The most severe common adverse effect of clindamycin is ''Clostridium difficile''-associated diarrhea (the most frequent cause of pseudomembranous colitis). Although this side effect occurs with almost all antibiotics, including beta-lactam antibiotics, it is classically linked to clindamycin use.
Clindamycin is marketed under various trade names, including Dalacin. Combination products include Duac, BenzaClin, Clindoxyl and Acanya (in combination with benzoyl peroxide), and Ziana (with tretinoin). Clindamycin is also available as a generic drug.
Clindamycin and adapalene in combination are also more effective than either drug alone, although adverse effects are more frequent; a single study found pretreatment with adapalene (application of adapalene 3–5 minutes before clindamycin) to significantly increase the penetration of clindamycin into the skin, which may enhance efficacy.
Aerobic Gram-positive cocci, including some members of the ''Staphylococcus'' and ''Streptococcus'' (e.g. pneumococcus) genera, but not enterococci.
Most aerobic Gram-negative bacteria (such as ''Pseudomonas'', ''Legionella'', ''Haemophilus influenzae'' and ''Moraxella'') are resistant to clindamycin, as are the facultative anaerobic Enterobacteriaceae. A notable exception is ''Capnocytophaga canimorsus'', for which clindamycin is a first-line drug of choice.
Clindamycin is used in cases of suspected toxic shock syndrome, often in combination with a bactericidal agent such as vancomycin. The rationale for this approach is a presumed synergy between vancomycin, which causes the death of the bacteria by breakdown of the cell membrane, and clindamycin, which is a powerful inhibitor of toxin synthesis. Both ''in vitro'' and ''in vivo'' studies have shown that clindamycin reduces the production of exotoxins by staphylococci; it may also induce changes in the surface structure of bacteria that make them more sensitive to immune system attack (opsonization and phagocytosis).
Clindamycin has been proven to decrease the risk of premature births in women diagnosed with bacterial vaginosis during early pregnancy to about a third of the risk of untreated women.
Clindamycin may also be used to treat toxoplasmosis, and, in combination with primaquine, is effective in treating mild to moderate ''Pneumocystis jirovecii'' pneumonia.
Several combination acne treatments containing clindamycin are also marketed, such as single-product formulations of clindamycin with benzoyl peroxide—sold as BenzaClin (Sanofi-Aventis), Duac (a gel form made by Stiefel), and Acanya, among other trade names—and, in the United States, a combination of clindamycin and tretinoin, sold as Ziana. In India, vaginal suppositories containing clindamycin in combination with clotrimazole are manufactured by Olive Health Care and sold as Clinsup-V. In Egypt, vaginal cream containing clindamycin produced by Biopharmgroup sold as Vagiclind indicated for vaginosis.
Clindamycin is available as a generic drug, for both systemic (oral and intravenous) and topical use. (The exceptions are the oral suspension and vaginal suppositories, which are not available as generics in the USA.)
Pseudomembranous colitis is a potentially lethal condition commonly associated with clindamycin, but which occurs with other antibiotics, as well. Overgrowth of ''Clostridium difficile'', which is inherently resistant to clindamycin, results in the production of a toxin that causes a range of adverse effects, from diarrhea to colitis and toxic megacolon.
Rarely — in less than 0.1% of patients — clindamycin therapy has been associated with anaphylaxis, blood dyscrasias, polyarthritis, jaundice, raised liver enzyme levels, and/or hepatotoxicity.
The structures of the complexes between several antibiotics (including clindamycin) and a ''Deinococcus radiodurans'' ribosome have been solved by X-ray crystallography by a team from the Max Planck Working Groups for Structural Molecular Biology, and published in the journal ''Nature''.
Category:Amides Category:Anti-acne preparations Category:Lincosamide antibiotics Category:World Health Organization essential medicines
bn:ক্লিন্ডামাইসিন de:Clindamycin dv:ކްލިންޑަމައިސިން es:Clindamicina fa:کلیندامایسین fr:Clindamycine it:Clindamicina hu:Klindamicin nl:Clindamycine ja:クリンダマイシン pl:Klindamycyna pt:Clindamicina ru:Клиндамицин fi:Klindamysiini sv:Klindamycin th:คลินดามัยซิน zh:克林黴素This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
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