maternal grandparents were author Roald Dahl and actress Patricia Neal and her paternal grandparents were actor-comedian Stanley Holloway and actress and chorus dancer Violet Lane.^[5]

On 9 January 2010 she married singer Jamie Cullum.^[6] On 2 March 2011, Dahl and Cullum had their first child, a girl named Lyra.^[7]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Sophie Dahl's website
• Sophie Dahl at the Fashion Model Directory
• Vincent Graff meets Sophie Dahl (The Guardian)
• Interview with Kate Lauer (The London Paper)
• Jenny Tucker reviews Voluptuous Delights (so Feminine)
• Announcement of BBC cookery series (The Telegraph)
• Announcement of 'Miss Dahl’s Guide to All Things Lovely' (The Bookseller)
• I'm a bit of a dork: Kira Cochrane talks to Sophie Dahl (The Guardian)

Squeak Carnwath (born 1947 in Abington, PA) is a contemporary American painter. She received her MFA from California College of Arts and Crafts in 1977. She is a Professor of Art at the University of California, Berkeley, where she has taught since 1982, having previously taught at California College of Arts and Crafts and Ohlone College. She currently maintains a studio in Oakland, CA where she has lived and worked since 1970.

Background[link]

After high school, Carnwath studied art in Illinois, Greece, and Vermont before attending the California College of Arts and Crafts, where she studied ceramics, painting, and sculpture with Viola Frey, Art Nelson, Jay DeFeo, and Dennis Leon. Soon after graduating with an MFA, Carnwath began to receive recognition for her work including a Visual Arts Fellowship grant from the National Endowment for the Arts and a SECA Art Award from the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, which included a solo exhibition at the museum.^[1] Her work is also a part of the traveling multi-media art exhibit The Missing Peace: Artists Consider the Dalai Lama.

Publications[link]

In 1996, Chronicle Books published a 108-page monograph titled Squeak Carnwath: Lists, Observations & Counting with essays by Leah Levy and James and Ramsay Breslin. In 2009, the professional association between artist Squeak Carnwath and Karen Tsujimoto, senior curator of art at the Oakland Museum of California, culminated in the exhibition Squeak Carnwath: Painting Is No Ordinary Object (April 25 through August 23, 2009). The exhibition's companion book, Painting Is No Ordinary Object, is a 160-page retrospective of Carnwath's career. It features more than 80 color reproductions and essays by Tsujimoto and art critic and poet John Yau (co-published by Pomegranate, 2009).^[2]

Work[link]

Carnwath has a distinctive and recognizable style which combines diaristic and personal elements with universal or existential themes. Her paintings "combine text and images on abstract fields of color to express sociopolitical and spiritual concerns."^[3] She has described herself ironically as a "painting chauvinist" due to an abiding preference for that medium, although she is also an accomplished printmaker and has created sophisticated Jacquard tapestries, artist books, and mixed media works in addition to her oil and alkyd works on canvas.

In an essay for a 2001 Flintridge Foundation catalog, Noriko Gamblin describes the evolution of Carnwath's approach to composition and subject matter:

External links[link]

• Squeak Carnwath's website
• "Squeak Carnwath in Conversation with John Yau." The Brooklyn Rail. Retrieved 2009-04-11.
• UC Berkeley Department of Art Practice
• Squeak Carnwath paintings and tapestries at Turner Carroll Gallery
• Squeak Carnwath prints, artist books and tapestries at Magnolia Editions