Hindolam (Sanskrit: हिन्दोळम्, Kannada: ಹಿಂದೋಳ, Telugu: హిందోళం, Tamil: ஹிந்தோளம், Malayalam: ഹിന്ദോള്ം ) is a rāgam in Carnatic music (musical scale of South Indian classical music). It is an audava rāgam (or owdava rāgam, meaning pentatonic scale). It is a janya rāgam (derived scale), as it does not have all the seven swaras (musical notes). Hindolam is not the same as the Hindustani Hindol. The equivalent of Hindolam in Hindustani music is Malkauns ^[1] (or Malkosh ^[2]).

It is known to be a rāgam that is generally beautiful and soothing to listen to. Being symmetrical in its ascending and descending scales, it lends itself very well to improvisation and is therefore popular at concerts.

Structure and Lakshana[link]

Hindolam scale with shadjam at C

Hindolam is a symmetric rāgam that does not contain rishabham and panchamam. It is a pentatonic scale (audava-audava rāgam ^[1][2] in Carnatic music classification - audava means 'of 5'). Since pentatonic scales can be found in other world music such as Chinese music, shades of Mohanam and Hindolam can sometimes be traced in Chinese and east Asian music. Its ārohaṇa-avarohaṇa structure (ascending and descending scale) is as follows (see swaras in Carnatic music for details on below notation and terms):

• ārohaṇa : S G2 M1 D1 N2 S
• avarohaṇa : S N2 D1 M1 G2 S

This rāgam uses the swaras sadharana gandharam, shuddha madhyamam, shuddha dhaivatham and kaisiki nishadham. Hindolam is not a melakarta rāgam, since it does not contain all the seven swaras.

Experts in Carnatic music hold differences of opinion on the janaka rāgams (rāgams of origin) that should be attributed to Hindolam. It is widely accepted that 20th melakarta, Natabhairavi is the parent rāgam of Hindolam, but some would like to associate it with 8th melakarta, Hanumatodi.^[1][2] It can be derived from both, by dropping the rishabham and panchamam.

Popular Compositions[link]

Saamaja vara gamana by the maestro Thyagaraja is the most popular composition in Hindolam. Mamavathu Shree Saraswathi by Mysore Vasudevachar is another popular composition. Here are some more kritis composed in Hindolam.

• Govardhana girisam smarami by Muthuswami Dikshitar
• Sama gana lolane by G. N. Balasubramaniam
• Nambi kettavar evar by Papanasam Sivan
• Maa Ramanan by Papanasam Sivan
• Govardhana Giridhari, Samaja vara gamana by Thyagaraja
• Padmanabha Pahi by Swathi Thirunal
• Deva Devam Bhaje by Annamacharya
• Kondalalo Nelakonna by Annamacharya
• Maa Mavathu Shree by Mysore Vasudevachar

Numerous bhajans, stotras, kritis and film music numbers have been composed in the Hindolam rāgam.

Related rāgams[link]

This section covers the theoretical and scientific aspect of this rāgam.

Hindolam's notes when shifted using Graha bhedam, yields 4 other major pentatonic rāgams, namely, Mohanam, Shuddha Saveri, Udayaravichandrika (also known as Shuddha Dhanyasi) and Madhyamavathi. Graha bhedam is the step taken in keeping the relative note frequencies same, while shifting the shadjam to the next note in the rāgam. For more details and illustration of this concept refer Graha bhedam on Mohanam.

References[link]

1. ^ ^{a b c} Ragas in Carnatic music by Dr. S. Bhagyalekshmy, Pub. 1990, CBH Publications
2. ^ ^{a b c} Raganidhi by P. Subba Rao, Pub. 1964, The Music Academy of Madras

Sudha Raghunathan
Sudha Ragunathan in Perth, Australia (2012)
Born	April 30
Occupation	Carnatic Singer
Spouse	Raghunathan (1982-present)
Children	Kaushik Malavika
Parents	Venkatraman Choodamani

Sudha Raghunathan (Tamil:சுதா ரகுநாதன்) is a Carnatic music singer from South India. She was awarded a Padma Shri for excellence in singing. She was born in Bangalore and went to Good Shepherd Convent. She did higher education at Bangalore, Karnataka and obtained a Masters Degree in Economics.She started singing at nine years of age. Later, she received her training from her mother Choodamani, and continued the training under B. V. Lakshmanan. She has received the Artistes for advanced training in Carnatic music. In 1977, through the success of her first performance, she got a scholarship to study music under Padma Bhushan, Sangita Kalanidhi Dr. M.L Vasantha Kumari. Dr MLV encouraged her to pursue music as a career. She is married to Ragunathan and they have two children.

Awards[link]

• Bharat Jyothi (Tamil:பாரத் ஜோதி) from Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, New York (1988)
• Kalai mamani (Tamil:கலைமாமணி')' award from the state government of Tamilnadu, India (1993)
• Sangeetha Choodamani (Tamil:சங்கீத சூடாமணி) from Sri Krishna Gana Sabha, Chennai (1997)
• Padma Sri award in the field of Carnatic vocal music (2004)
• Sangeetha Kala Saarathi (Tamil:சங்கீத கலா சாரதி) from Sri Parthasarathy Swami Sabha, Chennai, from His Holiness Shri Jayendra Saraswathi of Kanchi Mutt
• Sangeeta Saraswathi (Tamil:சங்கீத சரஸ்வதி) from The Mahasannidanam of Sringeri
• Gana kuyil (Tamil:கானக்குயில்) from Valmiki Manram, Chennai
• Isai Peroli (Tamil:இசைப் பேரொளி) and VST Award from Karthik Fine Arts, Chennai
• Good knowledge in procedure from Sahara Fine Arts, Chennai
• Sangita Kokila from Tamil Sangam Navi Mumbai

External links[link]

• Sudha Ragunathan's Homepage

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Mysore Vasudevachar (May 28, 1865 - May 17, 1961) was a renowned musician and composer of Carnatic music compositions who belonged to the direct line of Thyagaraja's disciples.

Tyagaraja --> Manambuchavadi Venkatasubba Iyer --> Patnam Subramania Iyer --> Mysore Vasudevacharya

Life & Career[link]

Vasudevachar was born in an orthodox Madhva Brahmin family in Mysore and started learning music from Veena Padmanabhiah, the chief musician of the Mysore court. He also mastered Sanskrit and allied fields such as Kavya, Vyakarana, Nataka, Alankaram, Tarka, Itihasa, Purana having studied at the Maharaja Sanskrit college in Mysore while learning music privately. He then went on to learn from the famous composer-musician Patnam Subramania Iyer supported by the Maharaja's generous stipend and imbibed the music of not only his Guru but also other great maestros of the Thanjavur-Cauvery delta. Vasudevachar eventually became the chief court musician(Asthana Vidwan) at the Mysore court. He was known for his madhyama-kala tanam singing which he learnt from his Guru. Patnam Subramania Iyer often requested his sishya "Vasu" to help him with the sahitya(lyric) aspects of his compositions. This aspect of his training undoubtedly helped Vasudevachar as a composer.

Vasudevachar's compositions (numbering over 200) were mostly in Telugu and Sanskrit. Some of his most popular kritis include Brochevarevarura in Khamas raga, Devadideva in Sunadavinodini, Mamavatu Sri Saraswati in Hindolam, Bhajare Re Manasa in Abheri and Ra Ra Rajeevalochana Rama in Mohanam. He published a large number of his compositions in the book Vasudeva Kirtana Manjari. His compositions in Telugu have such sweetness and lilt, and beautifully blend with the tune of the raga as do the Sanskrit compositions, which are mellifluous. His songs reflect his mastery of Sanskrit and show his erudition and scholarship in Sanskrit literature. He considered his insight into Telugu as a gift from Thyagaraja (Thyagaraja's bhiksha). Unlike the Dasa kuta songs, his compositions don't have any Dvaita undertones but many have the words "Paramapurusha Vasudeva" or "Vasudeva" which means the supreme Vasudeva/Lord Vishnu which incidentally is also his mudra or signature. True to his Vaishnava heritage and the Thyagaraja shishya parampara to which he belonged, most of his compositions are in praise of Lord Rama. In addition to Kritis and Keertanas, he also composed Varnams, Thillanas, Javalis and slokas. His admiration for the trinity of Carnatic music specially Thyagaraja resulted in Srimadadi Thyagaraja Guruvaram in Kalyani, Shri Ramachandra (a ragamalika) and two other ragamalikas in praise of Muthuswami Dikshitar and Shyama Sastri. Vasudevachar's compositions are thus like sugar candy which gives one instant pleasure and yet lingers on in the mind and heart long after.

He is also credited with two writings in Kannada, one of them an autobiography called Nenapugalu (memories) and Na Kanda Kalavidaru (the musicians I have met) in which he wrote the biographies of many well known musicians.

Mysore Vasudevachar also taught in Rukmini Devi's Kalakshetra, (founded in 1936). He was already quite old by then, but thanks to Rukmini Devi he agreed to shift to Kalakshetra. He became the chief musician in Kalakshetra and helped in setting the Ramayana to music. He died in the year 1961 at the ripe old age of 96. He lived a simple and austere life devoted to the study of Sanskrit and music.

S. Rajaram, his grandson worked at Kalakshetra eventually taking charge of the institution at Rukmini Devi's request. Vasudevachar had composed the music for only the first four kandas and it was left to Rajaram to finish the work. An accomplished musician and Sanskrit scholar, he was amongst the few musicians, the sole repository of Vasudevachar's compositions. He died on June 2, 2009.

S. Krishnamoorthy, his other grandson worked at All India Radio(A.I.R) and has translated his grandfather's memoirs into English. He's also published a memoir of his own.

Compositions[link]

Notes[link]

References[link]

• Pranesh, Meera Rajaram (2003), Musical Composers during Wodeyar Dynasty (1638-1947 A.D.), Vee Emm Publications, Bangalore
• Musical Nirvana biography
• [1] Interview with S. Rajaram.
• [2] A profile of this maestro.
• [3] S. Rajaram

See also[link]

• List of Carnatic composers

Taufiq Qureshi (born 1955) is an Indian classical musician. He is a percussionist and a composer.^[1]

Early life[link]

Born in Mumbai, to legendary tabla player, Ustad Alla Rakha. His eldest brother is tabla player, Ustad Zakir Hussain.^[2] He received guidance from Ghatam Vidhwan, Pandit Vikku Vinayakram.

Career[link]

Taufiq Quereshi started his career early. His stint with live performances began with the creation of his own world music band, ‘Surya’ way back in 1986-87.^[3] He has been featured as a performing artiste on the 2009- Grammy award winning album Global Drum Project, Remember Shakti, Masters of Percussions and Summi. He collaborates with various classical artists for fusion concerts.

He plays a variety of percussion instruments like djembe, duff, bongos, batajon. His performance on drums with a soft beat of a muffled drum and the very next moment ups the tempo and demonstration of different sounds - like breath, rhythm, breaking a champagne bottle, the sound of the train and the arrival of people, horses and others on arrival at the palace on the drums are quite popular.^[4]

Bollywood[link]

He also Rendered background score and music for movies like Damini, Ghatak, Black, Dil Chahata Hai, Sawariya, Dhoom 2, Bhool Bhulaiya, Parzania (2007), Jab We Met etc.

Personal life[link]

Taufiq Qureshi is married to Geetika Varde, a renowned vocalist of the Jaipur-Atrauli gharana.^[5]

Discography[link]

• Rhydhun (2000)
• Swar Utsav - Streams In Confluence (2001)
• Rhydhun Gold (2002)
• Mondo Beat - Masters of Percussion
• India The Greatest Songs Ever
• Taalisma (2002)
• Colours of Rajasthan (1995)
• PercJam (2003)
• Bombay Fever (2006)
• Mystic Soundscapes - Forest (2007)
• Rooh - Songs From The Heart (2007)

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official site
• Taufiq Qureshi at the Internet Movie Database

Shanmukhapriya and Haripriya (Telugu: షణ్ముఖప్రియ, హరిప్రియ), popularly known as the Priya Sisters, are eminent Carnatic music singers.^[1]

Early life[link]

They hail originally from Chittoor, Andhra Pradesh.They started learning Carnatic music from their father Sri V.V.Subba Ram at an early age.In order to nurture their musical talent, their father shifted base to Chennai. Later they became the disciples of the renowned duo Radha and Jayalakshmi who were disciples of the legendary G. N. Balasubramaniam. They learnt many nuances and subtleties of music during the five-year tenure under them including the advice that the singing should be so clear that the listener should be able to notate the entire kriti.^[2]

Career[link]

Improving their repertoire was a major project and learning, a continuous process. Hence they joined Professor T.R.Subramaniam. They learnt many pallavis and kritis from him.Currently, Shanmukhapriya and Haripriya are under the guidance of T. R. Subramaniam.

They are part of the trend of duo singing in Carnatic music, which started in the 1950s, with performers like Radha Jayalakshmi, Soolamangalam Sisters and later continued by Bombay Sisters^[3]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official site
• Artist Profiles : Shanmukha Priya and Hari Priya
• [1]
• [2]
• [3]
• [4]
• [5]
• [6]
• [7]
• [8]
• [9]
• [10]