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In computing and telecommunication, an escape character is a character which invokes an alternative interpretation on subsequent characters in a character sequence. An escape character is a particular case of metacharacters. Generally, the judgement of whether something is an escape character or not depends on context.

Definition[link]

Escape characters are part of the syntax for many programming languages, data formats and communication protocols. For a given alphabet an escape character's purpose is to start character sequences (so named escape sequences) which have to be interpreted differently from the same characters occurring alone. An escape character may not have its own meaning, so all escape sequences are of 2 or more characters.

There are usually two functions of escape sequences. The first is to encode a syntactic entity, such as device commands or special data which cannot be directly represented by the alphabet. The second use, referred to as character quoting, is to represent characters which cannot be typed in current context, or would have an undesired interpretation. In the latter case an escape sequence is a digraph consisting of an escape character itself and a "quoted" character.

Control character[link]

Generally, an escape character is not a particular case of (device) control characters, nor vice versa. If we define control characters as non-graphic, or as having a special meaning for an output device (e.g. printer or text terminal) then any escape character for this device is a control one. But escape characters used in programming (see below) are graphic, hence are not control characters. Conversely most (but not all) of the ASCII "control characters" have some control function in isolation, therefore are not escape characters.

In many programming languages, an escape character also forms some escape sequences which are referred to control characters. For example, line break has a escape sequence of Unknown extension tag "syntaxhighlight".

Examples[link]

ASCII escape character[link]

The ASCII "escape" character (octal: \033, or ^[, or, in decimal, 27) is used in many output devices to start a series of characters called a control sequence or escape sequence. Typically, the escape character was sent first in such a sequence to alert the device that the following characters were to be interpreted as a control sequence rather than as plain characters, then one or more characters would follow to specify some detailed action, after which the device would go back to interpreting characters normally. For example, the sequence of ^[, followed by the printable characters [2;10H, would cause a DEC VT102 terminal to move its cursor to the 10th cell of the 2nd line of the screen. This was later developed to ANSI escape codes covered by the ANSI X3.64 standard. The escape character also starts each command sequence in the Hewlett Packard Printer Command Language.

Early reference to the term "escape character" is found in Bob Bemer's IBM technical publications. Apparently, it is he who invented this mechanism, during his work on the ASCII character set.

The Escape key is usually found on standard PC keyboards. However it is commonly absent from keyboards for PDAs and other devices not designed primarily for ASCII communications, and not generally used as part of the common user interface for applications on the Windows operating system. Linux systems, or applications such as FireFox, often use the key as the functional equivalent to clicking on a Cancel button with a mouse. The DEC VT220 series was one of the few popular keyboards that did not have a dedicated Esc key, instead using one of the keys above the main keypad. In user interfaces of 1970s–1980s it was not uncommon to use this key as an escape character, but in modern desktop computers such use is dropped. Sometimes the key was identified with AltMode (for alternative mode). Even with no dedicated key, the escape character code could be generated by typing '[' while simultaneously holding down the Control key, 'Ctrl'.

Programming and data formats[link]

Many modern programming languages specify the doublequote character (") as a delimiter for a string literal. The backslash (\) escape character typically provides two ways to include doublequotes inside a string literal, either by modifying the meaning of the doublequote character embedded in the string (\" becomes "), or by modifying the meaning of a sequence of characters including the hexadecimal value of a doublequote character (\x22 becomes ").

In Perl or Python

<source lang="perl">

print "Nancy said "Hello World!" to the crowd."; </source> produces a syntax error, whereas:

<source lang="perl">

print "Nancy said \"Hello World!\" to the crowd."; ### example of \" </source> produces the intended output. Another alternative:

<source lang="perl">

print "Nancy said \x22Hello World!\x22 to them."; ### example of \x22 </source> uses "x" to indicate the the following two characters are hexadecimal digits, "22" being the ASCII value for a quotemark in hexadecimal. This would not produce the required text if run on a non-ASCII machine.

C, C++, Java, and Ruby all allow exactly the same two backslash escape styles. The PostScript language and Microsoft Rich Text Format also use backslash escapes. The quoted-printable encoding uses the equals sign as an escape character.

URL and URI use %-escapes to quote characters with a special meaning, as for non-ASCII characters. The ampersand (&) character may be considered as an escape character in SGML and derived formats such as HTML and XML.

Another similar (and partially overlapping) syntactic trick is stropping.

Some programming languages also provide other ways to represent special characters in literals, without requiring an escape character (see e.g. delimiter collision).

Communication protocols[link]

The Point-to-Point Protocol uses the 0x7D octet (\175, or ASCII: } ) as an escape character. The octet immediately following should be XORed by 0x20 before being passed to a higher level protocol. This is applied to both 0x7D itself and the control character 0x7E (which is used in PPP to mark the beginning and end of a frame) when those octets need to be transmitted by a higher level protocol encapsulated by PPP, as well as other octets negotiated when the link is established. That is, when a higher level protocol wishes to transmit 0x7D, it is transmitted as the sequence 0x7D 0x5D, and 0x7E is transmitted as 0x7D 0x5E.

Bourne shell[link]

In Bourne shell (sh), the asterisk (*) and question mark (?) characters are wildcard characters expanded via globbing. Without a preceding escape character, an * will expand to the names of all files in the working directory that don't start with a period iff there are such files, otherwise * remains unexpanded. So to refer to a file literally called "*", the shell must be told not to interpret it in this way, by preceding it with a backslash (\). This modifies the interpretation of the asterisk (*). Compare:

Windows Command Prompt[link]

The Windows command-line interpreter uses a caret character (^) to escape reserved characters that have special meanings (in particular: & | ( ) < > ^).^[1] The DOS command-line interpreter, though it supports similar syntax, does not support this.

For example, on the Windows Command Prompt, this will result in a syntax error.

<source lang="dos">

echo <wiki> </source>

whereas this will output the string: <wiki>

<source lang="dos">

echo ^<wiki^> </source>

Others[link]

• Quoted-printable, which encodes 8-bit data into 7-bit data of limited line lengths, uses the equals sign "=" as an escape character.

See also[link]

• Leaning toothpick syndrome

References[link]

1. ^ Tim Hill (1998). "The Windows NT Command Shell". MacMillan Technical Publishing. http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc723564.aspx. Retrieved 2010-01-13. 

External links[link]

• Escape characters in 9 languages
• That Powerful ESCAPE Character -- Key and Sequences – Bob Bemer

 This article incorporates public domain material from the General Services Administration document "Federal Standard 1037C".

Jessica Alba
Alba in 2010
Born	Jessica Marie Alba (1981-04-28) April 28, 1981 (age 31) Pomona, California, U.S.
Occupation	Actress
Years active	1994–present
Spouse	Cash Warren (m. 2008) «start: (2008)»"Marriage: Cash Warren to Jessica Alba" Location: (linkback:http://en-wiki.pop.wn.com/index.php/Jessica_Alba)
Children	2

Jessica Marie Alba (born April 28, 1981^[1]) is an American television and film actress. She began her television and movie appearances at age 13 in Camp Nowhere and The Secret World of Alex Mack (1994). Alba rose to prominence as the lead actress in the television series Dark Angel (2000–2002).^[2][3] Alba later appeared in various films including Honey (2003), Sin City (2005), Fantastic Four (2005), Into the Blue (2005), Fantastic Four: Rise of the Silver Surfer and Good Luck Chuck both in 2007.^[4][5]

Alba has been called a sex symbol.^[6][7] She appears on the "Hot 100" section of Maxim and was voted number one on AskMen.com's list of "99 Most Desirable Women" in 2006, as well as "Sexiest Woman in the World" by FHM in 2007.^[8][9][10] The use of her image on the cover of the March 2006 Playboy sparked a lawsuit by her, which was later dropped.^[11] She has also won various awards for her acting, including the Choice Actress Teen Choice Award and Saturn Award for Best Actress on Television, and a Golden Globe nomination for her lead role in the television series Dark Angel.^[4]

Early life[link]

Alba was born in Pomona, California^[1] to Catherine (née Jensen) and Mark Alba. Her mother is of Danish and French Canadian descent and her father is Mexican American.^[12] She has a younger brother, Joshua. Her father's Air Force career took the family to Biloxi, Mississippi and Del Rio, Texas, before settling back in California when she was nine years old.^[3][12] Alba described her family as being a "very conservative family – a traditional, Catholic, Latin American family" and herself as very liberal; she says she had identified herself as a "feminist" as early as age five.^[13]

Alba's early life was marked by a multitude of physical maladies. During childhood, she suffered from collapsed lungs twice, had pneumonia four to five times a year, as well as a ruptured appendix and a tonsillar cyst.^[3] Alba became isolated from other children at school, because she was in the hospital so often due to her illnesses that no one knew her well enough to befriend her.^[14] Alba has also had asthma since she was a child.^[3] Alba has said that her family's frequent moving also contributed to her isolation from her peers.^[13] She has acknowledged that she has suffered from obsessive–compulsive disorder during her childhood.^[15][16] Alba graduated from high school at age 16,^[17] and she subsequently attended the Atlantic Theater Company.^[18]

Career[link]

Alba at the 2008 Paris premiere for The Eye.

Alba expressed interest in acting since the age of five. In 1992, the 11-year-old Alba persuaded her mother to take her to an acting competition in Beverly Hills, whose grand prize was free acting classes. Alba won the grand prize, and took her first acting lessons. An agent signed Alba nine months later.^[3][18][19] Her first appearance on film was a small role in the 1994 feature Camp Nowhere as Gail. She was originally hired for two weeks but her role turned into a two-month job in a leading role when one of the prominent actresses dropped out.^[2]

Alba appeared in two national television commercials for Nintendo and J.C. Penney as a child. She was later featured in several independent films. She branched out into television in 1994 with a recurring role as the vain Jessica in three episodes of the Nickelodeon comedy series The Secret World of Alex Mack.^[3] She then performed the role of Maya in the first two seasons of the television series Flipper.^[2][3] Under the tutelage of her lifeguard mother, Alba learned to swim before she could walk, and she was a PADI-certified scuba diver, skills which were put to use on the show, which was filmed in Australia.^[3][20]

In 1998, she appeared as Melissa Hauer in a first-season episode of the Steven Bochco crime-drama Brooklyn South, as Leanne in two episodes of Beverly Hills, 90210, and as Layla in an episode of The Love Boat: The Next Wave.^{[citation needed]} In 1999, she appeared in the Randy Quaid comedy feature P.U.N.K.S..^[2] After Alba graduated from high school, she studied acting with William H. Macy and his wife, Felicity Huffman, at the Atlantic Theater Company, which was developed by Macy and Pulitzer Prize-winning playwright and film director, David Mamet.^[18][21]

Alba rose to greater prominence in Hollywood in 1999 after appearing as a member of a snobby high school clique in the Drew Barrymore romantic comedy Never Been Kissed, and as the female lead in the 1999 comedy-horror film Idle Hands, opposite Devon Sawa.^[5]

Her big break came when writer/director James Cameron picked Alba from a pool of 1,200 candidates for the role of the genetically-engineered super-soldier, Max Guevara, on the Fox sci-fi television series Dark Angel. Co-created by Cameron, the series starred Alba, and ran for two seasons until 2002, earning her critical acclaim as well as a Golden Globe nomination.^[5][22] Alba later admitted to practicing anorexia while in preparation for Dark Angel.^[23]

Alba has been well-received in popular culture. She received the Teen Choice Award for Choice Actress and Saturn Award for Best Actress for her role in Dark Angel. In 2006, Alba received an MTV Movie Award for "Sexiest Performance" for Sin City.^[4][10][24] Her acting has also drawn criticism, however, as she was nominated for a 2007 Razzie Award for Worst Actress for her performances in Awake, Good Luck Chuck, and Fantastic Four: Rise of the Silver Surfer.^[25] She was also nominated for the same award in 2005 for her performances in Fantastic Four and Into the Blue.^[26]

Alba's most notable film roles have included an aspiring dancer-choreographer in Honey, exotic dancer Nancy Callahan in Sin City, and as the Marvel Comics character Sue Storm, the Invisible Woman in Fantastic Four. She then appeared in its sequel, in Into the Blue later that year, and Good Luck Chuck a few years later.^[4][27][28] Alba hosted the 2006 MTV Movie Awards and performed sketches spoofing the movies King Kong, Mission: Impossible 3, and The Da Vinci Code.^[29] In February 2008, she hosted the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences' Science and Technical Awards.^[30] Alba has been represented by talent agents Patrick Whitesell^[31] and Brad Cafarelli.^[11]

In 2008, Alba made her acting transition to the horror-film genre in The Eye, a remake of the Hong Kong original.^[12][32] The film was released on February 1, 2008. Though the film was not well received by critics,^[33] Alba's performance was both positively and negatively received. Alba won a Teen Choice for Choice Movie Actress: Horror/Thriller and a Razzie Award for Worst Actress-nomination.^[34] Also in 2008, Alba starred alongside Mike Myers and Justin Timberlake in "box office bomb" The Love Guru. Alba was nominated for a Razzie Award for Worst Actress.^[4]

In late 2008, Alba signed on to star as the lead role in An Invisible Sign of My Own.^[35] The movie finished filming in November 2008.^[36] It premiered at the Hamptons International Film Festival and was released to theaters in May 2011.^[37][38]

In 2010, Alba starred in five films. She played Joyce Lakeland, a prostitute in The Killer Inside Me, film adaption of the book of the same name which co-starred Kate Hudson and Casey Affleck. The film premiered at the Sundance Film Festival.^{[39][40][41][40][42]} Her second film of the year was the hit romantic comedy Valentine's Day, directed by Garry Marshall.^[43][44][45] She portrayed Ashton Kutcher's girlfriend, Morley Clarkson, in the ensemble film that included Julia Roberts, Anne Hathaway, Jessica Biel, Bradley Cooper, and Jennifer Garner, among others.^[44][46][47] It was released on February 12, 2010.^[47] Later in the year, she appeared in action film Machete, in An Invisible Sign of My Own and in Little Fockers, reuniting with Robert De Niro who was also in Machete.

In August 2010, it was announced that Alba would appear in Spy Kids 4.^[48] The film was released a year later.

In January 2012, Alba and business partner Chris Gavigan launched The Honest Company, a collection of toxin-free household goods, diapers, and body care products.^[49] In March 2012, Alba announced that she will be releasing a book, The Honest Life, based on her experiences creating a natural, non-toxic life for her family. The book, slated for release in early 2013, will be published by Rodale.^[50]

Her next projects include comedy A.C.O.D.^[51] and animated film Escape from Planet Earth.^[52] Alba will also reprise her role as Santana in Machete's sequel Machete Kills^[53] and as Nancy Callahan in Sin City: A Dame to Kill For, sequel to 2005's Sin City.^[54] Filming for Sin City is expected to start in the summer of 2012 with a release set in October 2013.^[54]

Public image[link]

In 2001, Alba was ranked No. 1 on Maxim magazine's Hot 100 list. She said that "I have to go to certain lengths to use sexuality to my advantage, while guiding people to thinking the way I want them to."^[55] In 2005, Alba was named one of People magazine's 50 Most Beautiful People, and also appeared in the magazine's 100 Most Beautiful list in 2007. In 2002, Alba was voted as the fifth Sexiest Female Star for 2002 in a Hollywood.com poll, No.4 in the Top 10 Sci-Fi Babes, No.6 in FHM's Sexiest Girls for their poll, and ranked at No.12 in Stuff magazine's "102 Sexiest Women in the World" 2002 edition.^[56] In 2005, Alba was ranked at No.5 on the Maxim magazine's Hot 100 list.^[57]

On the cover of the March 2006 issue, Playboy magazine named Alba among its 25 Sexiest Celebrities, and the Sex Star of the Year. Alba was involved in litigation against Playboy for its use of her image (from a promotional shot for Into the Blue) without her consent, which she contends gave the appearance that she was featured in the issue in a "nude pictorial". However, she later dropped the lawsuit after receiving a personal apology from Playboy owner Hugh Hefner, who agreed to make donations to two charities that Alba has supported.^[11]

When reports surfaced that a 21-year-old Chinese girl was seeking plastic surgery to resemble Alba in order to win back an ex-boyfriend, the star spoke out against the perceived need to change one's appearance for love.^[58]

Alba in 2007 at the London premiere of Fantastic Four

In 2006, Alba ranked No.3 on E! Television's 101 Sexiest Celebrity Bodies. In 2006 readers of AskMen.com voted Alba No. 1 on 99 Most Desirable Women,^[9] while in 2007, Maxim Magazine placed Alba on the number 2 spot of their "Top 100".^[10] Both GQ and In Style had Alba on their June 2008 covers,^[59][60] and in May, after eight million votes, FHM (UK and USA editions) named Alba the winner as "2007's Sexiest Woman in the World".^[61] Alba has been regarded as one of the world's most attractive women, being named to Maxim's Hot 100 in 2008.^[62] In 2007, Alba was ranked in at No.1 in FHM's Sexiest Girls of 2007 poll, in the magazine's Latvian edition. Alba was ranked No.4 on Empire Magazine's 100 Sexiest Movie Stars in 2007. In 2006 and 2007, Alba was voted No.1 as the most sexy woman in the world by the Norwegian FHM.^[57] Alba appeared in the 2009 Campari calendar. Campari printed 9,999 copies of the calendar featuring photos of Alba posing sexually in swimsuits, and high heels.^[63] In 2008, Alba was ranked No.34 on Maxim magazine's Hot 100 list, was ranked No.2 on Wizard magazine's "Sexiest Women of TV" list, and was named in GQ Magazine one of the 25 Sexiest Women in film of all time.^[57] Alba is the only woman who has made the Maxim Magazine Hot 100 list in all the years it was published; from 2000 to 2012.^[64] She appeared on Maxim's 2011 Hot 100 list, finishing 21.^[65] She was named one of the "100 Hottest Women of All-Time" by Men's Health.^[66] People named her one of 2012 Most Beautiful at Every Age.^[67]

Alba fears being typecast as a sex kitten based on the bulk of parts offered to her, commenting, "Somehow, I don't think this is happening to Natalie Portman."^[69] In the interview, Alba said she wants to be taken seriously as an actress but believes she needs to do movies that she would otherwise not be interested in to build her career, stating that eventually she hopes to be more selective in her film projects.^[69] Alba also maintains a strict no-nudity clause in her contract. She was given the option to appear nude in Sin City by the film's directors, Frank Miller and Robert Rodriguez, but declined the offer, saying, "I don't do nudity. I just don't. Maybe that makes me a bad actress. Maybe I won't get hired in some things. But I have too much anxiety".^[70] She remarked of a GQ shoot in which she was scantily clad, "They didn't want me to wear the granny panties, but I said, 'If I'm gonna be topless I need to wear granny panties."^[71] In March 2010, she reasserted her position to Scarlet magazine, saying, "I can act sexy and wear sexy clothes but I can’t go naked."^[72] For the shower scene in Machete, she was wearing underwear, which was digitally removed afterwards.^[72]

Personal life[link]

Religion[link]

Alba was raised as a Catholic^[73] throughout her teenage years,^[74] but left the church after four years because she felt she was being judged for her appearance, explaining: "Older men would hit on me, and my youth pastor said it was because I was wearing provocative clothing, when I wasn't. It just made me feel like if I was in any way desirable to the opposite sex that it was my fault, and it made me ashamed of my body and being a woman".^[75]

Alba also had objections to the church's condemnations of premarital sex and homosexuality, and what she saw as a lack of strong female role models in the Bible, explaining "I thought it was a nice guide, but it certainly wasn't how I was going to live my life."^[70] Her "religious devotion [began] to wane" at the age of 15 when she guest-starred as a teenager with gonorrhea in the throat in a 1996 episode of the television series Chicago Hope. Her friends at church reacted negatively to her role, making her lose faith in the church.^[3] However, she has stated that she still holds her belief in God despite leaving the church.^[76]

Relationships and family[link]

While filming Dark Angel in January 2000, Alba began a three year relationship with her co-star Michael Weatherly, which caused controversy due to their 12-year age difference.^[77] Weatherly proposed to Alba on her twentieth birthday, which she accepted.^[12] In August 2003, Alba and Weatherly announced that they'd ended their relationship.^[3] In July 2007, Alba spoke out about the breakup, saying "I don't know [why I got engaged]. I was a virgin. He was 12 years older than me. I thought he knew better. My parents weren't happy. They're really religious. They believe God wouldn't allow the Bible to be written if it wasn't what they are supposed to believe. I'm completely different."^[78] Alba had at one time said she envisioned a much older man as her ideal partner, making references to Morgan Freeman, Sean Connery, Robert Redford, and Michael Caine. She said, "I have this thing for older men. They've been around and know so much."^[79]

Alba met Cash Warren, son of actor Michael Warren, while filming Fantastic Four in 2004.^[80][81] Alba married Warren in Los Angeles on Monday, May 19, 2008.^[82][83] They have two daughters: Honor Marie Warren (born 2008)^[84][85] and Haven Garner Warren (born 2011).^[86] The first pictures of Honor Marie appeared in the July 2008 issue of OK! magazine, which reportedly paid $1.5 million.^[87]

Charity and politics[link]

In 2005, Alba offered her acting talents for free, to raise money for AIDS charity Amfar at the Cannes Film Festival. The Industry had held a benefit for the US research foundation. Alba had caused "the greatest stir" by promising to star as an unpaid actress in one of The Lord of the Rings producer Bob Weinstein's movies, if Weinstein agreed to bid $100,000 for tennis lessons with sports stars Monica Seles and Boris Becker.^[88]

Alba's charity work includes participation with Clothes Off Our Back, Habitat for Humanity, National Center for Missing and Exploited Children, Project HOME, RADD, Revlon Run/Walk for Women, SOS Children Villages, Soles4Souls, and Step up.^[89] Alba openly endorsed and supported Democratic presidential hopeful Barack Obama during the 2008 primary season.^[90] Alba is an ambassador for the 1Goal movement to provide education to children in Africa.^[91]

Alba posed for a bondage-themed print advertising campaign by Declare Yourself, a campaign encouraging voter registration among youth for the 2008 United States presidential election. The ads photographed by Mark Liddell,^[92][93] which feature Alba wrapped in and gagged with black tape, drew national media attention. The ads were described by some as being "Shocking".^[93] Alba said of doing the advertisements that "it didn't freak me out at all." Alba also said "I think it is important for young people to be aware of the need we have in this country to get them more active politically," and "People respond to things that are shocking."^[94]

In June 2009, while filming The Killer Inside Me in Oklahoma City, Alba was involved in a controversy with residents when she pasted posters of sharks around town.^{[citation needed]} Alba said that she was trying to bring attention to the diminishing population of great white sharks. Media outlets speculated that Alba would be pursued and charged with vandalism.^[95] On June 16, 2009, Oklahoma City police said that they would not pursue criminal charges against Alba, because none of the property owners wanted to pursue it.^[96][97] Alba apologized in a statement to People magazine and said that she regretted her actions.^[96] She later donated an undisclosed amount of money (over $500)^[98] to the United Way, whose billboard she had obscured with one of the shark posters.^{[99][100][101][102]}

In 2011, Alba participated in a two day lobbying effort in Washington D.C. in support of the Safe Chemicals Act, a revision of the Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976.^[103][104]

Filmography[link]

Film[link]

Television[link]

Awards[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Jessica Alba

• Jessica Alba at the Internet Movie Database
• Jessica Alba at AllRovi
• Jessica Alba at People.com
• Jessica Alba at Yahoo! Movies