Croatian Navy
Emblem of the Croatian Navy
Active	1991
Country	Croatia
Size	approximately 2.000 personnel 34 ships, due to rise
H/Q	Lora naval base, Split
Patron	Saint Nicholas
March	Mi smo hrvatski mornari (We are the Croatian sailors)
Anniversaries	18 September
Engagements	Croatian War of Independence Operation ATALANTA
Decorations	Order of Duke Domagoj (Red kneza Domagoja)
Commanders
Current commander	Rear admiral Ante Urlić
Notable commanders	Fleet Admiral Sveto Letica, Admiral Vid Stipetić, Viceadmiral Zdravko Kardum, Admiral Janko Vuković Podkapelski
Insignia
Naval Ensign
Naval Jack

The Croatian Navy (Croatian: Hrvatska ratna mornarica) is a branch of the Croatian Armed Forces.

History[link]

The modern Croatian navy was born during the Croatian War of Independence in 1991; However, the navy traces its roots to the early 10th century.

The medieval Croatian state at the time possessed a formidable navy which controlled much of the Eastern Adriatic, and the day when the fleet of Croatian duke Branimir defeated the Venetian navy on September 18, 887 was chosen as the Day of the Croatian Navy.

The contemporary origins of the navy are in the Austro-Hungarian Navy, as well as the navy of Yugoslavia, whose 35 ships and various depots were seized during the war.

Purpose[link]

The mission of the Croatian Navy (HRM) is to defend the integrity and sovereignty of the Republic of Croatia, to promote and protect its interest in the Adriatic Sea, islands and coast-lands. It carries and organizes the naval defense of the Republic of Croatia. The Croatian Navy fulfils its role by preparing itself and carrying out the following main tasks:

1. Deterring the threat to the Republic of Croatia by maintaining high level of competence, training and technical quality of equipment
2. Constant control of the Adriatic Sea and coast-land and monitoring of foreign war ships' movement
3. Strengthening of the safety conditions on the Adriatic Sea and preserving the integrity of the maritime borders
4. Implementation of the program "Partnership for Peace in the Mediterranean"

Structure of Croatian Navy[link]

Current structure of the Croatian Navy

The following commands were created to carry out the mission of the Croatian Navy:^[1]

• Navy command
  • Command company
  • Navy flotilla
    • Flotilla Command
    • Surface Ships Division
    • Support Division
    • Mine Warfare Section
  • Coast guard
    • Coast Guard Command
    • 1st Coast Guard Division
    • 2nd Coast Guard Division
  • Marine Infantry Regiment
  • Coastal Surveillance Battalion
  • Navy Training Center
  • Split Naval Base
    • Naval Detachment North
    • Naval Detachment South

Naval equipment[link]

Fleet[link]

RTOP-41 Vukovar

RTOP-11 "Kralj Petar Krešimir"

OB-02 Šolta

Landing craft and minelayer Krka

LM-51 Korčula

Salvage ship Faust Vrančić

MOL Anti-ship missile system

Missile boats

• 2 Kralj ("King") class  Croatia (to undergo engine replacement in 2011)
  • RTOP-11 Kralj Petar Krešimir IV (1992)
  • RTOP-12 Kralj Dmitar Zvonimir (2001)

• 2 Helsinki class  Finland
  • RTOP-41 Vukovar (1985)
  • RTOP-42 Dubrovnik (1986)

• 1 Končar class  Croatia
  • RTOP-21 Šibenik (1978/extensively overhauled in 1991 to match the Kralj class)

Patrol boats

• 4 Mirna class  Croatia - radar equipment modernized in 2007 and new fast boats added in 2009

• • OB-01 Novigrad (1980)
  • OB-02 Šolta (1982)
  • OB-03 Cavtat (1984)
  • OB-04 Hrvatska Kostajnica (1985)

Landing craft - Minelayer

• 2 Cetina class  Croatia
  • DBM-81 Cetina (1993)
  • DBM-82 Krka (1995)

Armed Landing Craft

• Type 11
  • DBJ-101
  • DJB-103
  • DJB-104
• Type 22
  • DJB-105
  • DJB-106
• Type 21
  • DJB-107

Minehunter

• 1 Korčula class Croatia
  • LM-51 Korčula (2006)

School ship

• 1 Moma class  Poland
  • BŠ-72 Andrija Mohorovičić (1972)

Salvage Ship

• 1 Spasilac class  Yugoslavia
  • BS-73 Faust Vrančić (1976)

• plus about 20 other auxiliary ships and crafts

Coastal equipment[link]

• 3 MOL Mobile anti-ship missile launchers equipped with RBS-15  Croatia  Sweden
• 14 radars (4 AN/FPS-117 + 10 others) - Sea network  Italy  United States

Current fleet status[link]

Two former Helsinki class missile boats, FNS Oulu and FNS Kotka, were acquired from Finland. They were renamed Vukovar and Dubrovnik respectively, and entered service in December, 2008. They were acquired along with a considerable quantity of spare parts (most notably three MTU engines - to be installed on Kralj class vessels) from Finland due to a severe shortage of vessels at present. The price of these ships was €9 million and is considered rather symbolic, mostly because it was a part of the offset deal for the previous Croatian acquisition of Patria AMV armoured vehicles. The ships reached their full operational capability in June, 2009.

Three other missile boats are currently undergoing overhauls. Končar class missile boat Šibenik has already been overhauled with new turbine engines and radars and is due to remain in service until 2018-2020. Kralj class vessels were planned to be extensively modernized by 2010 at a price of €20 million, but as a result of the recent acquisition of Helsinki class boats, they will only undergo an overhaul and an engine replacement, believed to be worth around €5 million per each ship.

Four patrol boats currently in service have been upgraded with new radar and the stern anti-aircraft gun has been replaced with a hoist for a semi-rigid inflatable. These are to be augmented or replaced by an entirely new class. Construction of the first out of the currently projected 5 vessels was scheduled to start in 2007, however the latest information indicate that the construction of the class should commence in 2012. These patrol boats, designed by AdriaMar, will be built in Croatian shipyards and should be around 40 meters long, incorporating stealth technology. Similar but slightly smaller vessels have recently been built for Libya. A second country is also rumoured to have ordered the vessels.

Previously reported plans for the purchase of offshore patrol vessels / surface combatants have been scrapped with the 2012 Strategic Defence Review placing the focus of the HRM on redeveloping the Coast Guard rather than the surface combat fleet.

Future projects[link]

• The Strategic Defence Review has announced the withdrawal of the RBS-15 missile citing "prolonged period of poor maintenance". The purchase of a replacement missile system will be "reviewed", however given current Croatian defence priorities the likelihood of such an expensive project being pursued is questionable. In either case the fleet of 5 missile boats will be retained until the end of their service lives.
• Overhaul of existing 2 Kralj class fast attack craft, including new engines. Cost of program - 70 million Croatian Kuna - according to the latest information the overhaul should have been performed in 2011.
• 5 (projected) new patrol boats - locally built by AdriaMar, 40 meters in length. Cost of program - 500-700 million Croatian Kuna - the first ship was due to begin construction in 2007 but the program has been continuously postponed. According to the latest information, the construction of the first ship is to commence in autumn 2012. The Strategic Defence Review places the procurement of new patrol vessels for the Coast Guard as a priority over the surface combatant fleet. The final number of patrol boats will be announced in a forthcoming Long Term Defence Plan.
• Following an endorsement by the Royal Norwegian Navy, the Strategic Defence Review has announced that the salvage ship Faust Vrančić will be upgraded to make it an effective platform for conducting various ecological operations.
• 2 Göteborg class corvette - HMS Kalmar K23 and HMS Sundsvall K24 are being offered to the Croatian Navy if Croatia agrees on JAS-39 Gripen purchase. Program is a donation but since two missile boats have already been bought, the deal is questionable. Also announcements by the Croatian government indicate the indefinite postponement of the purchase of new fighter aircraft so this deal must be considered unlikely. ^[2]
• 11-12 smaller boats of various purpose and class are due to enter service by 2012.

Gallery[link]

• 

  RBS-15 anti-ship missile launchers

• 

  AK-630 gatling gun

• 

  Bofors 57 mm/70 Mk1 gun

• 

  SAKO 23mm guns

• 

  MK-44 torpedo

• 

  M90 mine

References[link]

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2011)

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Navy of Croatia

• Croatian Navy
• Krka accident, in Croatian
• Croatian Armed Forces Long Term Development Plan 2006-2015

v t e Military of Croatia Croatian Army Croatian Navy Croatian Air Force and Air Defence Leadership Commander-in-chief: President of Croatia Minister of Defense General Staff of Croatia Organization Branches Croatian Army Croatian Navy Croatian Air Force Commands Support Command Training and Doctrine Command VSOA Forces BSD Motorized Guards Armoured Guards Navy Flotilla Coast Guard Military history Army history Navy history Aviation history Uniforms and Insignia Uniforms Ranks Orders and medals

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Croatian Kingdom during the reign of king Petar Krešimir IV

Peter Krešimir IV, called the Great (Croatian: Petar Krešimir IV Veliki) (died 1075), was a notably energetic King of Croatia from 1059 to his death in 1074/1075.^[2] He was the last great ruler of the Krešimirović branch of the House of Trpimirović.

Under his rule the Croatian realm reached its peak territorially, earning him the sobriquet "the Great," otherwise unique in Croatian history.^[3] He kept his seat at Nin and Biograd na Moru,^[1] however, the city of Šibenik holds a statue of him and is sometimes called Krešimir's city ("Krešimirov grad", in Croatian) because he is generally credited as the founder.^[4][5]

Reign[link]

Religious policy[link]

Peter Krešimir IV. being recognized as a king by the diocese of Split.

Peter Krešimir was born as one of two children to king Stephen I and his wife Hicela (or Mary), who was possibly of Venetian descent.^i[›].^[6] Raised in Venice, Krešimir succeeded his father Stephen I upon his death in 1058 and was crowned the next year. It is not known where his coronation took place, but some historians suggest Biograd as a possibility.^[7]

It has been rumored that Krešimir murdered his brother Gojslav (or Častimir) to secure the throne for himself. This created such an outcry from the church that Pope Alexander II sent one of his delegates to investigate the death of Gojslav. Only after the prince and 12 Croatian župans had taken oath that he did not kill his brother, the Pope restored the royal power to Krešimir.^[8]

From the outset, he continued the policies of his father, but was immediately commanded by Pope Nicholas II first in 1059. and then in 1060 to reform the Croatian church in accordance with the Roman rite. This was especially significant to the papacy in the aftermath of the Great Schism of 1054, when a papal ally in the Balkans was a necessity. Kresimir and the upper nobility lent their support to the pope and the church of Rome.

The lower nobility and the peasantry, however, were far less well-disposed to reforms. The Croatian priesthood was aligned towards Byzantine orientalism, including having long beards and marrying. More so, the ecclesiastical service was likely practiced in the native Slavonic (Glagolitic), whereas the pope demanded practice in Latin. This caused a rebellion of the clergy led by a priest named Vuk against celibacy and the Latin liturgy in 1063, but they were proclaimed heretical at a synod of 1064. and excommunicated, a decision which Kresimir supported. He harshly quelled all opposition and sustained a firm alignment towards western Romanism, with the intent of more fully integrating the Dalmatian populace into his realm. In turn, he could then use them to balance the power caused by the growing feudal class. By the end of Krešimir's reign, feudalism had made permanent inroads into Croatian society and Dalmatia had been permanently associated with the Croatian state.^[9]

The income from the cities further strengthened Krešimir's power, and he subsequently fostered the development of more cities, such as Biograd, Nin, Šibenik, Karin, and Skradin. He also had several monasteries constructed, like the Benedictine monastery of St. John the Evangelist in Biograd,^[10] and donated much land to the Church. In 1066, he granted a charter to the new monastery of St.Mary in Zadar, where the founder and first nun was his cousin, the Abbess Čika. This remains the oldest Croatian monument in the city of Zadar, and became a spearhead for the reform movement. Several other Benedictine monasteries were also founded during his reign, including the one in Skradin.

Territorial policy[link]

King's confirmation of donating land parcels to the diocese of Rap.^[1]

Krešimir greatly expanded Croatia along the Adriatic coastland and in the mainland eastwards.^[7] He made the ban of Slavonia, Dmitar Zvonimir, of the related Svetoslavić brand of his house, his principal adviser with the title Duke (or ban) of Croatia. This act brought Slavonia into the Croatian fold definitively.

It is notable that, according to some royal documents, he ruled with three of his bans, each having a jurisdiction over a major part of the kingdom; Zvonimir as a Ban of Slavonia (c.1065–1075), Gojčo (1060–1069), who was a Ban of Littoral Croatia, and a Ban of Bosnia.^[10]

In 1069, he gave the island of Maun, near Nin, to the monastery of St. Krševan in Zadar, in thanks for the "expansion of the kingdom on land and on sea, by the grace of the omnipotent God" (quia Deus omnipotenus terra marique nostrum prolungavit regnum). In his surviving document, Krešimir nevertheless did not fail to point out that it was "our own island that lies on our Dalmatian sea" (nostram propriam insulam in nostro Dalmatico mari sitam, que vocatur Mauni).^[11]

Relations with Byzantium and the Normans[link]

In 1069, he had the Byzantine Empire recognize him as supreme ruler of the parts of Dalmatia Byzantium had controlled since the Croatian dynastic struggle of 997.^[12] At the time, the empire was at war both with the Seljuk Turks in Asia and the Normans in southern Italy, so Krešimir took the opportunity and, avoiding an imperial nomination as proconsul or eparch, consolidated his holdings as the regnum Dalmatiae et Chroatia. This was not a formal title, but it designated a unified political-administrative territory, which had been the chief desire of the Croatian kings.^[11]

Statue of Petar Krešimir IV in Šibenik

During Krešimir's reign, the Normans first became involved in Balkan politics and Krešimir soon came in contact with them. After the 1071 Battle of Manzikert, where the Seljuk Turks routed the Eastern Imperial army, the Serbs instigated a rebellion of Slavic boyars in Macedonia. In 1072, Krešimir lent his aid to the uprising. However, against all odds, the empire relatively quickly retaliated in 1074. In 1075., the Norman Count Amico invaded Croatia from southern Italy, either at the command of Constantinople or on behalf of the Dalmaitan cities (by invitation to protect them from Croatian domination). Amico besieged Rab for almost a month (late April to early May). He failed to take the island, but he allegedly did manage to capture the Croatian king himself at an unidentified location. In return for liberation, he was forced to relinquish many cities, including both his capitals, as well as Zadar, Split, and Trogir. His followers also collected a large ransom. However, he was not liberated. Over the next two years, the Republic of Venice banished the Normans and secured the cities for themselves.^[13]

Death and succession[link]

Nearing the end of his reign, Krešimir had no sons, but only a daughter by the name of Neda. His brothers were dead, so the end of Krešimir IV meant the end of the usurper Krešimir III of Croatia branch of Trpimirović dynasty. Krešimir designated his cousin and duke of Slavonia, Demetrius Zvonimir, as his heir with which he has restored Svetoslav Suronja branch of dynasty. According to some historians, Zvonimir deposed him and is uncertain whether he died in a Norman prison during the first half of 1075 or not.^[10] It is suggested by Johannes Lucius that an usurpator king, called Slavac, succeeded the throne somewhere during 1074 and reigned only for a year before getting taken down and Zvonimir taking over.^[12][14]

Krešimir was buried in the church of St. Stephen^[15] in Solin, together with the other dukes and kings of Croatia. Unfortunately, several centuries later the Ottoman Turks destroyed the church, banished the monks who had preserved it, and destroyed the graves.^[16]

Legacy[link]

Krešimir is, by some historians, regarded as one of the greatest Croatian rulers. Thomas the Archdeacon named him "the great" in his work Historia Salonitana during the 13th century for his significance in unifing the Dalmatian coastal cities with the Croatian state and accomplishing a peak in Croatia's territorial extent. The RTOP-11 of the Croatian navy was named after Krešimir. The city of Šibenik holds a statue of him and some schools in the vicinity are named after Krešimir.

Ancestors[link]

See also[link]

• History of Croatia
• East–West Schism

Notes[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Peter Krešimir IV of Croatia

• (Croatian) Povijest Hrvatske I. (R. Horvat)/Petar Krešimir
• A romantic portrait of Kresimir.
• Map of Kingdom of Croatia during Kresimir IV.

v t e House of Trpimirović Trpimir I (845–864) Zdeslav (878–879) Muncimir (892–910) Tomislav (910–928) Trpimir II (928–935) Krešimir I (935–945) Miroslav (945–949) Michael Krešimir II (949–969) Stephen Držislav (969–997) Svetoslav Suronja (997–1000) Krešimir III (1000– c. 1030) and Gojslav (1000–c. 1020) Stephen I (c. 1030–1058) Peter Krešimir IV (1058–1074) Demetrius Zvonimir (1075–1089) Stephen II (1089–1091)

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