Nokia N8

The Nokia N8 is the first device to run on the Symbian^3 mobile operating system
Manufacturer	Nokia
Series	Nseries
Compatible networks	HSDPA (Pentaband) HSUPA 850 / 900 / 1700 / 1900 / 2100 Quad band GSM / GPRS / EDGE GSM 850, GSM 900, GSM 1800, GSM 1900
Introductory price	€370, 23,000[1] ($549; £320)
Availability by country	30 September 2010 (Finland)[2] 22 October 2010 (United Kingdom)
Form factor	Slate bar
Dimensions	113.5 × 59 × 12.9 mm (4.47 × 2.32 × 0.51 in)
Weight	135 g (4.8 oz)
Operating system	Symbian^3, upgradeable to Nokia Belle
CPU	ARM11 680 MHz Samsung K5W4G2GACA - AL54 processor[3][4] 3D Graphics Broadcom BCM2727 GPU with HW Accelerator with OpenGL-ES 2.0 support[3]
Memory	256 MB SDRAM[3]
Storage	512 MB internal NAND memory; 135 MB available to user 16 GB on-board memory[3]
Removable storage	Hot swap microSD; up to 32 GB supported w/ microSDHC support
Battery	BL-4D 1200 mAh Li-Ion fixed battery
Data inputs	Capacitive multi-touch display External functional hardware keys Virtual keyboard; multiple text-entry options
Display	640 × 360 px (nHD), 3.5" capacitive, multi-touch display with AMOLED technology
Rear camera	12.1 Megapixels with Carl Zeiss optics and xenon flash, 16:9 720p video with continuous AutoFocus, 30 frame/s
Front camera	VGA, for video calling
Ringtones & notifications	Nokia Tune
Connectivity	USB 2.0 via MicroUSB USB On-The-Go Bluetooth 3.0 Wi-Fi 802.11b/g/n FM transmitter TV-out HDMI out with Dolby Digital Plus Surround Sound GPS with A-GPS
Development status	Available 1st October 2010

The Nokia N8 is a Symbian^3 smartphone of the Nokia Nseries and Nokia's flagship device of 2010. It was released on 23 September 2010 at the Nokia Online Store before being released in markets around the world on 1 October 2010.^[5] The N8 features a 12 megapixel camera, a pentaband 3.5G radio and image-based gesture recognition. Among the connectivity features are an HDMI output, USB On-The-Go, and Wi-Fi 802.11 b/g/n.^[6]

History[link]

The N8 became the product with the most customer pre-orders in Nokia's history up to the point of its release.^[7] Despite those high pre-order numbers sales for the N8 have been lagging.

The previous phone in the Nseries was the N97, which was criticised for its earlier firmware issues. Anssi Vanjoki, Nokia's Executive Vice President for Markets, said in an interview that software quality control would be better than for the N97^[8] The N8 was the first device to feature the Symbian^3 operating system. Initially scheduled for the second quarter of 2010, the N8 was pushed back to the third quarter,^[9] being finally released on 30 September 2010 due to 'final amendments'.

The previous Nokia phone with a focus on photography is the N86 8MP, which has an 8 Megapixel sensor and has been available since June 2009.^[10]

The N8 is the second Nokia to have a capacitive touchscreen, following the X6, and the first with multi-touch.^[11]

Design[link]

Body[link]

• Anodised aluminium monocoque case
• Available in silver white, dark grey, orange, blue, green and pink
• Size: 113.5 × 59 × 12.9 mm
• Weight (including battery): 135 g (4.8 oz)
• Carl Zeiss optic 12.1 mega pixel resolution

Display[link]

• 3.5" AMOLED screen with capacitive touch
• 640 × 360 pixels nHD (16:9 aspect ratio)
• Gorilla glass protective layer^[12]
• 16M Colors

Hardware[link]

• 680 MHz ARM11 processor (ARM v6 architecture)
• 256 MB RAM
• Broadcom BCM2727 GPU^[13] VideoCore III Multimedia Engine with dedicated 3D Graphics HW Accelerator with OpenGL-ES 1.1/2.0 support. 32 Mtriangles/sec^[14][15]
• 16 GB internal memory
• MicroSD memory card slot, hot swappable, up to 32 GB

Sensors[link]

• Orientation sensor (Accelerometer)
• Compass (Magnetometer)
• Proximity sensor
• Ambient light detector

Power[link]

Nokia N8 has dual charging options,^[16] allowing to be charged both from a standard-pin Nokia charger, or over the micro-USB port.

The Nokia N8's battery is integrated and thus not easily removable or replaceable. Although this procedure is not endorsed by Nokia,^[17][18] it has been reported that the battery actually is replaceable by loosening two screws on the sides of the phone.^[19]

• BL-4D 1200 mAh Li-Ion battery.
• Standard Nokia 2 mm charger connector
• Talk-time (maximum):
  • GSM 720 mins
  • WCDMA 350 mins
• Standby time (maximum):
  • GSM 390 h
  • WCDMA 400 h

• Video playback time (H.264 720p, 30 fps, maximum): 6.5 h
• Video recording time (H.264 720p, 30 fps, maximum): 3.5 h
• Music playback time (maximum): 54 h

Data and connectivity[link]

• GPRS/EDGE class B, multislot class 34
• HSDPA Cat9, maximum speed up to 10.2 Mbit/s,^[20] HSUPA Cat5 2.0 Mbit/s
• WLAN IEEE 802.11 b/g/n
• TCP/IP support
• Capability to serve as data modem
• Support for MS Outlook synchronization of contacts, calendar and notes
• Bluetooth 3.0
• HDMI mini C connector
• High-Speed USB 2.0 Micro USB connector with USB charging
  • USB On-The-Go^[21] with built-in support for mass storage devices, HID keyboard, mice, and USB headphones.
• 3.5 mm Nokia AV connector supporting the connection of hands-free headsets, regular headphones, or a Nokia TV-out cable.
• FM radio
• Short range FM transmitter

Operating frequency[link]

• Quadband GSM/EDGE 850/900/1800/1900
• Pentaband WCDMA 850/900/1700/1900/2100
• Automatic switching between WCDMA & GSM bands
• Flight mode

Sensors[link]

• Orientation sensor
• Digital compass (Magnetometer)
• Proximity sensor
• Ambient light detector

Software[link]

Software platform and user interface[link]

N8 running Nokia Belle software platform

The N8 was the first Nokia smartphone device to run on the Symbian^3 operating system.^[22]

From February 7th 2012, Nokia Belle update is available for N8 through Nokia Suite.

Other software which will be able to function on the N8 smartphone:

• HTML 4.1

• Java MIDP 2.2

• OMA DM 1.2, OMA

• Qt (framework) 4.7.3, Web Runtime 7.3

• Software updates Over the Air (FOTA) and over the internet

• Flash Lite 4.0^[23] (Note: Flash Lite 4 has been made available via partner Calsoft)

Applications[link]

• Key built in applications include: calendar, contacts, music player, photos, videos, video and photo editors,^[24] office document viewers and editors (with new firmware),^[25] radio with Radio Data System (RDS) support
• PC Applications: Nokia Ovi Suite, Nokia Ovi Player
• Online applications: Nokia Ovi Store, internet, messaging, Ovi Maps, Web TV, Mail

Communications[link]

Email and messaging[link]

• Email client with HTML and attachment support for images, videos, music, and documents
• Unified mail client for multiple providers: Yahoo! mail, Gmail, Windows Live, Hotmail and other popular POP3/IMAP services, Mail For Exchange, IBM Lotus traveler
• Support for editing office documents
• MMS support has Facebook application, twitter, etc.

After the Anna update there is now Communicator support (which is usually reserved for E-Series devices). There is also a new push notification API and a corresponding app.

Sharing and Internet[link]

Browsing and internet[link]

Proprietary web browser, including:

• Supported protocols: HTTP v1.1, WAP
• JavaScript, Flash Lite 4.0, and Flash video support
• RSS reader
• Social networking profiles visible in phone contacts

Navigation[link]

• Integrated GPS, with A-GPS functionality
• Free voice-guided navigation via OVI Maps Free Lifetime Navigation (not all Navteq maps are available in and/or from all countries; e.g. Japan)
• Wi-Fi Positioning
• Electronic compass

Photography[link]

Camera[link]

Rear view of the Nokia N8 illustrating the 12 megapixel autofocus lens with Carl Zeiss optics and xenon flash

• 12 megapixel camera with 4 elements Carl Zeiss tessar optics and mechanical shutter
• Xenon flash
• Focal length: 5.9 mm
• Aperture: f/2.8
• Fullscreen 16:9 viewfinder with touchscreen parameters
• Camera sensor size: 1/1.83″^[17], the largest in a mobile device at the time of launch^[26]
• Autofocus
• Secondary VGA camera for video calls

Image capture[link]

• Geotagging of images and video
• Face detection software
• Photo editor

Video[link]

Video cameras[link]

• Main camera
  • Video capture in 720p 25 frame/s with codecs H.264, MPEG-4. 30 frame/s with Symbian Anna and an Official Camera Update
  • 3x Lossless Digital zoom (it retains the HD quality of video by using its full 12 MP sensor)
  • Stereo microphones
• Secondary 0.3 megapixel (VGA) camera for video calls

An update has been released through Nokia's betalabs channel that enables 30 fps videos as well as continuous autofocus (albeit only in close-up mode). The camera UI has received a facelift as well. The update is expected to be available via official channels after the Belle update.

The video-capturing feature is complemented by the HDMI port located on the top side of the phone.

Video sharing and playback[link]

• 720p video playback through HDMI with Dolby Digital Plus Surround Sound
• Support for subtitles in srt format with utf8 encoding
• Video editing software

Music[link]

• At the time of its launch in November 2010 the Nokia N8 came with the "Comes With Music" service (also branded "Ovi Music Unlimited") in selected markets. In January 2011, Nokia stopped offering the Ovi Music Unlimited service in 27 of the 33 countries where it was offered. The service is still offered in China, India and Indonesia with a 12-month subscription and in Brazil, Turkey and South Africa with a 6-month subscription. The reason for the closure in a majority of the markets where Ovi Music Unlimited was offered was due to a lack of popularity.^[27]
• Ovi Music store
• Digital rights management support: Windows Media DRM and OMA DRM 2.0
• Short range FM transmitter
• Stereo FM radio (87.5–108 MHz/76–90 MHz) with RDS

Accessories[link]

The Nokia Mobile TV Headset provides DVB-H TV.^[28]

Development support[link]

Applications can be developed using the Nokia Qt framework.^[29]

Promotion[link]

To highlight the capabilities of the Nokia N8 camera, Nokia created a short film, The Commuter, in October 2010. Directed by the McHenry brothers and starring Dev Patel, Ed Westwick, Charles Dance and Pamela Anderson, the seven-minute film was shot entirely on the phone's 720p camera. For the Spanish promotion of the phone they also created a short video featuring luminescent puppets, called Love Knot.

The phone was also used to film Drums of Death's "Won't Be Long" music video.

Using CellScope technology, Nokia also released another film called "Dot" which they marketed to as the world's smallest stop-motion animation character.

The device also appeared on the popular Showtime TV show, Dexter^[30] as well as the film, TRON: Legacy.^[31]

In Asian countries, it was promoted differently through the fictional character Pier Roxas on Nokia's Project Gener8 by Young & Rubicam Philippines. He also appeared on the GMA talk show Startalk to promote the device.^[32]

The "Nokia Shorts 2011" competition involved 8 Short films shot on a Nokia N8. The winner was "Splitscreen: a love story" http://conversations.nokia.com/2011/06/30/nokia-shorts-2011-winning-entry/

The independent film "Olive" which is the first feature length film of about 90 minutes to be made entirely with a cell phone uses the Nokia N8 along with an old fashioned video camera attachment with a 35 mm lens made exclusively for the device and to trick the audience by not realizing it was made from the Nokia N8. The directors of the film Hooman Khalili and Pat Gilles were given help by Bill O’Keefe who funded the film for 500,000 and was premiered at Sundance Film Festival.

See also[link]

• List of Nokia products
• List of Symbian devices
• Comparison of smartphones
• Comparison of Symbian devices

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Nokia N8

• Nokia N8 | Official Nokia Product Page
• Nokia N8 stress test | GadgetStress.com
• Nokia N8 | Device Details at Nokia Developer
• Nokia N8 | Internal Photographs submitted to FCC
• Nokia N8 | External Photographs submitted to FCC

v t e Nokia mobile phones Nokia 1000 series 1011 1100/1101 1110/1110i 1112 1200 1208 1600 1610 1650 Nokia 2000 series 2110i 2115i 2310 2600 2600 classic 2610 2630 2650 2651 2680 slide 2690 2700 classic 2730 classic 2760 Nokia 3000 series 3100/3100b/3105 3110 3110 classic 3120 3120 classic 3155 3200/3200b/3205 3210 3220 3230 3250 3310 3315 3330 3410 3500 classic 3510/3590/3595 Nokia 3530 3510i 3600/3620/3650/3660 3600 slide 3720 classic Nokia 5000 series 5070 5100 5110 5130 XpressMusic 5200 5210 5220 5230 5233 5250 5300 5310 XpressMusic 5320 5330 Mobile TV Edition 5500 Sport 5510 5530 XpressMusic 5610 5630 5700 5730 5800 XpressMusic Nokia 6000 series 6010 6020/6021 6030 6070 6085 6100 6101 6103 6110/6120 6110 Navigator 6111 6120/6121/6124 classic 6131/6133 6136 6151 6170 6210 6210 Navigator 6220 classic 6230 6230i 6233/6234 6255i 6260 Slide 6265 6270 6275i 6280/6288 6290 6300 6300i 6301 6303 classic 6310i 6315i 6500 classic 6500 slide 6510 6555 6600 6600 fold 6600 slide 6610i 6620 6630 6650 6650 fold 6670 6680 6681/6682 6700 classic 6700 slide 6710 Navigator 6720 classic 6730 6760 Slide 6800 6810 6820 6822 Nokia 7000 series 7110 7160 7230 7250 7280 7360 7380 7390 7500 Prism 7510 Supernova 7600 7610 7650 7700 7710 7900 Prism 7900 Crystal Prism Nokia 8000 series 8110 8210 8250 8310 8600 Luna 8800 8810 8850 8910 Nokia 9000 series (Nokia Communicator) 9000/9110/9110i 9210/9290 9210i 9300/9300i 9500 Nokia 000 series 100 101 500 600 603 700 701 808 PureView Nokia Asha Asha 200/201 Asha 202/203 Asha 300 Asha 302 Asha 303 Nokia Cseries C1-01 C2-00 C2-02 C2-03 C2-05 C2-06 C3 C3-01 C5 C5-03 C6 C6-01 C7 Nokia Eseries E5-00 E50 E51 E52 E55 E6-00 E60 E61/E61i E62 E63 E65 E66 E7-00 E70 E71 E72 E73 E75 E90 Communicator Nokia Nseries N70 N71 N72 N73 N75 N76 N78 N79 N8 N80 Internet Edition N81 N81 8GB N82 N85 N86 8MP N9 N90 N91 N91 8GB N92 N93 N93i N95 N95 8GB N96 N97 Nokia Xseries X1-00 X1-01 X2 X2-02 X2-05 X3-00 X3-02 X5 X5-01 X6 X7-00 Nokia Lumia Lumia 610 Lumia 710 Lumia 800 Lumia 900 Nokia Internet Tablet 770 N800 N810 WiMAX Edition N900 N950 N9 N-Gage Classic QD QD Silver Edition Others Vertu luxury phones Concept Nokia Morph List of Nokia products Nokia phone series

Nokia Corporation

Type	Public company
Traded as	OMX: NOK1V, NYSE: NOK, FWB: NOA3
Industry	Communications equipment Internet Computer software
Founded	Tampere, Grand Duchy of Finland (1865) incorporated in Nokia (1871)
Founder(s)	Fredrik Idestam Leo Mechelin
Headquarters	Espoo, Finland
Area served	Worldwide
Key people	Risto Siilasmaa (Chairman) Stephen Elop (President & CEO)
Products	Mobile phones Smartphones Mobile computers Networks (See products listing)
Services	Maps and navigation, music, messaging and media Software solutions (See services listing)
Revenue	€38.65 billion (2011)[1]
Operating income	€-1.073 billion (2011)[1]
Net income	€-1.164 billion (2011)[1]
Total assets	€36.20 billion (2011)[1]
Total equity	€11.87 billion (2011)[1]
Employees	134,171 (2011)[1]
Divisions	Mobile Solutions Mobile Phones Markets
Subsidiaries	Nokia Siemens Networks Navteq Symbian Vertu Qt Development Frameworks
Website	Nokia.com

Nokia Corporation (Finnish pronunciation: [ˈnɔkiɑ]) (OMX: NOK1V, NYSE: NOK, FWB: NOA3) is a multinational communications corporation headquartered in Keilaniemi, Espoo, Finland.^[2] Its principal products are mobile electronic devices, primarily mobile telephones and other communications devices. It also offers Internet services such as applications, games, music, maps, media and messaging through its Ovi platform, and free-of-charge digital map information and navigation services through its wholly owned subsidiary Navteq.^[3] Nokia has a joint venture with Siemens, Nokia Siemens Networks, which provides telecommunications network equipment, solutions and services.^[4]

Nokia has 130,000 employees across 120 countries, sales in more than 150 countries and annual revenues of around €38 billion.^[1] As of 2012 it is the world's second-largest vendor of mobile phones by unit sales (after Samsung), with a global market share of 22.5% in the first quarter.^[5] Nokia is a public limited-liability company listed on the Helsinki, Frankfurt, and New York stock exchanges.^[6] It was the world's 143rd-largest company as measured by revenue in Fortune Global 500 list of 2011.^[7]

Nokia was the world's largest vendor of mobile phones from 1998 to 2012.^[5] However over the past five years it has suffered declining market share as a result of the growing use of smartphones, principally the Apple iPhone and devices running on Google's Android platform. As a result its share price has fallen from a high of US$40 in 2007 to under US$3 in 2012.^[8][9] Since February 2011 Nokia has had a strategic partnership with Microsoft, as part of which all Nokia smartphones will incorporate Microsoft's Windows Phone operating system. Nokia unveiled its first Windows Phone handsets, the Lumia 710 and 800, in October 2011.^[10]

History[link]

Pre-telecommunications era[link]

Fredrik Idestam, founder of Nokia.		Statesman Leo Mechelin, co-founder of Nokia.

The predecessors of the modern Nokia were the Nokia Company (Nokia Aktiebolag), Finnish Rubber Works Ltd (Suomen Gummitehdas Oy) and Finnish Cable Works Ltd (Suomen Kaapelitehdas Oy).^[11]

Nokia's history started in 1865 when mining engineer Fredrik Idestam established a groundwood pulp mill on the banks of the Tammerkoski rapids in the town of Tampere, in southwestern Finland in Russian Empire and started manufacturing paper.^[12] In 1868, Idestam built a second mill near the town of Nokia, fifteen kilometres (nine miles) west of Tampere by the Nokianvirta river, which had better resources for hydropower production.^[13] In 1871, Idestam, with the help of his close friend statesman Leo Mechelin, renamed and transformed his firm into a share company, thereby founding the Nokia Company, the name it is still known by today.^[13]

Toward the end of the 19th century, Mechelin's wishes to expand into the electricity business were at first thwarted by Idestam's opposition. However, Idestam's retirement from the management of the company in 1896 allowed Mechelin to become the company's chairman (from 1898 until 1914) and sell most shareholders on his plans, thus realizing his vision.^[13] In 1902, Nokia added electricity generation to its business activities.^[12]

Industrial conglomerate[link]

In 1898, Eduard Polón founded Finnish Rubber Works, manufacturer of galoshes and other rubber products, which later became Nokia's rubber business.^[11] At the beginning of the 20th century, Finnish Rubber Works established its factories near the town of Nokia and they began using Nokia as its product brand.^[14] In 1912, Arvid Wickström founded Finnish Cable Works, producer of telephone, telegraph and electrical cables and the foundation of Nokia's cable and electronics businesses.^[11] At the end of the 1910s, shortly after World War I, the Nokia Company was nearing bankruptcy.^[15] To ensure the continuation of electricity supply from Nokia's generators, Finnish Rubber Works acquired the business of the insolvent company.^[15] In 1922, Finnish Rubber Works acquired Finnish Cable Works.^[16] In 1937, Verner Weckman, a sport wrestler and Finland's first Olympic Gold medalist, became President of Finnish Cable Works, after 16 years as its Technical Director.^[17] After World War II, Finnish Cable Works supplied cables to the Soviet Union as part of Finland's war reparations. This gave the company a good foothold for later trade.^[17]

The three companies, which had been jointly owned since 1922, were merged to form a new industrial conglomerate, Nokia Corporation in 1967 and paved the way for Nokia's future as a global corporation.^[18] The new company was involved in many industries, producing at one time or another paper products, car and bicycle tires, footwear (including rubber boots), communications cables, televisions and other consumer electronics, personal computers, electricity generation machinery, robotics, capacitors, military communications and equipment (such as the SANLA M/90 device and the M61 gas mask for the Finnish Army), plastics, aluminium and chemicals.^[19] Each business unit had its own director who reported to the first Nokia Corporation President, Björn Westerlund. As the president of the Finnish Cable Works, he had been responsible for setting up the company's first electronics department in 1960, sowing the seeds of Nokia's future in telecommunications.^[20]

Eventually, the company decided to leave consumer electronics behind in the 1990s and focused solely on the fastest growing segments in telecommunications.^[21] Nokian Tyres, manufacturer of tires, split from Nokia Corporation to form its own company in 1988^[22] and two years later Nokian Footwear, manufacturer of rubber boots, was founded.^[14] During the rest of the 1990s, Nokia divested itself of all of its non-telecommunications businesses.^[21]

Telecommunications era[link]

The seeds of the current incarnation of Nokia were planted with the founding of the electronics section of the cable division in 1960 and the production of its first electronic device in 1962: a pulse analyzer designed for use in nuclear power plants.^[20] In the 1967 fusion, that section was separated into its own division, and began manufacturing telecommunications equipment. A key CEO and subsequent Chairman of the Board was vuorineuvos Björn "Nalle" Westerlund (1912–2009), who founded the electronics department and let it run at a loss for 15 years.

Networking equipment[link]

In the 1970s, Nokia became more involved in the telecommunications industry by developing the Nokia DX 200, a digital switch for telephone exchanges. The DX 200 became the workhorse of the network equipment division. Its modular and flexible architecture enabled it to be developed into various switching products.^[23] In 1984, development of a version of the exchange for the Nordic Mobile Telephony network was started.^[24]

For a while in the 1970s, Nokia's network equipment production was separated into Telefenno, a company jointly owned by the parent corporation and by a company owned by the Finnish state. In 1987, the state sold its shares to Nokia and in 1992 the name was changed to Nokia Telecommunications.

In the 1970s and 1980s, Nokia developed the Sanomalaitejärjestelmä ("Message device system"), a digital, portable and encrypted text-based communications device for the Finnish Defence Forces.^[25] The current main unit used by the Defence Forces is the Sanomalaite M/90 (SANLA M/90).^[26]

First mobile phones[link]

The Mobira Cityman 150, Nokia's NMT-900 mobile phone from 1989 (left), compared to the Nokia 1100 from 2003.^[27] The Mobira Cityman line was launched in 1987.^[28]

The technologies that preceded modern cellular mobile telephony systems were the various "0G" pre-cellular mobile radio telephony standards. Nokia had been producing commercial and some military mobile radio communications technology since the 1960s, although this part of the company was sold some time before the later company rationalization. Since 1964, Nokia had developed VHF radio simultaneously with Salora Oy. In 1966, Nokia and Salora started developing the ARP standard (which stands for Autoradiopuhelin, or car radio phone in English), a car-based mobile radio telephony system and the first commercially operated public mobile phone network in Finland. It went online in 1971 and offered 100% coverage in 1978.^[29]

In 1979, the merger of Nokia and Salora resulted in the establishment of Mobira Oy. Mobira began developing mobile phones for the NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephony) network standard, the first-generation, first fully automatic cellular phone system that went online in 1981.^[30] In 1982, Mobira introduced its first car phone, the Mobira Senator for NMT-450 networks.^[30]

Nokia bought Salora Oy in 1984 and now owning 100% of the company, changed the company's telecommunications branch name to Nokia-Mobira Oy. The Mobira Talkman, launched in 1984, was one of the world's first transportable phones. In 1987, Nokia introduced one of the world's first handheld phones, the Mobira Cityman 900 for NMT-900 networks (which, compared to NMT-450, offered a better signal, yet a shorter roam). While the Mobira Senator of 1982 had weighed 9.8 kg (22 lb) and the Talkman just under 5 kg (11 lb), the Mobira Cityman weighed only 800 g (28 oz) with the battery and had a price tag of 24,000 Finnish marks (approximately €4,560).^[28] Despite the high price, the first phones were almost snatched from the sales assistants' hands. Initially, the mobile phone was a "yuppie" product and a status symbol.^[19]

Nokia's mobile phones got a big publicity boost in 1987, when Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev was pictured using a Mobira Cityman to make a call from Helsinki to his communications minister in Moscow. This led to the phone's nickname of the "Gorba".^[28]

In 1988, Jorma Nieminen, resigning from the post of CEO of the mobile phone unit, along with two other employees from the unit, started a notable mobile phone company of their own, Benefon Oy (since renamed to GeoSentric).^[31] One year later, Nokia-Mobira Oy became Nokia Mobile Phones.

Involvement in GSM[link]

Nokia was one of the key developers of GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications),^[32] the second-generation mobile technology which could carry data as well as voice traffic. NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephony), the world's first mobile telephony standard that enabled international roaming, provided valuable experience for Nokia for its close participation in developing GSM, which was adopted in 1987 as the new European standard for digital mobile technology.^[33][34]

Nokia delivered its first GSM network to the Finnish operator Radiolinja in 1989.^[35] The world's first commercial GSM call was made on 1 July 1991 in Helsinki, Finland over a Nokia-supplied network, by then Prime Minister of Finland Harri Holkeri, using a prototype Nokia GSM phone.^[35] In 1992, the first GSM phone, the Nokia 1011, was launched.^[35][36] The model number refers to its launch date, 10 November.^[36] The Nokia 1011 did not yet employ Nokia's characteristic ringtone, the Nokia tune. It was introduced as a ringtone in 1994 with the Nokia 2100 series.^[37]