Kingdom of Sine

Friday, 04 January 2013

Sine-Koh-Koh feat Jovi (Official Video) Directed by February 16th_Feb16th.mp4

Jovi - Fight feat. DJ Chuucs, Bisha, and Sine (Official)

DRINK LIKE A ROCKSTAR sine feat dj chuux_HDTV Video TEASER

2013* African Mix _ Dj Makoko (Rozay,jovi,timaya, pbrodaz,wizkid,wande coal,hakeem,sine)

Sine feat. Jovi - Koh Koh [www.afrogrooves.com]

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Fatick
Fatick is a city in Senegal, located between M'bour and Kaolack and inhabited by the Serer people. Its 2005 population was estimated at 24,243. It is the capital of the Fatick Region.
The city has several ancient sites classified as historical monuments and added to the World heritage list. There is also the site of Mind Ngo Mindiss where libations and offerings are made, located in the Sine River. These holy sites including Ndiobaye where traditional ceremonies takes place; Ndeb Jab, which houses a sacred tree at Ndiaye-Ndiaye etc., are all sacred places in Serer religion. The Xoy ceremony performed by the Serer high priests and priestesses (the Saltigues) takes place at Fatick once a year.
It is the capital of the Fatick Region and the Fatick Department.
The nearest towns are Nerane, Pourham, Mbirk Pourham and Tok. Dakar, the capital of Senegal is located 155 km away.
In the censuses of 1988 and 2002, the estimate population figures were 18,416 and 23,149 respectively. In 2007, according to official estimates, the population was 24,855.

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Ghana Empire
The Ghana Empire or Wagadou Empire (existed before c. 830 until c. 1235) was located in what is now southeastern Mauritania, and Western Mali. Complex societies had existed in the region since about 1500 BCE, and around Ghana's core region since about 300 CE. When Ghana's ruling dynasty began is uncertain, it is first mentioned in documentary sources around 830 CE by Al-Kwarizmi. The domestication of the camel, which preceded Muslims and Islam by several centuries, brought about a gradual change in trade, and for the first time, the extensive gold, ivory trade, and salt resources of the region could be sent north and east to population centers in North Africa, the Middle East and Europe in exchange for manufactured goods.
The Empire grew rich from the trans-Saharan trade in gold and salt. This trade produced an increasing surplus, allowing for larger urban centres. It also encouraged territorial expansion to gain control over the lucrative trade routes.
The first written mention of the kingdom comes from Arabic-language sources some time after the conquest of North Africa by Muslims, when geographers began compiling comprehensive accounts of the world known to Islam around 800. The sources for the earlier periods are very strange as to its society, government or culture, though they do describe its location and note its commercial relations. The Cordoban scholar Abu Ubayd al-Bakri collected stories from a number of travelers to the region, and gave a detailed description of the kingdom in 1067/1068 (460 AH). He claimed that the Ghana could "put 200,000 men into the field, more than 40,000 of them archers" and noted they had cavalry forces as well.

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Mbissel
Mbissel is a village in the west of Sénégal. It is situated in the region of Fatick. The population is overrun by the Serer people.
Mbissel was the capital of the first Guelowar king of Sine Maysa Wali Jaxateh Manneh commonly known as Maysa Wali Jon. Maysa Wali made it his capital in the 14th century.
The area just like the whole of Sine and Saloum is full of historical monuments. The tomb of Maysa Wali is located in Mbissel.
Coordinates: 14°08′45″N 16°44′35″W / 14.14583°N 16.74306°W / 14.14583; -16.74306

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Portugal
Portugal ⁱ/ˈpɔrtʃʉɡəl/ (Portuguese: Portugal, IPA: [puɾtuˈɣaɫ]), officially the Portuguese Republic (Portuguese: República Portuguesa) is a country situated in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula . Portugal is the westernmost country of mainland Europe, and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the West and South and by Spain to the North and East. The Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira are part of Portugal. The country is named after its second largest city, Porto, whose Latin name was Portus Cale.
The land within the borders of the current Portuguese Republic has been continuously settled since prehistoric times: occupied by Celts like the Gallaeci and the Lusitanians, integrated into the Roman Republic and later settled by Germanic peoples such as the Suebi, Swabians, Vandals and the Visigoths. In the 8th century most of the Iberian Peninsula was conquered by Moorish invaders professing Islam, which were later expelled by the Knights Templar under the Order of Christ. During the Christian Reconquista, Portugal established itself as an independent kingdom from León in 1139, claiming to be the oldest European nation state.

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Saloum River
The Saloum River rises about 105 kilometers east of Kaolack, Senegal, and flows into the Atlantic Ocean. The significant Saloum Delta is located at its mouth, which is protected as Saloum Delta National Park. The river basin lies within the Kingdom of Saloum. Mangrove forests occupy a 5-kilometer belt on either side of the river almost 70 kilometers upstream.
Coordinates: 13°57′47″N 16°45′10″W / 13.963055°N 16.752777°W / 13.963055; -16.752777

wn.com/Saloum_River
Senegal
Senegal ⁱ/ˌsɛnɨˈɡɔːl/ (French: le Sénégal), officially the Republic of Senegal (République du Sénégal, IPA: [ʁepyblik dy seneɡal]), is a country in western Africa. It owes its name to the Sénégal River that borders it to the east and north. Senegal is externally bounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the west, Mauritania to the north, Mali to the east, and Guinea and Guinea-Bissau to the south; internally it almost completely surrounds The Gambia, namely on the north, east and south, exempting Gambia's short Atlantic Ocean coastline. Senegal covers a land area of almost 197,000 square kilometres (76,000 sq mi), and has an estimated population of about 13 million. The climate is tropical with two seasons: the dry season and the rainy season.
Dakar, the capital city of Senegal, is located at the westernmost tip of the country on the Cap-Vert peninsula. About 500 kilometres (300 mi) off the coast, in the Atlantic Ocean, lie the Cape Verde Islands. During the 17th and 18th centuries, numerous trading posts, belonging to various colonial empires, were established along the coast. The town of St. Louis became the capital of French West Africa (Afrique occidentale française, or AOF) before it was moved to Dakar in 1902. Dakar later became its capital in 1960 at the time of independence from France.

wn.com/Senegal

Alioune Sarr
Alioune Sarr, born on 1 September 1908 at Foundiougne in Senegal, was a Senegalese historian, author and politician whose family gained prominence in the Serer precolonial Kingdom of Sine and Saloum around the 14th century. They also made up the "sulbalƃe" class of Futa Toro (all in present-day Senegal). Sarr's father (Koly Samba Sarr) was a former Chief of Foundiougne, Gandoune; former head of the constituency of Ndiaye-Ndiaye and former Prime Minister of Diognick in Senegal. Although Sarr was a prominent politician like his father during the colonial era, he is best known as a historian and author especially after his famous work "Histoire du Sine-Saloum" which was officially published in 1949 and peer reviewed by historians.
In 1963, Sarr was President of the Regional Assembly of Sine-Saloum, (Kaolack, Senegal) (French: Président de l’Assemblée Régionale du Sine-Saloum), a position he occupied when the historian Martin A. Klein was carrying out a primary research in 1964 for his book "Islam and Imperialism Senegal, Sine-Saloum, 1847-1914" During his Presidency, Sarr received prominent African leaders such as président Sékou Touré when he visited Kaolack.

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Alvise Cadamosto
Alvise Cadamosto or Alvide da Ca' da Mosto (Portuguese pronunciation: [aɫˈviz(ɨ) kɐðaˈmoʃtu], also known in Portuguese as Luís Cadamosto; c. 1432 – July 16, 1483) was a Venetian slave trader and explorer, who was hired by the Portuguese prince Henry the Navigator and undertook two known journeys to West Africa in 1455 and 1456, accompanied by the Genoese captain Antoniotto Usodimare. Cadamosto and his companions are credited with the discovery of the Cape Verde Islands and the points along the Guinea coast, from the Gambia River to the Geba River (in Guinea-Bissau), the greatest leap in the Henrican discoveries since 1446. Cadamosto's accounts of his journeys, including his detailed observations of west African societies, have proven invaluable to historians.
Alvise was born at the Ca' da Mosto, a palace on the Grand Canal of Venice from which his name derives. His father was Giovanni da Mosto, a Venetian civil servant and merchant, and his mother Elizabeth Querini, from a leading patrician family of Venice. Alvise was the eldest of three sons, having younger brothers Petro and Antonio.

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Cheikh Anta Diop
Cheikh Anta Diop (29 December 1923 in Thieytou, Diourbel Region – 7 February 1986 in Dakar) was a historian, anthropologist, physicist, and politician who studied the human race's origins and pre-colonial African culture. Cheikh Anta Diop University, in Dakar, Senegal is named after him.
Diop was born to an aristocratic Muslim Wolof family in Senegal where he was educated in a traditional Islamic school. Diop's family was part of the Mouride sect, the only independent Muslim group in Africa according to Diop. He obtained a bachelor's degree in Senegal before moving to Paris for graduate studies where he ended his scholastic education.
In 1946, at the age of 23, Diop went to Paris to become a physicist. He remained there for 15 years, studying physics under Frédéric Joliot-Curie, Marie Curie's son-in-law, and ultimately translating parts of Einstein's Theory of Relativity into his native Wolof.
Diop's education included History, Egyptology, Physics, Linguistics, Anthropology, Economics, and Sociology. While studying in Paris, Diop studied under André Aymard, professor of History and later Dean of the Faculty of Letters at the University of Paris through which he "gained an understanding of the Greco-Latin world. As a student of Gaston Bachelard, Frédéric Joliot-Curie, André Leroi-Gourhan, and others" Diop "acquired proficiency in such diverse disciplines as rationalism, dialectics, modern scientific techniques, prehistoric archeology and so on." Diop was also "the only Black African of his generation to have received training as an Egyptologist." "More importantly" he "applied this encyclopedic knowledge to his researches on African history."

wn.com/Cheikh_Anta_Diop
Henry Gravrand
Father Henry Gravrand (or Henri Gravrand also Charbel Henri Gravrand), born in 1921 and died on 11 July 2003 at the Abbey of Latrun (in Palestine), was a French Catholic author, African anthropologist specializing in Serer civilization and Serer religion. He was one of the leading pioneers of interfaith dialog.
First missionary of the Congregation of Holy Spirit, Gravrand arrived in Senegal on 28 December 1948 and lived there for 40 years in the Sine area (the western part of the country). In Sine, he founded a mission and oversaw the evangelization of some of the Serer community, but also studied the history, religion and civilization of the Serer people and became one of the leading scholars of Serer religion and civilization.
In 1955, Gravrand created the Union of farmers of Sine, affiliated to the French Confederation of Christian Workers (CFTC), which gave the farmers training enabling them to defend their own interests.
Gravrand was a specialist on Traditional African religion, in particular Serer religion, and in 1962 published a paper titled "Visage africain de l'Église : une expérience au Sénégal". In 1964, Gravrand was one of the founder-members of the Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue.

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Issa Laye Thiaw
Professor Issa Laye Thiaw, born in 1943 at Sangué (Thies region of Senegal) is a Senegalese historian, theologian, essayist and author on Serer religion, Serer tradition and history. Born into a Serer family, himself the son of a Serer High Priest (Saltigue), Professor Thiaw is one of the leading scholars on Serer religion. He was a former researcher at the Centre d’études des civilisations (CEC) de Dakar (Centre for Studies in Civilizations of Dakar).
Some of Professor Thiaw's work include:

wn.com/Issa_Laye_Thiaw
Lamane
Lamane or Laman (also Laam or Lam) "master of the land" or "chief owner of the soil" in the Serer language were the landed gentry as well the title of ancient kings of the Serer people of Senegambia region which includes modern day Senegal and The Gambia. This Serer title was also loaned by the old kings of the Wolof kingdoms. The title is sometimes used interchangeably with the old title Maad or Mad(sometimes Maat) (ancient Serer Kings). These pre-Guelowar Lamanes should not be confused with the post-Guelowar Lamanes after The Battle of Troubang 1335 (sometimes spelt: Turubang) which led to the Guelowars' migration to the Kingdom of Sine as refuges. The pre-Troubang (or Guelowar) Lamanes were kings whilst the post-Troubang Lamanes were merely provincial chiefs answerable to the King of Sine and Saloum.
Although the post-Troubang Lamanes were always descendants of the ancient Serer village and town founders (the original Lamanes), and their families ruled the Kingdoms of Sine, Saloum and Baol etc., the power they previously enjoyed as Lamanes became diminished post-Troubang but were still titled and made up the class of the landed gentry. Though their power was somewhat diminished, their economic and political power was intricately linked to Serer custom, Serer history and Serer religion. As such, they were extremely powerful if not as true kings after Troubang (1335), as guardians of Serer traditions and beliefs and could dethrone a reigning monarch if threatened.

wn.com/Lamane
Lamane Jegan Joof
Lamane Jegan Joof (English spelling in the Gambia, Lamane Djigan Diouf French spelling in Senegal, also : Ndigan Dieye Diouf, Djigan Diouf, Laman Jegaan Juuf or Jegaan Jaay Juuf in Serer language), was a Serer prince who is reported to have founded the Serer village of Tukar now part of present-day Senegal in around the eleventh century or earlier, and thus became the first Lamane of Tukar (King of Tukar). The history of Lamane Jegan Joof and the founding of Tukar have an educational as well as a religious significance in Senegal. In the educational sense, both histories are part of the national curriculum taught in Senegalese schools. In the religious sense, the Raan Festival (a major event in the Serer religious calendar) takes place each year at Tukar, two weeks after the appearance of the new moon in April.
According to the oral tradition of the Serer people, Jegan Joof migrated from Lambaye following a dispute with his cousin, the king of Lambaye. The dispute was about the governance of Lambaye and over-taxation. Jegan Joof who was also a mix-farmer and with a large cattle herd felt he was being overtaxed unjustly. He thus decided to migrate with his younger brother Ndik Joof in search of new land and territory to exploit, hence the founding of Tukar, presently, a rather large village which includes numerous other villages such as Njujuf, Ndokh, Sob, etc. They were former colanies of Tukar and part of Jegan's estate. The Joof family reigned in Tukar for several centuries, inherited from their ancestor Lamane Jegan Joof. In the epic of Jegan Joof, he is reported to have had a son called Sosseh Joof (variation : Socé Diouf) who inherited his father's estate. Ndik Joof, brother of Jegan, is reported to have died in Tukar before Jegan's own death.

wn.com/Lamane_Jegan_Joof
Lingeer Fatim Beye
Lingeer Fatim Beye (var : Lingeer Fatim Beye Joos Fadiou) was a 14th century (c. 1335) Serer princess and queen (Lingeer) from the Kingdom of Sine. She is the matriach and early ancestor of the Joos Maternal Dynasty of Waalo. She is usually regarded by some sources as the founder of the Joos Maternal Dynasty. The pre-colonial Kingdoms of Sine and Waalo now lies within present-day Senegal. Her surname is Beye (English-Gambia) or Bèye (French-Senegal). Joos Fadiou is her maternal clan. In Serer, "Fa-tim" means "the maternal clan of..."
Lingeer Ndoye Demba, maternal grand-daughter of Lingeer Fatim Beye was given in marriage to the king of Waalo Brak Caaka Mbaar Mbooj), in c. 1367. Lingeer Ndoye Demba went on to establish the Joos Maternal Dynasty in Waalo which lasted from the 14th century to 1855, the year Waalo fell to the French resulting in the disestablishment of the monarchy. From the 14th century to 1855, the Joos Maternal Dynasty provided many kings of Waalo but also contributed to its instability due to dynastic struggles between the competing maternal dynasties of the country (Joos, Tedyek and Loggar).

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Lingeer Ndoye Demba
Linguere Ndoye Demba Joss Fadiou, also known as Ndoye Demba in Senegambian dynastic history, was a Serer princess from the Kingdom of Sine (now part of present-day Senegal), from the later half of the 14th century to the 15th century. The royal title - "Lingeer" means Queen or Royal Princess. She was given in marriage to the Brak of Waalo - Caaka Mbaar Mbooj (variation : Brac Thiaka Mbar).The surname Mbooj is the English spelling in the Gambia, variation include Mboge. In French speaking Senegal, it is spelt Mbodj. Differences in spelling is due to the colonial past of the Gambia and Senegal. France colonized Senegal, whilst Britain colonized the Gambia, thus the division of the two countries. The second king of Waalo from the Mbooj patrilineage, who ruled in the second half of the 14th century, around 1367. Brak was the title of the kings of Waalo. Lingeer Ndoye Demba was the founder of the Serer Joos Maternal Dynasty (variations : Dyosss, Diouss-Fahou, Dious-Fadiou, Dieuss, Dihosou, also "Diouss" - the French spelling in Senegal) of Waalo. In the Wolof Kingdom of Waalo, Lingeer Ndoye Demba is considered the matriarch of the Joos maternal clan. In the Serer Kingdom of Sine, it is her grandmother Lingeer Fatim Beye (variations : Fa-tim Beye or Fatimata Beye) who is considered to be the matriarch this maternal dynasty. In the Serer language, the word "Fa-tim" means "the maternal clan of ... ". The Serer surname Beye (var : Bèye) is also one of the many Serer maternal clans.

wn.com/Lingeer_Ndoye_Demba
Maba Diakhou Bâ

Maba Diakhou Bâ (also Ma Ba Diakhu, Ma Ba Diakho Ba, Ma Ba Jaaxu, Màbba Jaxu Ba) (born 1809 at Tavacaltou - July 1867) was a marabout from Rip, and a disciple of the Tijaniyya sufi brotherhood. He became leader (Almamy) of Saloum.
A descendant of the Fulani dynasty of Dényankobé, from the branch of the Bâ family in the region of Badibou, Maba Diakhou Bâ combined political and religious goals in an attempt to reform or overthrow previous animist monarchies, and resist French encroachment. He is in a tradition of Fulani jihad leaders who revolutionized the states of West Africa at the time of colonialism.
Maba Diakhou Bâ founded the city of Nioro in Rip, and the village of Keur Maba Diakhou near Kaolack is named for him.
Maba Diakhou Bâ mounted a fierce resistance to the French colonial invasions of Senegal. Under governor Faidherbe French forces had carried out a scorched earth policy against resistance to their expansion in the Senegambia, with villages razed and populations removed after each victory. Throughout the founding of an Islamic state, Maba Diakhou Bâ tried to unify the area north of the Gambia, while leading a war of conversion against the traditional states.

wn.com/Maba_Diakhou_Bâ
Niominka people
The Niominka people (also called Niuminka or Nyominka) are an ethnic group in Senegal living on the islands of the Saloum River delta. They are currently classified as a subgroup of the Serer.
The territory of the Niominka is called the Gandoul. Most of the Niominka live in its eleven large villages, which include Niodior, Dionewar, and Falia. They represent a little less than 1% of the population of Senegal.
Being island-dwellers, they participate in both agriculture and aquaculture. The primary agricultural produce is made up of rice, millet, and peanuts. As for the aquaculture, the men fish and the women gather shellfish, although environmental problems have become an aquacultural threat.
The Niominka are also beginning to look into tourism.

wn.com/Niominka_people
Palor people
The Palors also known as Serer-Palor, (or Waro in their own language) among other names, are an ethnic group found in Senegal around the west central, west southwest of Thiès. They are a sub-group of the Serer ethnic group found in Senegal, the Gambia and Mauritania. Although ethnically Serers, they do not speak the Serer language but one of the Cangin languages. Their language is Palor.
Other names for the Palor people include Waro (the name for themselves), Palors-Sile, Waro-Waro, Falor, Sili, Sili-Sili (the name they use for their language). The word Sili is a Palor word for Serer.
According to Atlas National du Sénégal (Institut Géographique National 1977), their population was 5000. By 2007, their population was 10,700. They are found in the area of Diander, such as : Gorom, Sébikotane, Tieudem, Mbidjeum, etc.
The Palors are a member of the Cangin people (those who speak the Cangin languages) and a sub-group of the Serer people. In their oral history, the Palor and Ndut accepts a common origin and language. Their tradition went on to say that, the Palors moved southwards from the village of Palo (in the Ndut Region). Another account attributes the separation of the Palor and Ndut to a disagreement between two brothers, which led to the younger brother moving north out of the Palor Region in order to form the Ndut ethnic group. In similarity, the Saafi and Noon traditions states a common ancestral heritage. The Noon people used to return and pray at the Sacred wood they left behind in the Safen Region after they had migrated north. From a wider perspective, the Cangin people are part of the Serer group, and some of these group were defeated in the 11th century by the Almoravids and their African muslim coalition army, when they advanced in Tekrur (present-day Futa Toro), resulting in the southward migration of some of these people, who refused to accept Islam (see Serer history (medieval era to present) and Timeline of Serer history).

wn.com/Palor_people
Saafi people
The Saafi people, also called Serer-Safene, Safene, etc., are an ethnic group found in Senegal, but also present in the Gambia. Ethnically, they are part of the Serer ethnic group but do not speak the Serer language neither do they speak a dialect of it. Their language Saafi is classed as one of the Cangin languages. In Senegal, they occupy Dakar and the Thies Region.
The Saafi mainly adhere to the tenets of Serer religion.

wn.com/Saafi_people
Sahelian kingdoms
The Sahelian kingdoms were a series of kingdoms or empires that were centered on the sahel, the area of grasslands south of the Sahara. The wealth of the states came from controlling the trade routes across the desert. Their power came from having large pack animals like camels and horses that were fast enough to keep a large empire under central control and were also useful in battle. All of these empires were also quite decentralized with member cities having a great deal of autonomy.
The Sahel states were limited from expanding south into the forest zone of the Ashanti and Yoruba as mounted warriors were all but useless in the forests and the horses and camels could not survive the heat and diseases of the region.

wn.com/Sahelian_kingdoms
Serer people
The Serer people (also spelt "Sérère", "Sereer", "Serere", "Seereer" and sometimes wrongly "Serre") along with the Jola people are acknowledged to be the oldest inhabitants of The Senegambia.
In modern day Senegal, the Serer people live in the west-central part of the country, running from the southern edge of Dakar to The Gambian border. The Serer (also known as "Seex" or "Sine-Sine") occupy the ancient Sine and Saloum areas (now part of modern day independent Senegal). In The Gambia, they occupy parts of old "Nuimi" and "Baddibu" as well as The Gambian "Kombo". The Serer-Noon occupy the ancient area of Thiès in modern day Senegal. The Serer-Ndut are found in southern Cayor and north west of ancient Thiès. The Serer-Njeghen occupy old Baol; the Serer-Palor occupies the west central, west southwest of Thiès and the Serer-Laalaa occupy west central, north of Thiès and the Tambacounda area.
The Serer people are the third largest ethnic group in Senegal making up 14.7% of the Senegalese population. In Gambia they make up less than 2% of the population. Along with Senegal and The Gambia, they are also found in small numbers in southern Mauritania. Some notable Gambian Serers include Isatou Njie-Saidy, Vice President of The Gambia since 20 March 1997, and the late Senegambian historian, politician and advocate for Gambia's independence during the colonial era - Alhaji Alieu Ebrima Cham Joof. In Senegal they include Leopold Sedar Senghor and Abdou Diouf (first and second president of Senegal respectively).

wn.com/Serer_people
Songhai Empire
The Songhai Empire, also known as the Songhay Empire, was a state located in western Africa. From the early 15th to the late 16th century, Songhai was one of the largest Islamic empires in history. This empire bore the same name as its leading ethnic group, the Songhai. Its capital was the city of Gao, where a Songhai state had existed since the 11th century. Its base of power was on the bend of the Niger River in present day Niger and Burkina Faso.
The Songhai state has existed in one form or another for over a thousand years if one traces its rulers from the first settlement in Gao to its semi-vassal status under the Mali Empire through its continuation in Niger as the Dendi Kingdom.
The Songhai are thought to have settled at Gao as early as 800 CE, but did not establish it as the capital until the 11th century, during the reign of Dia Kossoi. However, the Dia dynasty soon gave way to the Sonni, proceeding the ascension of Sulaiman-Mar, who gained independence and hegemony over the city and was a forbear of Sonni Ali. Mar is often credited with wresting power away from the Mali Empire and gaining independence for the small Songhai kingdom at the time.

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Wolof people
The Wolof are an ethnic group found in Senegal, The Gambia, and Mauritania.
In Senegal, the Wolof form an ethnic plurality with about 43.3% of the population are Wolofs. Note however that, this figure is somewhat misleading because other tribes who have been Wolofized and speak the Wolof language are added to this figure while they are not originally Wolofs.
In The Gambia, about 16% of the population are Wolof. Here, they are a minority, where the Mandinka are the plurality with 42% of the population, yet Wolof language and culture have a disproportionate influence because of their prevalence in Banjul, The Gambia's capital, where majority of the population are Wolof.
In Mauritania, about 8% of the population are Wolof. They live largely in the southern coastal region of the country.
In older French publications the spelling "Ouolof" is often used instead of "Wolof". In some English publications, predominantly those referring to Gambian Wolof, the spelling "Wollof" is used, because this spelling will induce native English speakers to pronounce the term correctly as a Wolof speaker. In publications of the 19th century and before the spelling "Volof" and "Olof" can also be found. Rarely used are also the spellings "Jolof", "Jollof" and "Dyolof". - The term "Wolof" itself may also refer to the Wolof language or to things originating from Wolof culture or tradition.

wn.com/Wolof_people

Sine-Koh-Koh feat Jovi (Official Video) Directed by February 16th_Feb16th.mp4

2008 Africa Star winner Sine finally drops Koh Koh his 1st official single featuring Jovi....

published: 03 Dec 2011

author: Sidney Tum

Jovi - Fight feat. DJ Chuucs, Bisha, and Sine (Official)

Produced by Le Monstre. Directed by february 16th....

published: 31 Jul 2011

author: JoviLeMonstre

Sine - Njoka Njoka (Official Video)

This is the Official Video of Njoka Njoka, the first single off of Sine's upcoming album. ...

published: 10 Dec 2012

author: Sidney Tum

DRINK LIKE A ROCKSTAR sine feat dj chuux_HDTV Video TEASER

Africa Star winner SINE continues to show diversity with this track Produced by THE RIJINA...

published: 01 Jan 2012

author: Sidney Tum

Sine feat Jovi - Koh-Koh

Music from Cameroon...

published: 04 Mar 2012

author: Sahara-City Admin

SINE "Late nite Thinkin"the making of

Sine recording hit song Late nite thinking at the STM Studio with producer Touchsound Musi...

published: 15 Sep 2012

author: Sidney Tum

2013* African Mix _ Dj Makoko (Rozay,jovi,timaya, pbrodaz,wizkid,wande coal,hakeem,sine)

A mix of african hits (Cameroon, Ghana & Naija) featuring p.brodaz,P rhymes,Timaya,Sine,Ha...

published: 29 Sep 2012

author: dj makoko

vissen in Senegal - peche Sine Saloum

vissen in Keur Saloum peche au Senegal...

published: 10 Oct 2009

author: guntercmp

Jab tak rahega sine me dil

...

published: 24 Mar 2010

author: kumaranilable

Senegal West Africa: Serer-sine

SOUNDS OF GLOBAL WORSHIP: SENEGAL WEST AFRICA - SERER-SINE Senegal is the western most tip...

published: 14 Jan 2008

author: HSIOM

FIGHT Sine Bisha Jovi and DJ Chux

BURN'M BOYZ at it again. Fighting for Hip Hop in Cameroon...

published: 15 Jul 2011

author: womanocry

Sine feat. Jovi - Koh Koh [www.afrogrooves.com]

2008 Africa Star winner Sine finally drops Koh Koh his 1st official single featuring Jovi....

published: 31 Jul 2012

author: Teamafrogrooves

Sine - Njoka Njoka (Snippet)

Check out a snippet of Njoka Njoka, the first single off of Sine's upcoming album. Full so...

published: 09 Nov 2012

author: stmstudiosmagazine

NightWatch in Cameroon (KO Palu) - Featuring Sine

...

published: 02 Jul 2012

author: malarianomore

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Kingdom of Sine
Siin

1350–1969

Capital

Mbissel, later Diakhao

Language(s)

Serer language

Religion

Serer religion

Government

Monarchy

Rulers of Sine

- 1350 - 1370

Maad a Sinig Maysa Wali Jaxateh Manneh (Guelowar period)

- 1924 - 1969

Maad a Sinig Mahecor Joof

Historical era

Medieval

- (Paternal Serer and maternal Guelowar dynastic period. Previously paternal Serer and maternal Wagadou dynastic period).

1350

- 1335 (The Battle of Troubang)

Guelowar refuges granted asylum by the Serer nobles The Great Council of Lamanes.

- Death of Maad a Sinig Mahecor Joof.

1969

Serers and Serer religion
Part of a series on

Main doctrines Animism Astronomy Cosmology Divination Ethnoreligious Immortality of the soul Intercession of saints Panentheism Polytheism Rainmaker Reincarnation Religious symbolism Spirituality
Sacred places Cekeen Tumulus Fatick Senegambian stone circles Sine The Point of Sangomar Tukar
Related articles Lamane Saltigue Serer ancient history Serer people States headed by ancient Serer Lamanes Timeline of Serer history
Defenders of the Faith Ama Gôdô Maat Issa Laye Thiaw Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof
Notable figures Lamane Jegan Joof Maad Semou Njekeh Joof
Relations with other religions Serer views on incarnation Serer history (medieval era to present) Religious persecution Serer views on interfaith marriage Serer views on heaven and hell
Education Ndut
See also Index of articles relating to Serer history Index of articles relating to Serer religion Index of all articles relating to Serer people

Category Portal
v t e

19th century war drum called junjung in Serer language. Played when Serer kings and warriors went to war. From the Kingdom of Sine.

Carte des peuplades du Sénégal de l'abbé Boilat (1853): an ethnic map of Senegal at the time of French colonialism. The pre-colonial states of Baol, Sine and Saloum are arrayed along the southwest coast, with the inland areas marked "Peuple Sérère".

The Kingdom of Sine (also: Sin or Siin in Serer-Sine language) was a pre-colonial Serer kingdom along the north bank of the Saloum River delta in modern Senegal. Much of the kingdom's population was and still is Serer.^[1]

1 History
2 Economy
3 Social organisation
- 3.1 Political structure of Sine
4 National Symbol
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References

History [link]

Further information: Serer ancient history, Serer history (medieval era to present), and The Battle of Fandane-Thiouthioune

The Kingdom of Sine was renamed "Sine" prior to 1400.^[2] Maad a Sinig Maysa Wali Jaxateh Manneh (many variations: Maysa Wali Jon; Maissa Wali Jon; etc.) who had fled Kaabu with his family following The Battle of Troubang (1335) was granted asylum by the Serer nobility of Sine.^[3]^[4] He was a member of the Guelowar maternal dynasty of Kaabu (many spelling variations: Gelwar, Gelwaar, Geulwar,) whose family were massacred by the Nyanthio (many spelling variations: Ñaanco) maternal dynasty of Kaabu at Troubang (Troubang in Mandinka language means to wipeout a clan or family). It was a dynastic war between two royal houses.^[3] After Maysa Wali assimilated into Serer culture and served as legal advisor to the Serer nobility of Sine The Great Council of Lamans, the Lamanic class (kings and landed gentry),^[5] he was elected and crowned by the nobility and people to rule.^[4] Almost a decade after his corronation, he elected Ndiadiane Ndiaye (many variations: Njaajaan Njie or N'Diadian N'Diaye - a Serer noble from Waalo^[6] and founder of the Jolof Empire) to rule the Kingdom of Jolof. He was the first Senegambian king to voluntarily gave his allegiance to Ndiadiane Ndiaye and asked others to do so, thereby making Sine a vassal of the Jolof Empire.^[7] It is for this reason that scholars propose the Jolof Empire was not an empire founded by conquest but by voluntary confederacy of various states.^[8]^[9] Around early 1550, both Sine and its sister Serer Kingdom (the Kingdom of Saloum) overthrew the Jolof yoke and became independent Kingdoms.^[10] Serer oral tradition says, the Kingdom of Sine never paid tribute to Ndiadiane Ndiaye nor any of his descendants. It went on to say that, the Jolof Empire never subjugated the Kingdom of Sine and Ndiadiane Ndiaye himself received his name from the mouth of Maysa Waly.^[11]

The rulers of Sine as well as Jolof continued to follow the Traditional African religion. On 18 July 1867, the Muslim cleric Maba Diakhou Bâ was killed at The Battle of Fandane-Thiouthioune (also known as The Battle of Somb) by the King of Sine Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof while he was trying to take control of Sine and make it a Muslim land.^[12] The rulers of Sine retained their titles (Maad a Sinig) throughout the colonial period and did not lose all official recognition until 1969 after the death of Maad a Sinig Mahecor Joof (the last King of Sine, reigned: 1924 - 1969).^[13]

Portuguese explorers in the 15th C. referred to Sine as the kingdom of Barbaçim, a corruption of 'Bur-ba-Sine' (Wolof for 'King of Sine'), and its people as Barbacins (a term frequently extended by early writers to Serer people generally, while others insisted that Serreos and Barbacins were completely distinct peoples.) Old European maps frequently denote the Saloum River as the "River of Barbacins/Barbecins" ^[14] It has now been acknowledged that the terms "Serreos" (Sereri) and "Barbacini" (a corruption of Wolof "Bur-ba-Sine") were actually a corruption by Alvise Cadamosto - the 15th century navigator. Alvise mistakenly distinguished between the "Sereri" (Serer people) and the "Barbacini", which seems to indicate that he was referring to two different people when in fact, the Kingdom of Sine was a Serer Kingdom where the "King of Sine" ("Barbacini") took residence. Since he had never set foot in Serer country, his accounts about the Serer people were mainly based on what his Wolof interpreters were telling him. "Barbacini" is a corruption of the Wolof phrase "Buur ba Sine" (also spelt: "Bor-ba-Sine" or "Bur-ba-Sine") meaning King of Sine, a phrase the Serers would not use.^[15]^[16]

Economy [link]

The economic base of Sine was agriculture and fishing. Millets and other crops were grown. Sine was very reluctant to grow groundnut for the French market, in spite of French colonial directives. It was less dependent on groundnut than other States. Deeply rooted in Serer conservatism and Serer religion, for several decades during the 19th century, the Serer farmers refused to grow it or when they did, they ensured that their farming cycle was not only limited to groundnut production. Their religious philosophy of preserving the ecosystem affected groundnut production in Sine. Even after mass production was later adopted, succession struggles in the late 19th century between the royal houses hampered production. However, the Kingdom of Sine was less susceptible to hunger and indebtedness, a legacy which continued right up to the last king of Sine - Maad a Sinig Mahecor Joof. It was very common for people from other States to migrated to the Serer kingdoms of Sine and Saloum in search of a better life. The inhabitants of Sine (the "Sine-Sine") rarely migrated.^[17]

Social organisation [link]

Political structure of Sine [link]

The following diagram gives a condensed version of the political structure of Sine.^[19]

Political structure of Sine

            .....................................................Maad a Sinig 
            │                                                   (King of Sine) 
            │                                                           │
            │                                                           │
     _______│______________                                             │
     │Heir apparents      │                                             │
     │____________________│                                 ┌───────────┴───────────────────────────────────────┐
            │                                               │                          │                        │
          Buumi                                             │                          │                        │
            │                                       ________│_____________             │               _________│________
          Thilas                                    │Central hierarchy   │             │               │Territorial     │
            │                                       │____________________│             │               │commands        │
          Loul                                              │                          │               │(The title      │
                                                            │                          │               │ holders)       │
                                                            │                 _________│__________     │________________│
                                                            │                 │Royal entourage   │               │
                                                            │                 │__________________│               │     
                                                            │                          │                         │
                       _____________________________________│                          │                       Lamane
           ┌───────────┴───────────────────────────────────────┐                       │                    (Title holders 
           │               │                │                  │                    ___│                   and landed gentry)
    Great Jaraff           │                │               Lingeer                 │
(Head of the noble council │           Farba mbinda      (Queen regnant. Head of    │
           and             │     (Minister of finance)    the female court)         │
     Prime Minister)       │                                            ┌───────────┴────────────────────────────────────────┐  
                           │                                            │                                                    │
                   Great Farba Kaba                                    Kevel                                             Family
                  (Chief of the army)                               (or Bour Geweel.
                                                      The griot of the king. He was very powerful 
                                                           and influential. Usually very rich)

National Symbol [link]

The national anthem; flag and motto of the Kingdom of Sine, although very old, became officialized during the reign of Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof.^[20] The Kingdom of Sine was the only precolonial kingdom in Senegambia to have a national anthem, motto and flag of its own. The other precolonial kingdoms had anthems for their kings (boom) but not national symbols. Sine's anthem and motto derived from an ancient Serer chant and proverb respectively, which was officalized during the reign of Maad Kumba Ndoffene Famak. The white flag was accepted not only as a sign of peace but linked to Serer mythology (the purity of the heart and soul). The anthem and motto trace many of their roots from the Serer Jom principle (economical, social, ecological and personal values governing Serer lives).^[21]

Title of the National Anthem of Sine [link]

In Serer Sine

Fañ na NGORO Roga deb no kholoum O Fañ-in Fan-Fan ta tathiatia^[20]

In English

No one can do anything against his neighbour without the will of the Divine (Rog).

The Flag of Sine [link]

The flag of the Serer people is white, which not only represent peace, but in Serer mythology it is also the symbol of purity – (a pure heart and how you have lived your live in the living world). Those who lived a pure life in their life time are the ones who are immortalised as "Pangool" (ancestral spirits and Serer Saints) and venerated.^[20]

The Moto of Sine [link]

In Serer Sine

Dial - fi - mayou to Tiin^[20]

In English

Selflessly serve and produce.

Notes [link]

^ Martin A. Klein, Islam and Imperialism in Senegal Sine-Saloum, 1847–1914, Edinburgh University Press (1968). p 7
^ Alioune Sarr. Histoire du Sine-Saloum. Introduction, bibliographie et Notes par Charles Becker, BIFAN, Tome 46, Serie B, n° 3-4, 1986-1987. pp 21-22
^ ^a ^b Alioune Sarr, Histoire du Sine-Saloum (Sénégal). Introduction, bibliographie et notes par Charles Becker. Version légèrement remaniée par rapport à celle qui est parue en 1986-87. pp 19-22
^ ^a ^b Ngom, Biram (Babacar Sédikh Diouf): "La question Gelwaar et l’histoire du Siin", Université de Dakar, Dakar, 1987, p 69
^ For more on Serer Laman see: Dennis Charles Galvan, The State Must Be Our Master of Fire: How Peasants Craft Culturally Sustainable Development in Senegal. Berkeley, University of California Press, 2004
^ The surname "Ndiaye" and its variations is a Serer surname in origin. The surname can also be found among the Wolof people who have Serer ancestry. Both the Wolofs and Toucouleurs have Serer ancestry. See:
- Diop, Cheikh Anta & Modum, Egbuna P. Towards the African renaissance: essays in African culture & development, 1946-1960, p 28. Karnak House (1996), ISBN 0-907015-85-9
- Research in African literatures, Volume 37. University of Texas at Austin. African and Afro-American Studies and Research Center, University of Texas at Austin, p 8. African and Afro-American Studies and Research Center, University of Texas (at Austin) (2006)
- Becker, Charles, Vestiges historiques, témoins matériels du passé dans les pays sereer, CNRS-ORSTOM, Dakar, 1993
- Taal, Ebou Momar. Senegambian Ethnic Groups: Common Origins and Cultural Affinities Factors and Forces of National Unity, Peace and Stability. 2010
- Foltz, William J. From French West Africa to the Mali Federation, Volume 12 of Yale studies in political science, p136. Yale University Press, 1965
^ Cheikh Anta Diop & Egbuna P. Modum. "Towards the African renaissance: essays in African culture & development", 1946-1960, p28
^ Charles, Eunice A. Precolonial Senegal: the Jolof Kingdom, 1800-1890. African Studies Center, Boston University, 1977. p 3
^ Ham, Anthony. West Africa. Lonely Planet. 2009. p 670. (ISBN 1741048214)
^ West Africa, Issues 3600-3616. West Africa Pub. Co. Ltd., 1986. p 2359
^ Diouf, Niokhobaye. Chronique du royaume du Sine par suivie de Notes sur les traditions orales et les sources écrites concernant le royaume du Sine par Charles Becker et Victor Martin. Bulletin de l'Ifan, Tome 34, Série B, n° 4, 1972. p706
^ Diouf, Niokhobaye. "Chronique du royaume du Sine." Suivie de notes sur les traditions orales et les sources écrites concernant le royaume du Sine par Charles Becker et Victor Martin. (1972). Bulletin de l'Ifan, Tome 34, Série B, n° 4, (1972). pp 727-729
^ Klein, Martin A. Islam and Imperialism in Senegal, Sine-Saloum, 1847–1914, Edinburgh University Press (1968). p X
^ Teixeira da Mota (1946: Pt. 1, p.58). For detailed 16th C. Portuguese description of the Kingdom of Sine, see Almada (1594: Ch.2)
^ Boulègue, Jean. Le Grand Jolof, (XVIIIe - XVIe Siècle). (Paris, Edition Façades), Karthala (1987), p 16
^ Alvise Cadamosto, the 15th century explorer in modern day Senegambia had never set foot in Serer country. His ship proceeded to the Gambia after one of his Wolof interpreters sent to negotiate slave terms with the local Serer community living in the Cayor border was killed on the spot by this Serer community. Neither Alvise nor any of his party left the ship. The ship proceeded to the Gambia. Since Alvise had never entered Serer country, most of his opinions about the Serers were coming from his Wolof interpreters. The Wolofs of Cayor were in constant war with Serer community living on their border and were fearful of these Serers as narrated by Alvise himself. In Kerr, Alvise refer to the Serers as without kings. However, these Serers were those living on the Wolof Cayor border and refused to submit to the kings of Cayor. Alvise did not know that the Kingdom of Sine was actually a Serer kingdom, where the Barbacini - (a corruption of the Wolof "Bur Ba Sine" which means "king of Sine") took residence. See: Boulègue, Jean. Le Grand Jolof, (XVIIIe - XVIe Siècle). (Paris, Edition Façades), Karthala (1987), p 16. Also:
- Robert Kerr. A general history of voyages and travels to the end of the 18th century, p238-240 Published by J. Ballantyne & Co. 1811
- Frédérique Verrier. Introduction. Voyages en Afrique noire d'Alvise Ca'da Mosto (1455 & 1456). Page 136. Published by: Chandeigne, Paris, 1994
- Peter E. Russell. Prince Henry 'the Navigator': a life. New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press, 2000, p-p 299-300
^ Klein, pp 134, 203-4
^ Sarr, pp 21-30
^ ^a ^b Klein, Martin A. Islam and Imperialism in Senegal, Sine-Saloum, 1847–1914, Edinburgh University Press (1968). p 12
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Diouf, Mahawa, "L’INFORMATION HISTORIQUE : L’EXEMPLE DU SIIN", Ethiopiques n°54. Revue semestrielle de culture négro-Africaine. Nouvelle série volume 7. 2e semestre 1991.
^ Gravrand, Henry : "L’HERITAGE SPIRITUEL SEREER : VALEUR TRADITIONNELLE D’HIER, D’AUJOURD’HUI ET DE DEMAIN" [in] Ethiopiques, numéro 31, révue socialiste de culture négro-africaine, 3e trimestre 1982

References [link]

Sarr, Alioune. Histoire du Sine-Saloum. Introduction, bibliographie et Notes par Charles Becker, BIFAN, Tome 46, Serie B, n° 3-4, 1986–1987
Ngom, Biram (comprising notes of Babacar Sédikh Diouf): "La question Gelwaar et l’histoire du Siin", Université de Dakar, Dakar, 1987
Martin A. Klein, Islam and Imperialism in Senegal Sine-Saloum, 1847–1914, Edinburgh University Press (1968)
Diouf, Niokhobaye. Chronique du royaume du Sine. Suivie de notes sur les traditions orales et les sources écrites concernant le royaume du Sine par Charles Becker et Victor Martin. (1972). Bulletin de l'Ifan, Tome 34, Série B, n° 4, (1972)
Diop, Cheikh Anta & Modum, Egbuna P. Towards the African renaissance: essays in African culture & development, 1946–1960
Gravrand, Henry: La Civilisation Sereer - Pangool. Published by Les Nouvelles Editions Africaines du Senegal. 1990. ISBN 2-7236-1055-1.
Henri Gravrand, La Civilisation Sereer: Cosaan, Les Origines, Nouvelles Editions africaines, (Dakar) 1983. ISBN 2-7236-0877-8
Almada, André Alvares (1594) Tratado breve dos Rios de Guiné do Cabo-Verde: desde o Rio do Sanagá até aos baixos de Sant' Anna 1841 edition, Porto: Typographia Commercial Portuense. online
West Africa, Issues 3600-3616. West Africa Pub. Co. Ltd., 1986
Clark, Andrew F. & Phillips, Lucie Colvin. Historical Dictionary of Senegal, Second Edition Published as No. 65 of African Historical Dictionaries, (Metuchen, New Jersey: The Scarecrow Press, 1994) p. 246-247
Diouf, Mahawa. Ethiopiques n°54. Revue semestrielle de culture négro-Africaine. Nouvelle série volume 7. 2e semestre 199.
Teixera da Mota, Avelino (1946) "A descoberta da Guiné", Boletim cultural da Guiné Portuguesa, P. 1 in Vol. 1, No. 1 (Jan), p. 11-68.
Boulègue, Jean. Le Grand Jolof, (XVIIIe - XVIe Siècle). (Paris, Edition Façades), Karthala (1987), p 16.
Research in African literatures, Volume 37. University of Texas at Austin. African and Afro-American Studies and Research Center, University of Texas at Austin, p 8. African and Afro-American Studies and Research Center, University of Texas (at Austin) (2006)
Becker, Charles, Vestiges historiques, témoins matériels du passé dans les pays sereer, CNRS-ORSTOM, Dakar, 1993
Taal, Ebou Momar, Senegambian Ethnic Groups: Common Origins and Cultural Affinities Factors and Forces of National Unity, Peace and Stability. 2010
Foltz, William J., From French West Africa to the Mali Federation, Volume 12 of Yale studies in political science, p136. Yale University Press, 1965

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Contents

History [link]

Economy [link]

Social organisation [link]

Political structure of Sine [link]

National Symbol [link]

Title of the National Anthem of Sine [link]

The Flag of Sine [link]

The Moto of Sine [link]

See also [link]

Notes [link]

References [link]

http://wn.com/Kingdom_of_Sine

Related pages:

http://fr.wn.com/Royaume du Sine

http://de.wn.com/Reich von Sine