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Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie
3rd President of Indonesia
In office 21 May 1998 – 20 October 1999
Vice President	none
Preceded by	Suharto
Succeeded by	Abdurrahman Wahid
7th Vice President of Indonesia
In office 10 March 1998 – 21 May 1998
President	Suharto
Preceded by	Try Sutrisno
Succeeded by	Megawati Sukarnoputri
Personal details
Born	(1936-06-25) 25 June 1936 (age 76) Pare-Pare, South Sulawesi, Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia)
Political party	Golongan Karya
Spouse(s)	Hasri Ainun Besari, (m. 1962-2010, her death)
Children	Ilham Akbar Habibie (b. 1963) Thareq Kemal Habibie (b. 1967)
Occupation	Engineer, Aviation Industrialist, Politician
Religion	Islam

Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie  pronunciation (help·info) (born 25 June 1936), also known B. J. Habibie, is a former politician of the State of Indonesia. His presidency (1998 - 1999) was the third and that of shortest duration after independence.

Early life[link]

Habibie was born in Parepare, South Sulawesi Province to Abdul Jalil Habibie and R. A. Tuti Marini Puspowardojo. His father was an agriculturist from Gorontalo and his mother was a Javanese noblewoman from Yogyakarta. His parents met while studying in Bogor. When he was 14 years old, Habibie's father died.

Studies and Career in Germany[link]

Following his father's death, Habibie continued his studies in Jakarta and then in 1955, he moved to Germany.^[1]

In 1960, in Germany, Habibie received a 'Diplom-Ingenieur', a degree in engineering. He remained in Germany as a research assistant under Hans Ebner at the Lehrstuhl und Institut für Leichtbau, RWTH Aachen, to conduct research for his doctoral degree.^[2]

In 1962, Habibie returned to Indonesia for three months on sick leave. During this time, he was reacquainted with Hasri Ainun, the daughter of R. Mohamad Besari. Habibie had known Hasri Ainun in childhood, junior high school and in senior high school at SMA-Kristen, Bandung. The two married on 12th May, 1962, returning to Germany shortly afterwards.^[3] Habibie and his wife settled in Aachen for a short period before moving to Oberforstbach. In May 1963, they had a son, Ilham Akbar Habibie.

When Habibie's minimum wage salary forced him into part-time work, he found employment with the automotive marque Talbot where he became an adviser. Habibie worked on two projects which received funded from Deutsche Bundesbahn.

Due to his work with Makosh, the Head of Train Constructions offered his position to Habibie upon retirement 3 years later, but Habibie refused.^{[4][clarification needed]}

In 1965, Habibie delivered his thesis in aerospace engineering and received "very good" for his Doktor der Ingenieurwissenschaften). During the same year, he accepted Hans Ebner's offer to continue his research on Thermoelastisitas and Habilitation, but refused to join RWTH as a professor per se. His thesis about light construction for supersonic or hypersonic states also attracted offers of employment from companies such as Boeing and Airbus which Habibie again declined.^[5]

Habibie did accept a place with Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm in Hamburg. There, he developed theories on thermodynamics, construction, and aerodynamics, known as the Habibie Factor, Habibie Theorem, and Habibie Method, respectively.^{[citation needed]}

Habibie's time in Europe may have contributed to his interest in the Leica cameras.

Career in Indonesia[link]

On his return to Indonesia in 1974, Habibie was made Chief Executive Officer of the new State owned enterprise, Industri Pesawat Terbang Nusantara (IPTN). (In 1985, PT. Nurtanio changed its name to Indonesian Aviation Industry and is now known as Indonesian Aerospace Inc. (Dirgantara)). By the 1980s, IPTN had grown considerably, specializing in the manufacturing of helicopters and small passenger planes.

Habibie became a pilot, assisted in his training by A.B. Wolff, former Chief of Staff of the Dutch Airforce. In 1995, he flew an N-250 (dubbed Gatotkoco) commuter plane.

In developing Indonesia's Aviation Industry, he adopted an approach called "Begin at the End and End at the Beginning".^[6] In this method, elements such as basic research became the last things upon which to focus, whilst actual manufacturing of the planes was placed as the first objective.

Member of Golkar[link]

In Suharto's regime, as was expected of senior government executives, Habibie was became a member of the Golkar organisation. From 1993–1998, he was a daily coordinator for the chairman of the Executive Board.

Vice Presidency[link]

In January 1998, after accepting nomination for a 7th term as President, Suharto announced the selection criteria for the nomination of the Vice President. Suharto did not mention Habibie by name but his suggestion that the next Vice President should have mastery over science and technology made it obvious he had Habibie in mind.^[7]

In that year, in the midst of the Asian Financial Crisis, this suggestion was received badly, causing the rupiah to fall. Despite this and protests (the former minister Emil Salim tried to nominate himself as Vice President), Habibie was elected as Vice President in March 1998.

Presidency[link]

Rise to office[link]

Habibie takes the presidential oath of office on 21 May 1998.

By May 1998, problems including poverty had caused such discontent that Suharto's government fell into crisis. On May 13, the shooting of four students at Trisakti University in Jakarta, caused extreme anger which in turn led to widespread riots and lootings. There were now explicit calls for Suharto to step down as President of Indonesia.

Suharto responded by saying on May 19, 1998 that if he stepped down, the Vice President would become President and in a not too subtle a jab at Habibie, he added he was not sure whether the Vice President could solve the problems facing the country.^[8]

After learning of Suharto's comments from television reports, Habibie discounted his mentor and became increasingly sympathetic to those who wanted Suharto to step down. While careful not to oppose him directly or support those who did, he left the president in little doubt that he saw himself as Suharto's legitimate successor.

Suharto, faced with dwindling civilian and military support, even among loyalists like Wiranto and Ginandjar Kartasasmita, resigned late on the evening of May 20, 1998.^[9]

The next morning, on May 21, 1998, Suharto publicly announced his resignation and Habibie was immediately sworn in as President. There were mixed reactions to Habibie's elevation to the Presidency. Hardline reformists saw him as an extension of Suharto's regime while moderate reformists saw him as leading a transitional Government.

With the release of Suharto's 2006 book, Detik-Detik Yang Menentukan: Jalan Panjang Indonesia Menuju Demokrasi (Decisive Moments: Indonesia's Long Road Towards Democracy), there is speculation that Suharto had wanted Habibie to resign along with him.^[10]

In Javanese style, Suharto had subtly hinted at this intention. Habibie, despite being of Javanese descent, did not take the hint nor acquiesce. Because his intentions had been ignored, Suharto showed nothing but contempt for Habibie and never spoke to his former colleague again.

Cabinet[link]

Habibie's Cabinet, which was called the Development Reform Cabinet, employed many of those present in Suharto's last Cabinet.^[11] However, to show his reformist intentions, Habibie included United Development Party (PPP) member Hamzah Haz.

East Timor[link]

Habibie opposed East Timorese Independence but did consider giving East Timor special autonomy.^[12]

In late 1998, John Howard, then Prime Minister of Australia advised Indonesia of a change in Australian Foreign Policy to whit Australia would advocate a referendum in East Timor on independence within a decade. Wishing to avoid the impression that Indonesia ruled East Timor as a colony, Habibie surprised some by announcing that a referendum, offering choice between special autonomy and independence, would be held in East Timor. ABRI opposed this decision.

On 30 August 1999, the referendum was held and the East Timorese people chose overwhelmingly for Independence. However, the retreat of Indonesian troops from East Timor created the 1999 East Timorese crisis where many were killed.

Suharto's corruption charge[link]

The MPR Special Session in November 1998 declared that an investigation should be made into corruption in Indonesia, focussing particularly on Suharto.

Habibie formed a special commission into corruption which, to the Reformasi, represented a gesture of good faith. Noted lawyer Adnan Buyung Nasution was invited to chair the investigation. The broad scope of the terms of reference Nasution suggested was unacceptable to Habibie who then appointed Attorney General and loyalist, Andi Muhammad Ghalib.

On 9 December 1998, Suharto was questioned for three hours by Ghalib. The Habibie Government declared that Suharto had gained his wealth through corruption.

A tape of a telephone conversation between Habibie and Ghalib was made public. It raised concerns about the veracity of the investigation.^[13]

The economy[link]

Habibie's Government stabilized the economy in the face of the Asian Financial Crisis and the chaos of the last few months of Suharto's Presidency.^[14]

Social[link]

Habibie's government began to make concilliatory gestures towards Chinese Indonesians who, because of their elite status, were targeted in the riots of 1998. In September 1998, Habibie issued a 'Presidential Instruction' forbidding use of the terms pribumi and non-pribumi to differentiate indigenous and non-indigenous Indonesians.^[15]

In May 1999, Habibie issued a further instruction directing that a display of ID Card would suffice as proof of Indonesian citenzenship whereas previously, displaying the 'Letter of Evidence of Republic of Indonesia Citizenship' (SBKRI) was required. Although the Chinese Indonesian community was not mentioned specifically, it is clear these policies were targeted towards Chinese Indonesians who, in the Suharto years, were referred to as non-Pribumi and had to display SBKRI to prove their Indonesian citizenship.

Other[link]

When Habibie was a State Minister for Research and Technology, he created a program called OFP (Overseas Fellowship program), SMDP (Science and Manpower Development Program) and STAID (Science and Technology for Industrial Development). The three programs were to provide scholarships to thousands of students to continue their study for master’s and doctorate program in the United States, Europe, Japan, and others.

End of presidency[link]

Although he had been viewed as leading a transitional government, he seemed determined to continue as president. In May 1999, Golkar announced that Habibie would be their presidential candidate.

At the 1999 MPR General Session in October, Habibie delivered an accountability speech which was a report of what he had achieved during his presidency. Once this was completed, MPR members began voting to decide if they would accept or reject his speech. During this process, pro-Reform members of Golkar broke with the ranks and voted against him, and his accountability speech was rejected 355 votes to 322. Seeing that it would be inappropriate to press his candidacy for the presidency after having his accountability speech rejected, Habibie withdrew his nomination.

Post-presidency[link]

Since relinquishing the presidency, he has spent more time in Germany than in Indonesia, however he has during Susilo Bambang Yudoyono's presidency been active both as a presidential adviser and through The Habibie Centre to ensure democratisation in Indonesia.

In September 2006, he released a book called Detik-Detik Yang Menentukan: Jalan Panjang Indonesia Menuju Demokrasi (Decisive Moments: Indonesia's Long Road Towards Democracy). The book recalled the events of May 1998 which led to his rise to the Presidency. In the book, he controversially accuses Lieutenant General Prabowo Subianto, Suharto's son-in-law (at that time) and the Kostrad Commander, of planning a coup d'état against him in May 1998.

Family[link]

Habibie was married to Hasri Ainun Besari, a medical doctor, from 12 May 1962 until her death on 22 May 2010. The couple had two sons, Ilham Akbar Habibie and Thareq Kemal Habibie. BJ Habibie's brother, Junus Effendi Habibie, was Indonesian ambassador to the Netherlands.^[16][17]

Notes[link]

Further reading[link]

Habibie, Bacharuddin Jusuf (Desember 2010). Habibie & Ainun (Cet. 2. ed.). Jakarta: THC Mandiri. ISBN 978-979-1255-13-4.

External links[link]

Indonesia portal

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie

• Archived version of Habibie's homepage while he served as the State Minister of Research and Technology
• The Habibie Center, an NGO founded by Habibie (Indonesian)

v t e Presidents of Indonesia Sukarno Suharto Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie Abdurrahman Wahid Megawati Sukarnoputri Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono

v t e Vice Presidents of Indonesia Mohammad Hatta Hamengkubuwono IX Adam Malik Umar Wirahadikusumah Sudharmono Try Sutrisno Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie Megawati Sukarnoputri Hamzah Haz Jusuf Kalla Boediono

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2007)

10 Years is an American alternative metal band, formed in Knoxville, Tennessee in 1999.

History[link]

[edit] Early Years, Into the Half Moon (1999–2001)

10 Years was initially formed in Knoxville, Tennessee in 1999 with singer Mike Underdown, drummer Brian Vodinh, bassist Lewis Cosby, and guitarists Ryan "Tater" Johnson (also of The American Plague) and Matt Wantland. In 2001, Cosby left and the band recruited Andy Parks on bass. They independently recorded Into the Half Moon the same year.

[edit] Killing All That Holds You, The Autumn Effect (2002–2006)

Lead vocalist Mike Underdown left the band to pursue a career in acting and start up a new band 'Courage, You Bastards' in Los Angeles, Ca. 10 Years soon recruited current vocalist Jesse Hasek from another local band. In 2002, Parks decided to leave the band and Cosby returned. The band then released their independent album Killing All That Holds You in 2004.

10 Years was then signed to Universal Records in 2005 and released their major label debut, The Autumn Effect on August 16, 2005 with the songs "Wasteland" and "Through the Iris" picking up regional radio play. Their first single, "Wasteland" spent over 12 months on the rock charts, finally reaching #1 at active rock radio in December 2005.

That same summer, the band toured with Disturbed and Ill Niño. In the fall of 2005, they toured with Breaking Benjamin and Smile Empty Soul, then followed up with the Masters of Horror tour with Mudvayne and Sevendust. They opened for Korn and Mudvayne on Korn's See You on the Other Side tour. They also toured with Korn and Deftones on the Family Values Tour, which started in late July 2006.

In mid February 2006, "Wasteland" reached #1 on the Billboard Alternative Songs chart. "Wasteland" has been certified Gold by the RIAA.

In mid-2006, the band toured Australia in a lineup which included Hatebreed, Disturbed and Korn.

Their first music video, "Wasteland", addresses the social problem of human rights as well as addiction around the world. The video received a nomination for Best Direction and Best Art Direction at the 2006 MTV Video Music Awards, but did not win either.

On March 27, 2006, an EP was released on iTunes containing acoustic versions of "Wasteland" and other tracks from The Autumn Effect.

[edit] Division (2006–2008)

On November 19, 2006, 10 Years unveiled and confirmed the title Division for their second album.^[1] The band would begin recording Division in late June 2007 after spending the better part of a year writing.

Lewis told in an interview that the album is "so different from the first one [The Autumn Effect], but it's still 10 Years," and, "It just sounds like [the songs] would be from a totally different album, which was, you know, the goal."^[2] It was also revealed that the track titled "Focus" was co-written with Stone Temple Pilots and former Army of Anyone guitarist Dean DeLeo.^[1]

On May 21, 2007 a demo song titled "All Your Lies" from Division was released onto their MySpace along with a post stating the band had chosen producer Rick Parasher to produce the new album.^[3] On September 7, the band announced on their MySpace that the album was finished and would be released in 2008, following a tour with Dir En Grey, Sevendust, Operator, Thousand Foot Krutch and Chevelle.

On January 29, 2008, "Beautiful," the new single from Division, was released to iTunes and a snippet was also posted on the band's MySpace page. Division was released on May 13, 2008 after being pushed back due to finalization of the album's artwork.^[4]

10 Years was featured on the Revolution Stage of Linkin Park's Summer Projekt Revolution 2008 tour with Atreyu, Hawthorne Heights and Armor For Sleep.

They went on tour with Mudvayne until mid December 2008.

[edit] Feeding the Wolves (2009–2011)

10 Years announced that their upcoming third major label album would be entitled Feeding the Wolves. The album was produced by Grammy-nominated producer Howard Benson and mixed by Chris "Lord" Alge. The band has mentioned the album is of their heaviest material to date and "very similar to some of their early songs."

Throughout the first half of 2010, the band went back and forth between putting on live shows and working in the studio. Before the album was released, the band debuted new songs at live performances such as "Dead in the Water", "Now is the Time", and the new album's first single ""Shoot It Out" ". ^[5][6]

On June 12, 2010, ""Shoot It Out" " was featured on Sirius/XM Radio. The track was released to radio later that month,^[7] and was made available for download on iTunes July 6.^[8] Feeding the Wolves was released on August 31, 2010.

To promote the album's release, the band opened Shinedown's 2010 Carnival of Madness summer tour alongside Chevelle, Puddle of Mudd, and Sevendust.^[9] In the fall they joined Sevendust again on the Hard Drive Live tour with support from Since October and Anew Revolution.

In December, the band went on a mini-headline tour,^[10] where they played some older songs that they had not played in some time. February 2011, their new single "Fix Me" releases to radio while they headline a spring tour with Hollywood Undead.

On June 17 and 18 the band shot a music video for "Fix Me" in Columbus, Ohio with production company Thunder Down Country.^[11] The video was released via YouTube on August 9, 2011.^[12]

[edit] Minus The Machine Palehorse Records (2012-present)

On twitter the band has shown pictures of Brian Vodinh's home basement turned studio for future workings on their next album.

On April 2nd, 2012, the band announced on Facebook that their upcoming record, Minus The Machine, is to be released on July 30th on their own independent label, Palehorse Records, which the band stated is a part of Warner Music Group's Independent Label Group. They also announced a 4-week headlining tour to support the record, which begins on June 27th in New Orleans.

On May 11th, the band unveiled the cover art of the album and it was announced that the album's release has been pushed back to July 31st.^{[citation needed]} 10 Years will release their first single "Backlash" on radio and iTunes on June 21st.

Band members[link]

Current

• Jesse Hasek – Vocals (2002–present)
• Ryan "Tater" Johnson – Lead Guitar, Backing Vocals (1999–present)
• Lewis "Big Lew" Cosby – Bass (1999–2001, 2002-present)
• Brian Vodinh – Rhythm Guitar, Backing Vocals (2009–present) Drums (1999–present)

Live

• Matt Brown – Drums (2010-present)
• Sam Anderson – Drums (2010)
• Kyle Mayer – Drums (2010)
• Brandon Estelle - Drums (2010-2011) and select dates.

Former

• Mike Underdown – Vocals (1999–2001)
• Andy Parks - Bass (2001–2002)
• Matt Wantland – Guitar (1999–2009)

Timeline[link]

id:Vocals value:red legend:Vocals
id:Bass value:orange legend:Bass
id:Rhythm_Guitar value:blue legend:Rhythm_Guitar
id:Lead_guitar value:green legend:Lead_Guitar
id:drums value:yellow legend:Drums
id:lines value:black legend:Studio Albums

at:01/01/2001 color:black layer:back
at:27/08/2004 color:black layer:back
at:16/08/2005 color:black layer:back
at:01/05/2008 color:black layer:back
at:31/08/2010 color:black layer:back

bar:mike text:"Mike Underdown"
bar:jesse text:"Jesse Hasek"
bar:tater text:"Ryan Tater Johnson"
bar:wantland text:"Matt Wantland"
bar:andy text:"Andy Parks"
bar:lewis text:"Lewis Cosby"
bar:brian text:"Brian Vodinh"
bar:kyle text:"Kyle Mayer"
bar:sam text:"Sam Anderson"
bar:matt text:"Matt Brown"

width:10 textcolor:black align:left anchor:from shift:(10,-4)
bar:mike from:start till:01/01/2001 color:Vocals
bar:jesse from:02/01/2001 till:end color:Vocals
bar:tater from:start till:end color:Lead_Guitar
bar:wantland from:start till:03/05/2009 color:Rhythm_Guitar
bar:brian from:start till:31/08/2010 color:Drums
bar:brian from:05/05/2009 till:end color:Rhythm_Guitar
bar:lewis from:start till:01/01/2001 color:Bass
bar:lewis from:02/01/2002 till:end color:Bass
bar:andy from:02/01/2001 till:01/01/2002 color:Bass
bar:kyle from:06/06/2010 till:05/07/2010 color:Drums
bar:sam from:06/07/2010 till:31/07/2010 color:Drums
bar:matt from:01/08/2010 till:end color:Drums

Discography[link]

Studio albums[link]

Extended plays[link]

• 2006: Acoustic EP

Singles[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official Site
• 10 Years on Myspace