Ranunculus
Creeping buttercup (Ranunculus repens)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Division:	Magnoliophyta
Class:	Magnoliopsida
Order:	Ranunculales
Family:	Ranunculaceae
Genus:	Ranunculus L.
Species
250-400+; see text

Ranunculus ( /ræˈnʌŋkjʊləs/)^[1] is a large genus of about 600 species of plants in the Ranunculaceae. Members of the genus include the buttercups, spearworts, water crowfoots and the lesser celandine.

They are mostly herbaceous perennials with bright yellow or white flowers (if white, still with a yellow centre); some are annuals or biennials. A few species have orange or red flowers. There are usually five petals, but sometimes six, numerous, or none, as in R. auricomus. The petals are often highly lustrous, especially in yellow species. Buttercups usually flower in the spring, but flowers may be found throughout the summer, especially where the plants are growing as opportunistic colonisers, as in the case of garden weeds.

The Water crowfoots (Ranunculus subgenus Batrachium), which grow in still or running water, are sometimes treated in a separate genus Batrachium. They have two different leaf types, thread-like leaves underwater and broader floating leaves. In some species, such as R. aquatilis, a third, intermediate leaf type occurs.

Ranunculus species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Hebrew Character and Small Angle Shades. Some species are popular ornamental flowers in horticulture, with many cultivars selected for large and brightly coloured flowers.

Ranunculus glacialis, one of the white-flowering species

Seed head of Ranunculus showing developing achenes

Naming[link]

The name Ranunculus is Late Latin for "little frog," from rana "frog" and a diminutive ending. This probably refers to many species being found near water, like frogs.

In the interior of the Pacific Northwest of the United States the buttercup is called "Coyote’s eyes" — ʔiceyéeyenm sílu in Nez Perce and spilyaynmí áčaš in Sahaptin. In the legend Coyote was tossing his eyes up in the air and catching them again when Eagle snatched them. Unable to see, Coyote made eyes from the buttercup.

Splitting of the genus[link]

Molecular investigation of the genus has revealed that Ranunculus is not monophyletic with respect to a number of other recognized genera in the family – e.g. Ceratocephala, Halerpestes, Hamadryas, Laccopetalum, Myosurus, Oxygraphis, Paroxygraphis and Trautvetteria. A proposal to split Ranunculus into several genera have thus been published in a new classification for the tribe Ranunculeae.^[2] The split (and often re-recognized) genera include Arcteranthis Greene, Beckwithia Jeps., Callianthemoides Tamura, Coptidium (Prantl) Beurl. ex Rydb., Cyrtorhyncha Nutt. ex Torr. & A.Gray, Ficaria Guett., Krapfia DC., Kumlienia E.Greene and Peltocalathos Tamura.

Toxicity[link]

All Ranunculus species are poisonous when eaten fresh by cattle, horses, and other livestock, but their acrid taste and the blistering of the mouth caused by their poison means they are usually left uneaten. Poisoning can occur where buttercups are abundant in overgrazed fields where little other edible plant growth is left, and the animals eat them out of desperation. Symptoms include bloody diarrhea, excessive salivation, colic, and severe blistering of the mucous membranes and gastrointestinal tract. When Ranunculus plants are handled, naturally occurring ranunculin is broken down to form protoanemonin, which is known to cause contact dermatitis in humans and care should therefore be exercised in extensive handling of the plants.^[3] The toxins are degraded by drying, so hay containing dried buttercups is safe.

Selected species list[link]

• Ranunculus abortivus - Littleleaf buttercup
• Ranunculus aconitifolius - Aconite-leaf buttercup
• Ranunculus acraeus - a newly described species from Otago, New Zealand
• Ranunculus acris - Meadow buttercup
• Ranunculus alismifolius - Plantainleaf buttercup
• Ranunculus andersonii - Anderson's buttercup
• Ranunculus aquatilis - Common water crowfoot
• Ranunculus arvensis - Corn buttercup
• Ranunculus asiaticus - Persian buttercup
• Ranunculus auricomus - Goldilocks buttercup (type species)
• Ranunculus biternatus - Antarctic buttercup
• Ranunculus bonariensis - Carter's buttercup
• Ranunculus bulbosus - Bulbous buttercup
• Ranunculus californicus - California buttercup
• Ranunculus canus - Sacramento Valley buttercup
• Ranunculus cassubicus - Kashubian buttercup
• Ranunculus crassipes - Subantarctic buttercup
• Ranunculus cymbalaria - Marsh buttercup
• Ranunculus eschscholtzii - Alpine buttercup
• Ranunculus ficaria - Lesser celandine
• Ranunculus flabellaris - Yellow water buttercup
• Ranunculus flammula - Lesser spearwort
• Ranunculus fluitans - River water crowfoot
• Ranunculus glaberrimus - Sagebrush buttercup
• Ranunculus glacialis - Glacier buttercup
• Ranunculus gormanii - Gorman's buttercup
• Ranunculus hebecarpus - Delicate buttercup
• Ranunculus hispidus - Bristly buttercup
• Ranunculus hydrocharoides - Frogbit buttercup
• Ranunculus jovis - Utah buttercup
• Ranunculus kadzusensis Makino - Maehwamarum (see Ganghwa Maehwamarum Habitat)
• Ranunculus lapponicus - Lapland buttercup
• Ranunculus lingua - Greater spearwort
• Ranunculus lobbii - Lobb's buttercup
• Ranunculus longirostris - Water buttercup
• Ranunculus lyallii - Mount Cook Lily - reputedly the largest buttercup
• Ranunculus macounii - Macoun's buttercup
• Ranunculus micranthus - Small-flowered crowfoot
• Ranunculus moseleyi - Moseley's buttercup
• Ranunculus muricatus - Spinyfruit buttercup
• Ranunculus occidentalis - Western buttercup
• Ranunculus orthorhynchus - Straightbeak buttercup
• Ranunculus papulentus - Large River buttercup
• Ranunculus parviflorus - Smallflower buttercup
• Ranunculus pedatifidus - birdfoot buttercup
• Ranunculus peltatus - Pond water crowfoot
• Ranunculus pensylvanicus - Pennsylvania buttercup
• Ranunculus platanifolius - Large white buttercup
• Ranunculus populago - Popular buttercup
• Ranunculus pusillus - Low spearwort
• Ranunculus pygmaeus - Pygmy buttercup
• Ranunculus recurvatus - Hooked Crowfoot
• Ranunculus repens - Creeping buttercup
• Ranunculus sardous - Hairy buttercup, Sardinian buttercup
• Ranunculus sceleratus - Celery-leaved buttercup
• Ranunculus septentrionalis - Swamp buttercup
• Ranunculus sieboldii^[4]
• Ranunculus testiculatus - Bur buttercup
• Ranunculus thora - Thora buttercup
• Ranunculus uncinatus - Woodland buttercup

See List of Ranunculus species for a more complete list with native ranges.

See also[link]

• List of plants poisonous to equines

References[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Ranunculus

Notes[link]

Sources[link]

• "GRIN Species Records of Ranunculus". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Area. http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?10248. Retrieved 2008-01-08. 

External links[link]

• Jepson Manual Treatment
• USDA Plants Profile: North American Species
• The Ranunculus home page

Jeff Turner

No. 35, 30, 31
Power forward
Personal information
Born	(1962-04-09) April 9, 1962 (age 50) Bangor, Maine
Nationality	American
High school	Brandon (Brandon, Florida)
Listed height	6 ft 9 in (2.06 m)
Listed weight	230 lb (104 kg)
Career information
College	Vanderbilt (1980–1984)
NBA Draft	1984 / Round: 1 / Pick: 17th overall
Selected by the New Jersey Nets
Pro career	1984–1996
Career history
1984–1987	New Jersey Nets
1986–1989	Arexons / Vismara Cantù (Italy)
1989–1996	Orlando Magic
Stats at Basketball-Reference.com
Medals Men's Basketball Competitor for  United States Gold 1984 Los Angeles National team World Championships Silver 1982 Colombia National team

Jeffrey Steven Turner (born April 9, 1962 in Bangor, Maine) is a retired American professional basketball player and broadcasting announcer. Turner played ten NBA seasons (1984–1987; 1989–1996), spending time with the New Jersey Nets as well as the Orlando Magic. He ended his NBA career with 3,697 career points. Turner was a 6' 9" forward/center. After his career ended he spent nine years as a color commentator for the Magic. He currently serves as the head boys basketball coach at Lake Highland Preparatory School in Orlando, Florida

Turner starred as a college player for Vanderbilt University. He was selected by the New Jersey Nets with the 17th pick of the 1984 NBA Draft.

Turner was a member of the Gold Medal 1984 U.S. Olympic basketball team coached by Bobby Knight. The team included Michael Jordan, Patrick Ewing and Steve Alford. Turner also played for the US national team in the 1982 FIBA World Championship, winning the silver medal.^[1]

Controversy[link]

On June 4, 2008, the Associated Press reported that Ronnie Craven of Somerville, Massachusetts, had been posing as Turner and using the identity to facilitate sexual encounters with women he met in online chat rooms. His ruse also included the additional falsehood that "Jeff Turner" was employed in the front office of the Seattle SuperSonics (Turner has never worked for the Sonics). Craven says he has received a cease-and-desist order from a lawyer for the Sonics. Craven said he was embarrassed and would stop lying about his identity.^[2]

See also[link]

• Vanderbilt Commodores men's basketball

References[link]

External links[link]

• Jeff Turner at Basketball-Reference.com

v t e 1984 Olympic Champions Men's Basketball team - United States 4 Alford 5 Turner 6 Ewing 7 Fleming 8 Robertson 9 Jordan 10 Kleine 11 Koncak 12 Mullin 13 Tisdale 14 Perkins 15 Wood Coach: Knight

This biographical article relating to a United States basketball player, coach, or other figure born in the 1960s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e