Coordinates	33°55′31″N18°25′26″N
playername	Giulio Falcone
fullname	Giulio Falcone
height
dateofbirth	May 31, 1974
cityofbirth	Atri
countryofbirth	Italy
position	Defender
youthyears1	1992-1993
youthclubs1	Torino
years1	1993-1996
years2	1996-1999
years3	1999-2003
years4	2003-2007
years5	2007-2009
clubs1	Torino
clubs2	Fiorentina
clubs3	Bologna
clubs4	Sampdoria
clubs5	Parma
caps1	63
caps2	82
caps3	101
caps4	102
caps5	39
goals1	0
goals2	1
goals3	0
goals4	0
goals5	1
nationalyears1	1993-1996
nationalyears2	2006
nationalteam1	Italy U-21
nationalteam2	Italy
nationalcaps1	7
nationalcaps2	1
nationalgoals1	0
nationalgoals2	0
pcupdate	May 2008
ntupdate	August 16, 2006 }}

Giulio Falcone (born 31 May 1974) is an Italian footballer.

He signed for U.C. Sampdoria on free transfer in 2003.

Falcone made his Italy national team debut with Sampdoria teammates Christian Terlizzi, Gennaro Delvecchio, and Angelo Palombo in a 2-0 loss to Croatia in Livorno, on August 16, 2006.

References

External links

Official Website

Category:1974 births Category:Living people Category:People from the Province of Teramo Category:Italian footballers Category:Italy international footballers Category:Torino F.C. players Category:ACF Fiorentina players Category:Bologna F.C. 1909 players Category:U.C. Sampdoria players Category:Parma F.C. players Category:Serie A footballers Category:Association football defenders

de:Giulio Falcone es:Giulio Falcone fr:Giulio Falcone it:Giulio Falcone nl:Giulio Falcone pl:Giulio Falcone sv:Giulio Falcone

Coordinates	33°55′31″N18°25′26″N
honorific-prefix	Senatore
name	Giulio Andreotti
order	42ndPrime Minister of Italy
president	Giovanni Leone
term start	17 February 1972
term end	7 July 1973
predecessor	Emilio Colombo
successor	Mariano Rumor
president2	Giovanni Leone Alessandro Pertini
deputy2	Ugo La Malfa
term start2	29 July 1976
term end2	4 August 1979
predecessor2	Aldo Moro
successor2	Francesco Cossiga
president3	Francesco Cossiga
deputy3	Claudio Martelli
term start3	22 July 1989
term end3	24 April 1992
predecessor3	Ciriaco De Mita
successor3	Giuliano Amato
order4	Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs
term start4	August 4, 1983
term end4	July 22, 1989
predecessor4	Emilio Colombo
successor4	Gianni De Michelis
primeminister4	Bettino Craxi Amintore Fanfani Giovanni Goria Ciriaco de Mita
order5	Italian Minister of Defense
primeminister5	Antonio Segni Fernando Tambroni Amintore Fanfani Giovanni Leone Aldo Moro
predecessor5	Antonio Segni
successor5	Roberto Tremelloni
term start5	February 15, 1959
term end5	February 23, 1966
primeminister6	Mariano Rumor
predecessor6	Mario Tanassi
successor6	Arnaldo Forlani
term start6	March 14, 1974
term end6	November 23, 1974
order7	Italian Minister of the Interior
primeminister7	Amintore Fanfani
predecessor7	Amintore Fanfani
successor7	Mario Scelba
term start7	January 18, 1954
term end7	February 8, 1954
primeminister8	''Himself''
predecessor8	Francesco Cossiga
successor8	Virginio Rognoni
term start8	May 11, 1978
term end8	June 13, 1978
order9	Lifetime Senator
term start9	June 19, 1991
constituency9	''Appointmentby President Cossiga''
birth date	January 14, 1919
birth place	Rome, Lazio, Italy
nationality	Italian
spouse	Livia Danese
alma mater	University of Rome La Sapienza
residence	Rome, Italy
profession	Politics Journalist
religion	Roman Catholic
party	Christian Democracy }}

Giulio Andreotti (born January 14, 1919) is an Italian politician of the now dissolved centrist Christian Democracy party. He served as the 42nd Prime Minister of Italy from 1972 to 1973, from 1976 to 1979 and from 1989 to 1992. He also served as Minister of the Interior (1954 and 1978), Defense Minister (1959–1966 and 1974) and Foreign Minister (1983–1989) and he has been a senator for life since 1991. He is also a journalist and author.

He is sometimes called ''Divo Giulio'' (from Latin ''Divus Iulius'', "divine Julius", an epithet of Julius Caesar). The film ''Il Divo'' deals with Andreotti's links with the Mafia and won the ''Prix du Jury'' at the 2008 Cannes Film Festival.

Political career

Early years

Andreotti was born in Rome into a family from Segni. He studied law in Rome, during which time he was member of the Federazione Universitaria Cattolica Italiana (FUCI, or Italian Catholic University Federation), which was then the only Catholic university association allowed by the Fascist government. Its members included many of the future leaders of the Italian ''Democrazia Cristiana'' (or DC, the Christian Democracy party). In July 1939, while Aldo Moro was president of FUCI, Andreotti became director of its magazine ''Azione Fucina''. In 1942, when Moro was enrolled in the Italian Army, Andreotti succeeded him as president of FUCI, a position he held until 1944.

During World War II Andreotti wrote for the ''Rivista del Lavoro'', a Fascist propaganda publication, but was also a member of the then clandestine newspaper ''Il Popolo''. In 1944 he became member of the National Council of DC. After the end of the conflict, he became responsible for the youth organization of the party.

In 1946 Andreotti was elected to the ''Assemblea Costituente'', the provisional parliament which had the task of writing the new Italian constitution. His election was supported by Alcide De Gasperi, founder of the modern DC, whose assistant Andreotti became. In 1948, he was elected to the newly formed Chamber of Deputies to represent the constiuency of Rome-Latina-Viterbo-Frosinone, which remained his stronghold until the 1990s.

First government positions (1950s and 1960s)

Andreotti began his government career in 1947, when he became undersecretary to the President of the Council of Ministers in the fourth De Gasperi cabinet, a position he held until January 1954, covering all subsequent cabinets led by De Gasperi and the following one led by Giuseppe Pella. Among his actions was the signing of the act establishing the Canto degli Italiani as Italy's national anthem.

In 1954 Andreotti became Minister of the Interior. Later he was Finance Minister, and was involved in the so-called ''scandalo Giuffrè'' (a banking fraud) of 1958, due to his lack of vigilance as minister. The Chamber of Deputies rejected all accusations against him in December of the following year. In 1961-1962 he was officially censured by the Chamber for irregularities in the construction of Rome's Fiumicino Airport.

In the same period, Andreotti started to form a ''corrente'' (unofficial political association) within DC, which was then the largest party in Italy. His ''corrente'' was supported by the Roman Catholic right wing. It started its activity with a press campaign accusing the Deputy National Secretary of the DC, Piero Piccioni, of the murder of fashion model Wilma Montesi at Torvaianica. After eliminating De Gasperi's old followers in the DC National Council, Andreotti helped another newly formed ''corrente'', the Dorotei, to oust Amintore Fanfani, who was on the left of the party, as Prime Minister of Italy and National Secretary of the DC.

On November 20, 1958 Andreotti, then Minister of the Treasury, was appointed President of the Organizing Committee of the 1960 Summer Olympics to be held in Rome. In the early 1960s Andreotti was Minister of Defence. This was the period of the SIFAR dossiers scandal and of the ''Piano Solo'', a coup planned by the neo-fascist general Giovanni De Lorenzo. Andreotti, as minister, was entrusted with the destruction of the dossiers. It has been ascertained that the dossiers, before being destroyed, had been copied and given to Licio Gelli, the leader of the secret masonic lodge Propaganda 2, which was involved in numerous scandals during the 1980s, and with which Andreotti was frequently associated.

In 1968 Andreotti was named speaker of the parliamentary group of the DC, a position he held until 1972.

Prime Minister

In 1972 Andreotti began his first term as Prime Minister of Italy. He held the post in two consecutive centre-right cabinets in 1972–1973. He also held important positions in subsequent governments.

When he was Minister of Defense, he declared in an interview that the state had provided a cover for the far-right activist Guido Giannettini, investigated for the Piazza Fontana bombing. Andreotti was acquitted of having helped Giannettini.

In 1974–1976 Andreotti was Minister of Foreign Affairs. During his tenure, Italy opened and developed diplomatic and economic relationships with Arab countries of the Mediterranean Basin, a policy previously pursued only at non-government level, such as by Enrico Mattei's ENI. He also supported business and trade between Italy and Soviet Union.

In 1976 the Italian Socialist Party left the centre-left government of Aldo Moro. The ensuing elections saw the growth of the Italian Communist Party (PCI) and the DC kept only a minimal advantage as the relative majority party in Italy, which was then suffering from an economic crisis and from terrorism. After the success of his party, PCI secretary Enrico Berlinguer approached DC's left-leaning leaders, Moro and Fanfani, with a proposal to bring forward the so-called "historic compromise", a political pact proposed by Moro which would see a government coalition between DC and PCI for the first time. Andreotti was called in to lead the first experiment in that direction: his new cabinet, formed in July 1976, included only DC members but had the indirect support of the other parties, except the post-fascist Movimento Sociale Italiano. This support was based on the so-called ''non-sfiducia'' ("non-challenge"), meaning that these parties would abstain in any confidence vote. This cabinet fell in January 1978.

In March 1978 the crisis was overcome by the intervention of Moro, who proposed a new cabinet, again formed only by DC politicians, but this time with positive confidence votes from the other parties, including the PCI. This cabinet was also chaired by Andreotti, and was formed on March 16, 1978, the day on which Aldo Moro was kidnapped by the communist terrorist group the Red Brigades. The dramatic situation which followed brought PCI to vote for Andreotti's cabinet for the sake of what was called "national solidarity", despite its refusal to accept several previous requests.

Andreotti's role during the kidnapping of Moro is controversial. He refused any negotiation with the terrorists, and was sharply criticized for this by Moro's family and by a segment of public opinion. Moro, during his imprisonment, wrote a statement expressing very harsh judgements against Andreotti. Moro was killed by the Red Brigades in May 1978. After his death, Andreotti continued as Prime Minister of the "National Solidarity" government with the support of the PCI. Laws approved during his tenure include the reform of the Italian National Health Service. However, when the PCI asked to participate more directly in the government, Andreotti refused, and the government was dissolved in June 1979. Due also to conflict with Bettino Craxi, Secretary of the Italian Socialist Party (PSI), the other main party in Italy at the time, Andreotti did not hold any further government position until 1983.

1980s and 1990s

In 1983 Andreotti became Minister of Foreign Affairs in the first cabinet of Bettino Craxi. He held this position until 1989, among other things encouraging diplomacy between the USA and the Soviet Union and improving Italian links with Arab countries. In this respect he followed a line similar to that of Craxi, with whom he had an otherwise troubled political relationship. Andreotti supported Craxi's moves during the hijacking of the ''Achille Lauro'' ship.

On April 14, 1986 Andreotti revealed to Libyan Foreign Minister Abdel Rahman Shalgham that the United States would bomb Libya the next day in retaliation for the Berlin disco terrorist attack which had been linked to Libya. As a result of the warning from Italy – a supposed ally of the US – Libya was better prepared for the bombing. Nevertheless, on the following day Libya fired two Scuds at the Italian island of Lampedusa in retaliation. However, the missiles passed over the island, landing in the sea, and caused no damage.

As Craxi's relationship with the then National Secretary of the DC, Ciriaco De Mita, was even worse, Andreotti was instrumental in the creation of the so-called "CAF triangle" (from the initials of the surnames of Craxi, Andreotti and another DC leader, Arnaldo Forlani) opposing De Mita's power. In 1989, when De Mita's government fell, Andreotti was called to succeed him. He remained Prime Minister until 1992.

This last period as Prime Minister was turbulent. Andreotti chose not to dissolve the cabinet after ministers on the left of the DC resigned after the approval of a law strengthening Silvio Berlusconi's monopoly on private television. Tension with Craxi re-emerged after the publication of letters by Moro in which Andreotti saw a role for the leader of the PSI. The Gladio scandal, the violent political declarations by President Francesco Cossiga and the first revelations of the ''Tangentopoli'' corruption scandal characterized the last years of his premiership.

1990s and 2000s

In 1992, at the end of the legislature, Andreotti resigned as Prime Minister. The previous year, Cossiga had appointed him senator for life.

Andreotti was one of the most likely candidates to succeed Cossiga as President of the Republic in 1992. He and the members of his ''corrente'' had adopted a strategy of launching his candidature only after effectively quenching all the others, including that of Forlani. However, this stretegy was thwarted by the assassination of judge Giovanni Falcone in Palermo, which followed that of Salvo Lima, a Sicilian politician strongly linked to Andreotti, two months before. The national emergency which resulted led to the election of Oscar Luigi Scalfaro, a less political figure, supported also by the left.

Andreotti was untouched during the first stages of ''Tangentopoli'', but in April 1993, after being mentioned in the declarations of several pentiti (people abandoning criminal and terrorist organizations), he was investigated for having Mafia connections. In 1994 the Democrazia Cristiana vanished from the political sphere. Andreotti joined the Italian People's Party founded by Mino Martinazzoli, abandoning it in 2001 after the creation of La Margherita.

In 2006, Andreotti stood for the presidency of the Italian Senate, but only obtained 156 votes against the 165 of Franco Marini.

On January 21, 2008 he abstained from a vote in the Senate concerning Minister Massimo D'Alema's report on foreign politics. Together with the abstentions of another life senator, Sergio Pininfarina, and of two communist senators, this caused the government to lose the vote. Consequently, Prime Minister Romano Prodi resigned. On previous occasions, Andreotti had always supported Prodi's government with his vote.

Mafia trial

Andreotti was investigated for his role in the 1979 murder of Mino Pecorelli, a journalist who had published allegations that Andreotti had links with the Mafia and with the kidnapping of Aldo Moro. A court acquitted him in 1999 after a trial that lasted three years, but he was convicted on appeal in November 2002 and sentenced to twenty-four years' imprisonment. The eighty-three-year-old Andreotti was immediately released pending an appeal. On October 30, 2003 an appeal court overturned the conviction and acquitted Andreotti of the original murder charge. That same year, the court of Palermo acquitted him of ties to the Mafia, but only on grounds of expiry of statutory terms. The court established that Andreotti had indeed had strong ties to the Mafia until 1980, and had used them to further his political career to such an extent as to be considered part of the Mafia itself.

Andreotti defended himself by saying he took harsh measures against the Mafia while in government. Andreotti's seventh government (1991–92) did take a number of decisive steps against the Mafia, thanks to the presence of anti-Mafia judge Giovanni Falcone at the Ministry of Justice. "When he says that he took extremely harsh measures against the Mafia, he isn't lying", wrote Eugenio Scalfari, editor of the newspaper ''La Repubblica''. "I think at a certain point in the late Eighties he realised that the Mafia could not be controlled. He awoke from his perennial distraction ... and the Mafia, which realised that it could no longer count on his protection or tolerance, assassinated his man in Sicily." His man in Palermo was Salvo Lima, who was murdered by the Mafia in March 1992. The murder of Lima was a turning point in relations between the Mafia and its political associates. The Mafia felt betrayed by Lima and Andreotti. In their opinion they had failed to block the January 1992 confirmation by the Court of Cassation (court of final appeal) of the sentence in the Maxi Trial of 1986, which had sent scores of Mafiosi to jail.

Involvement in other judicial affairs

Assassination of Carlo Alberto Dalla Chiesa

In 1982 Andreotti asked Carabinieri General Carlo Alberto Dalla Chiesa to accept the position of Prefect of Palermo. In a note dated April 2, 1982 to Prime Minister Giovanni Spadolini, Dalla Chiesa wrote that the Sicilian membership of Democrazia Cristiana linked with Andreotti were the most infiltrated by the Mafia.

According to Mino Pecorelli's sister, Dalla Chiesa met with Pecorelli (they were both members of the secret masonic lodge Propaganda 2) a few days before the latter was assassinated in 1979. Pecorelli gave Dalla Chiesa several documents containing serious accusations against Andreotti. Just before his death in 1993, Andreotti's collaborator Franco Evangelisti described to a journalist an alleged secret meeting between Andreotti and Dalla Chiesa, during which Dalla Chiesa had shown Andreotti the complete statement of Aldo Moro (published only in 1990) containing dangerous revelations about Andreotti.

Dalla Chiesa was ambushed in his car and shot dead, together with his wife, in September 1982. The judges' reconstruction has proved that the Mafia had been planning the assassination of Dalla Chiesa since 1979, three years before he became Prefect of Palermo.

Relationship with Michele Sindona

According to the Tribunals of Perugia and Palermo, "Andreotti had long-standing relationships with people who, in several ways, were interested in the Banca Privata Italiana banker and member of masonic lodge P2, Michele Sindona."

Such relationships became closer in 1976, when Sindona's banks went bankrupt: Licio Gelli, chief of the P2 lodge, proposed a plan to save the Banca Privata Italiana to Andreotti, then Minister of Defense. Andreotti, however, could not get the plan approved by Minister of the Treasury Ugo La Malfa. Later Andreotti denied any personal involvement, declaring that the attempt to save the bank was merely institutional. Andreotti did not terminate his relationship with Sindona when the latter fled to the United States.

Sindona, who in 1984 had been arrested, brought to Italy and condemned to life imprisonment for bankruptcy and for the assassination of Giorgio Ambrosoli, was killed by a poisoned cup of coffee in Voghera prison on March 20, 1986. Journalist and university professor Sergio Turone has suggested that Andreotti had a role in providing the poisoned sugar that caused Sindona's death, after convincing the banker that it would cause him only to faint, hoping that this would help him to be returned to the United States. According to Turone, Andreotti feared that Sindona would reveal dangerous details about his past life, after his conviction had shown that Andreotti had stopped supporting him.

Political movement

Andreotti's ''corrente'' with the DC based its political support on the eastern part of Lazio. His local supporters included politicians Franco Evangelisti, Vittorio Sbardella, nicknamed ''Lo Squalo'' ("The Shark"), and the entrepreneur Giuseppe Ciarrapico. All of them were involved in corruption scandals. Andreotti was also a friend of Court of Cassation judge Franco Vitalone, who was investigated for his role in the Moro kidnapping and in the assassination of Pecorelli, and of bishop Fiorenzo Angelini, responsible for health matters in the Vatican, who was involved in the ''Tangentopoli'' scandal.

Quotes

By Andreotti

In response to opposition politician Giancarlo Pajetta, who had claimed that "power wears you out" (''il potere logora''), Andreotti said "Power wears out those who don't have it" (''Il potere logora chi non ce l'ha''). This sentence became proverbial and is widely recognized in Italy. "Power is a disease one has no desire to be cured of." "Gladio was necessary during the days of the Cold War but, in view of the collapse of the Eastern Bloc, Italy would suggest to NATO that the organization was no longer necessary." "You sin in thinking ill of people; but you often guess right" (''A pensar male si fa peccato, ma spesso ci si azzecca''). "Never over-dramatize things, everything can be fixed; keep a certain detachment from everything; the important things in life are very few". "I recognize my limits, but when I look around I realise I am not exactly living in a world of giants." "Aside from the Punic Wars, which I was too young for, I have been blamed for everything."

"We learn from the Gospel that when they asked Jesus what the truth was, he did not reply."

"You always find the culprit in crime novels, but not always in real life."

"I don't believe in chance, I believe in God's will."

"My whole life is a dance." (In response to a question whether he had ever danced in his life.)

"I don't believe that we can divide mankind into the wicked and the angels. We're all average sinners."

About Andreotti

"He seemed to have a positive aversion to principle, even a conviction that a man of principle was doomed to be a figure of fun." Margaret Thatcher.

Popular culture

In Italy, his detractors nicknamed him ''Belzebù'' (Beelzebub) or "The Prince of Darkness", because of his alleged Mafia links. Other disparaging nicknames include "The Black Pope" and "The Hunchback".

The fictional character Don Licio Lucchesi from the movie ''The Godfather Part III'', a high-ranking Italian politician with close ties to the Mafia, was modeled on Andreotti. Tellingly, before Lucchesi was killed, his killer whispered in his ear "Power wears out those who don't have it".

A joke about Andreotti (originally seen in a strip by Stefano Disegni and Massimo Caviglia) had him receiving a phone call from a fellow party member, who pleaded with him to attend judge Giovanni Falcone's funeral. His friend supposedly begged: "The State must give an answer to the Mafia, and you are one of the top authorities in it!". To which Andreotti answered puzzled, "Which one do you mean?"

The Italian satirical magazine ''Cuore'' referred to Andreotti as Giulio "Lavazza" – Lavazza being a leading Italian brand of coffee. This was a reference to the alleged involvement of Andreotti in the assassination of banker and felon Michele Sindona, killed in jail with a poisoned espresso.

Andreotti is the subject of Paolo Sorrentino's ''Il Divo'', winner of the Jury Prize at the 2008 Cannes film festival. Andreotti walked out of the movie and dismissed the film, saying he believes he will in the end be judged "on his record". On 2 November 2008, Andreotti appeared on the entertainment program ''Questa Domenica'' ("This Sunday"), broadcast on the Italian television channel Canale 5. During his appearance, he seemed to suffer health difficulties and there was speculation he had suffered a stroke. Andreotti was twice posed a question and simply failed to respond, although his eyes remained open. The director cut to an advertisement break, following which Andreotti reappeared in seemingly better condition. The incident was presented as a consequence of technical difficulties.

References

Giuseppe Leone, "Federico II Re di Prussia e Giulio Andreotti - Due modi diversi di concepire la politica", su "Ricorditi di me...", in "Lecco 2000", gennaio 1996.

External links

''"Les procès Andreotti en Italie"'' ("The Andreotti trials in Italy") by Philippe Foro, published by University of Toulouse II, ''Groupe de recherche sur l'histoire immédiate'' (Study group on contemporary history)

Il Divo a Paolo Sorrentino Film

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Category:1919 births Category:Living people Category:People from Rome (city) Category:Italian politicians Category:Christian Democracy (Italy) politicians Category:Italian Ministers of the Interior Category:Italian Ministers of Foreign Affairs Category:Prime Ministers of Italy Category:Italian Life Senators Category:Italian anti-communists Category:Italian Ministers of Defence Category:Bancarella Prize winners

ar:جوليو أندريوتي ca:Giulio Andreotti cs:Giulio Andreotti da:Giulio Andreotti de:Giulio Andreotti el:Τζούλιο Αντρεότι es:Giulio Andreotti eo:Giulio Andreotti fr:Giulio Andreotti ko:줄리오 안드레오티 hr:Giulio Andreotti io:Giulio Andreotti id:Giulio Andreotti is:Giulio Andreotti it:Giulio Andreotti he:ג'וליו אנדראוטי la:Iulius Andreotti lt:Giulio Andreotti nl:Giulio Andreotti ja:ジュリオ・アンドレオッティ no:Giulio Andreotti oc:Giulio Andreotti pl:Giulio Andreotti pt:Giulio Andreotti ro:Giulio Andreotti ru:Андреотти, Джулио scn:Giuliu Andriotti sk:Giulio Andreotti sl:Giulio Andreotti sr:Ђулио Андреоти fi:Giulio Andreotti sv:Giulio Andreotti tr:Giulio Andreotti uk:Джуліо Андреотті yo:Giulio Andreotti zh:朱利奥·安德莱奥蒂

Salvatore Lima (Palermo, January 23, 1928 - Palermo, March 12, 1992) was an Italian politician from Sicily who was murdered by the Mafia. He is often just referred to as Salvo Lima.

Lima’s father was a mafioso, but it is not known whether he himself was a "made member" of Cosa Nostra. In the final report of the first Italian Antimafia Commission (1963–1976) Lima was described as one of the pillars of Mafia power in Palermo.

During his long career with the Christian Democrat party (DC - Democrazia Cristiana) that began in the 1950s, Lima was first allied with the faction of Amintore Fanfani and after 1964 with the one of Giulio Andreotti, seven times prime minister and a member of almost every post-war Italian government. That shift earned him a seat in the national parliament in 1968.

Lima was often referred to as Andreotti’s "proconsul" on Sicily. Under Andreotti Lima once held a cabinet post. At the time of his death he was a member of the European Parliament. Lima rarely spoke in public or campaigned during elections but usually he would manage to gain large support from seemingly nowhere when it came to voting day.

Mayor of Palermo

From 1958 to 1963 Salvo Lima was mayor of Palermo and fellow Christian Democrat Vito Ciancimino assessor for public works. Between 1951 and 1961 the population of Palermo had risen by 100,000. Under Lima and Ciancimino an unprecedented construction boom hit the city. They supported Mafia-allied building contractors such as Palermo’s leading construction entrepreneur Francesco Vassallo – a former cart driver hauling sand and stone in a poor district of Palermo. Vassallo was connected to mafiosi like Angelo La Barbera and Tommaso Buscetta. In five years, over 4,000 building licences were signed, more than half of them in the names of three pensioners who had no connection with construction at all.

This period was later referred to as the "Sack of Palermo" because the construction boom led to the destruction of the city's green belt, and villas that gave it architectural grace, to make way for characterless and shoddily constructed apartment blocks. In the meantime Palermo’s historical centre was allowed to crumble. In 1964, during an investigation, Lima had to admit that he knew Angelo La Barbera, one of Palermo's most powerful mobsters. Lima's election was supported by the La Barbera clan. From 1965-1968 Lima again was mayor of Palermo.

Lima arranged an unusually lucrative concession to collect taxes in Sicily to Antonio Salvo and Ignazio Salvo, two wealthy mafia-cousins from the town of Salemi in the province of Trapani, in exchange for their loyalty to Salvo Lima and the Andreotti faction of the DC. The Salvo’s were allowed 10 percent of the take – three times as much as the national average of 3.3 percent.

Early Mafia connections

According to the "pentito" (Mafia defector) Tommaso Buscetta, Lima’s father, Vincenzo Lima, was a "man of honour" of the Palermo Centro Mafia family that was led by Salvatore and Angelo La Barbera of which Buscetta's family – the Porta Nuova Mafia family – was part as well. The La Barbera brothers helped Salvo Lima getting elected. Buscetta himself met Salvo Lima many times and they became good friends. Every year Lima provided Buscetta with tickets for the Teatro Massimo in Palermo.

At the time, the public and authorities did not know these connections. Buscetta only revealed facts about the relations between mafiosi and politicians after judge Giovanni Falcone was killed in 1992. However, already in 1964 one of Falcone’s predecessors, judge Cesare Terranova, unequivocally demonstrated Lima’s connections with the La Barberas. In an indictment in 1964, Terranova wrote: "it is clear that Angelo and Salvatore La Barbera (well-known bosses in the Palermo area) ... knew former mayor Salvatore Lima and maintained relations in such a way as to ask for favours. ... The undeniable contacts of the La Barbera mafiosi with the one who was the first citizen of Palermo ... constitute a confirmation of ... the infiltration of the Mafia in several sectors of public life." Nevertheless, Lima was allowed to continue in politics as if nothing had happened.

Alliance with Andreotti

In 1968 Lima was elected to the Chamber of Deputies (Italian: Camera dei Deputati), suddenly surpassing established politicians in Sicily. The alliance between Lima and Andreotti proved beneficial to both. Although Andreotti had a strong electoral base in and around Rome, his faction had no power base in the rest of Italy. With Lima – who at some time controlled 25 percent of all party members in Sicily – the Andreotti faction turned into a truly national group. While Andreotti had been an important government minister before his alliance with Lima, he now became one of the most powerful politicians in Italy. Andreotti became prime minister for the first time in 1972. In 1974 Lima became Under-Secretary of the Budget. In 1979 Lima was elected in the European Parliament.

In 1981, Palermo witnessed the outbreak of a bloody Mafia war. A new dominant group within the Mafia, headed by Salvatore (Totò) Riina, of Corleone, killed and replaced the traditional bosses of Palermo and their associates. The Corleonesi also turned against state representatives and politicians, such as the communist senator Pio La Torre, the Carabinieri general Carlo Alberto Dalla Chiesa who had been appointed as the prefect of Palermo to fight the Mafia, and Rocco Chinnici, chief prosecutor in Palermo.

A mounting public outcry demanded the Christian Democrats to clean up its house in Sicily. The mayor of Palermo, one of Lima's protégés, was forced to resign, and Andreotti's Sicilian faction was on the defensive. At the Maxi Trial against the Mafia in the mid 1980s, two of Lima's closest allies, the cousins Nino and Ignazio Salvo, were convicted of being Mafia members. When Lima was in Sicily he was chauffeured around in a bulletproof car of the Salvo’s. Lima himself, however, never became the target of criminal investigation, because of reluctance on the part of both witnesses and prosecutors.

Mafia supergrass Tommaso Buscetta, whose testimonies as a collaborating witness during the Maxi Trial had been instrumental to convict many Mafia bosses, refused to talk about the relationship between Cosa Nostra and politicians. He told Giovanni Falcone one of the prosecutors at the Maxi Trial: "I have told you repeatedly that I would not discuss it until and if the time is ripe. It would be extremely foolish to discuss this subject - which is the crucial knot of the Mafia problem - while the very people whom we would be discussing remain fully active on the political scene."

The Court of Cassation (court of final appeal) ruled in October 2004 that Andreotti had "friendly and even direct ties" with top men in the so-called moderate wing of Cosa Nostra, Stefano Bontade and Gaetano Badalamenti, favoured by the connection between them and Salvo Lima.

Killed by the Mafia

On March 12, 1992, 64-year-old Salvo Lima was on his way to Palermo in his chauffeur driven car when his tires were shot out by a gunman on a motorcycle. After his car screeched to a halt, Lima scrambled out and attempted to flee, but the assassin got off the motorbike, shot Lima in the back and then ran over and finished him off with a bullet to the neck. The killer then sped away.

The killing took place three weeks before Italy's national election, billed as a watershed in Italian politics. The murder of Lima meant a turning point in the relations between the Mafia and its reference points in politics. The Mafia felt betrayed by Lima and Andreotti. In their opinion they had failed to block the confirmation of the sentence of the Maxi Trial by the Court of Cassation (court of final appeal) in January 1992, which upheld the Buscetta theorem that Cosa Nostra was a single hierarchical organisation ruled by a Commission and that its leaders could be held responsible for criminal acts that were committed to benefit the organisation.

The Mafia had counted on Lima and Andreotti to appoint Corrado Carnevale to review the sentence. Carnevale, known as "the sentence killer", had overturned many Mafia convictions on the slenderest of technicalities previously. Carnevale, however, had to withdraw due to pressure from the public and from Giovanni Falcone – who at the time had moved to the ministry of Justice. Falcone was backed by the minister of Justice Claudio Martelli despite the fact that he served under Prime Minister Andreotti.

Many Mafia bosses were condemned to life in prison and Cosa Nostra reacted furiously. Apart from killing Lima in March 1992, Mafia killers blew up Giovanni Falcone, his wife, and three bodyguards in May. In July, a second car bomb killed Falcone's colleague and close friend Paolo Borsellino, along with five bodyguards. In September the Mafia murdered Ignazio Salvo, the prominent Mafia businessman who had been close to Lima.

Tommaso Buscetta, moved by the deaths of Falcone and Borsellino, decided to break his long silence on ties between politics and Cosa Nostra. He acknowledged that he had known Lima since the late 1950s. On November 16, 1992, Buscetta testified before the Antimafia Commission presided by Luciano Violante about the links between Cosa Nostra and Salvo Lima and Giulio Andreotti. He indicated Salvo Lima as the contact of the Mafia in Italian politics. "''Salvo Lima was, in fact, the politician to whom Cosa Nostra turned most often to resolve problems for the organisation whose solution lay in Rome,''" Buscetta testified. Other collaborating witnesses confirmed that Lima had been specifically ordered to "fix" the appeal of the Maxi Trial with Italy's Court of Cassation and had been murdered because he failed to do so.

"''I knew that for any problems requiring a solution in Rome, Lima was the man we turned to''," according to another pentito Gaspare Mutolo. "''Lima was killed because he did not uphold or couldn’t uphold, the commitments he had made in Palermo (…) The verdict of the Supreme Court was disaster. After the Supreme Court verdict we felt we were lost. That verdict was like a dose of poison for the mafiosi, who felt like wounded animals. That’s why they carried out the massacres. Something had to happen. I was surprised when people who had eight years of a prison sentence still to serve started giving themselves up. Then they killed Lima and I understood''." According to Mutolo, "''Lima was killed because he was the greatest symbol of that part of the political world which, after doing favours for Cosa Nostra in exchange for its votes, was no longer able to protect the interests of the organisation at the time of its most important trial''."

Legacy

Most sources regard the allegations of Lima being tied to the Mafia as true, although it must be pointed out that he was never formally charged or convicted of such allegations. In 1993 the Antimafia Commission led by senator Luciano Violante concluded that there were strong indications of relations between Lima and members of Cosa Nostra.

"''Lima became the prisoner of a system''," according to the pentito Leonardo Messina. "''Before this latest generation, being a friend of mafiosi was easy for everybody… It was a great honour for a mafioso to have a member of parliament at a wedding or a baptism… When a mafioso saw a parliamentarian he would take of his hat and offer him a seat''." With the rise of power of the Corleonesi this changed profoundly. "''Now, it has become an imposition: do this or else''," Messina said.

In July 1998, a number of powerful Mafiosi, including Corleonesi boss Salvatore Riina and Giuseppe Calò, were convicted of ordering Lima's murder. In April 2001 the Supreme Court confirmed the sentence of Riina and some of the actual killers, but did not uphold the sentences for other members of the Mafia Commission because individual responsibility could not be established, thus challenging the Buscetta theorem.

References

Dickie, John (2004). ''Cosa Nostra. A history of the Sicilian Mafia'', London: Coronet, ISBN 0-340-82435-2

Jamieson, Alison (2000), ''The Antimafia. Italy’s Fight Against Organized Crime'', London: MacMillan Press ISBN 0-333-80158-X

Schneider, Jane T. & Peter T. Schneider (2003). ''Reversible Destiny: Mafia, Antimafia, and the Struggle for Palermo'', Berkeley: University of California Press ISBN 0-520-23609-2

Servadio Gaia (1976). ''Mafioso. A history of the Mafia from its origins to the present day'', London: Secker & Warburg ISBN 0440551048

Stille, Alexander (1995). ''Excellent Cadavers. The Mafia and the Death of the First Italian Republic'', New York: Vintage ISBN 0-09-959491-9

External links

Salvatore Lima's European Parliament page

All the Prime Minister’s men by Alexander Stille, The Independent on Sunday, September 24, 1995 (article on Andreotti, Lima and other political figures)

Sentenza Cassazione omicidio Lima

Category:1928 births Category:1992 deaths Category:People from Palermo (city) Category:Christian Democracy (Italy) politicians Category:Murdered mayors Category:Mayors of places in Italy Category:People murdered by the Sicilian Mafia Category:Assassinated Italian politicians Category:Politicians of Sicily Category:People murdered in Italy Category:MEPs for Italy 1979–1984

de:Salvatore Lima it:Salvo Lima pl:Salvatore Lima scn:Salvu Lima fi:Salvatore Lima

Coordinates	33°55′31″N18°25′26″N
name	Il Divo
background	group_or_band
genre	Operatic pop, vocal
years active	2004–present
label	Syco Music, Columbia
associated acts	Barbra Streisand, Celine Dion, Toni Braxton, Leona Lewis
website
current members	Urs BühlerSébastien IzambardDavid MillerCarlos Marín
notable instruments	}}

Il Divo ("divine male performer" in Italian) is a multinational operatic pop vocal group created by music manager, executive, and reality TV star Simon Cowell. Formed in the United Kingdom, they are also signed to Cowell's record label, Syco Music. Il Divo is a group of four male singers: Spanish baritone Carlos Marín, Swiss tenor Urs Bühler, American tenor David Miller, and French pop singer Sébastien Izambard. To date, they have sold more than 26 million albums worldwide.

Band history

The idea behind Il Divo's creation came to Cowell after hearing Andrea Bocelli singing ''Con te partirò'' while watching The Sopranos. Aware of this new appreciation for lyrical voices and classical music, he decided to form a multinational quartet (the members hail from Spain, Switzerland, France, and the United States, the name being in Italian) that tried to recreate the style of The Three Tenors.

Simon Cowell conducted a worldwide search for young singers who were willing to embark on the Il Divo project, which lasted two years, from 2001 until December 2003, when the fourth member of Il Divo, American tenor David Miller, was signed. The well-established formation of Il Divo comprises a renowned Spanish baritone, Carlos Marín; two classically trained tenors, Swiss Urs Bühler and American David Miller; and a French pop singer, Sébastien Izambard.

Il Divo sings in English, Italian, Spanish, French, and Latin. Il Divo was named the Most Multinational UK No.1 Album Group in the 2006 edition of the Guinness Book of World Records.

On 25 April 2007, Il Divo performed on American Idol in one of the "Idol Gives Back" episodes, which raised money for children in the U.S. and Africa. For every vote cast during that show, Idol sponsors Coca-Cola, AT&T;, and others donated money to Charity Projects Entertainment Fund (CPEF) and other groups such as Save the Children and America's Second Harvest.

On 12 December 2008, Il Divo performed their new song at the Swedish Idol 2008 finale in the Globen Arena in Stockholm.

As Barbra Streisand's Guests

Having just completed a six-month tour of America, Australia, and Europe, Il Divo then participated in all 20 concerts by Barbra Streisand in her North American tour as her special guests. "Streisand: The Tour" with Il Divo was ranked second for all tours for 2006, generating $92.5 million in gross sales.

2006 World Cup

On 9 June 2006, Il Divo performed the 2006 FIFA World Cup official song, "The Time of Our Lives," with R&B; singer Toni Braxton live, at half-time, during the opening match between Germany and Costa Rica, and again a month later at the 9 July closing ceremony. The song is available exclusively on the ''Voices from the FIFA World Cup'' compilation album, and on the European reissue of Braxton's album ''Libra'', but not on any Il Divo album. A shortened version of the song is featured on the second disc of Braxton's greatest hits album.

Discography

''Il Divo'' (2004)

Recording started in the first half of 2004 in Sweden, with producers Quiz & Larossi, Per Magnusson & David Kreuger and in the UK with producer Steve Mac. This self-titled album contained the Spanish rendition of Toni Braxton's hit "Unbreak My Heart" (''Regresa a Mí''), (Braxton had originally released "Regresa a Mi" as a b-side to her 1996 single, "Unbreak My Heart"); their second single and first original song "Mama"; Sinatra's "My Way" (''A mi manera''); "Nella Fantasia," and 1994's San Remo Festival winner "Passerà."

The album hit the #1 slot on both Amazon.com and BarnesandNoble.com after a career-defining appearance on ''The Oprah Winfrey Show'' on 5 April 2005, where they performed "Regresa a Mi".

In the United Kingdom, the ''Il Divo'' album knocked Robbie Williams out of the number 1 spot in the UK charts, Williams allegedly said to them at the "Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason" film premiere, “So you are the four idiots who have forced me off my number one spot!”.

This multiplatinum-selling CD became number one in the charts in a total of 13 countries around the world, and achieved top 5 placing in 25 countries.

''Ancora'' (2005)

This was recorded in both Sweden and London with producers Per Magnusson, David Kreuger and Steve Mac, who were also the producers of their first album. Released on 7 November 2005 in the UK, it hit number one both in the UK and Australia within one week. ''Ancora'' was released in the US on 24 January 2006. It entered the Billboard albums chart at number 1, selling more than 150,000 copies during its first week of sales.

Highlights include "Isabel," "I Believe In You (Je crois en toi)," a duet with Céline Dion, a Spanish version of Secret Garden's "You Raise Me Up" (Por ti seré), and a Spanish cover of Eric Carmen's "All by Myself." Two of the tracks on the non-American release of this CD, "O Holy Night" and a version of Schubert's "Ave Maria," also appear on 2005's ''The Christmas Collection''.

''The Christmas Collection'' (2005)

Recorded in 2005, the album is a collection of Christmas and holiday-inspired songs.

''Voices'' (2006)

Is a collection of songs released at the time of the 2006 FIFA World Cup.

''Siempre'' (2006)

Released on 21 November 2006 in the United States and one week later in the rest of the world.

''The Promise (2008)''

The album was released globally on 10 November 2008, except in the US and Canada, where it was released on 18 November 2008, Ireland where it was released on 7 November 2008, and Japan, on 26 November 2008. The album reached the No.1 spot in the UK on 16 November 2008. The album was produced by Steve Mac. According to the credits on the DVDs, the bagpipes in ''Amazing Grace'', both on this album and in the performance in the ''In the Coliseum'' DVD, are played by Robert White.

Wicked Game (2011)

According to Sony Music International the upcoming album is titled "Wicked Game" and scheduled for release on 25 November 2011. Il Divo premiered the first song from the album, Dove L'Amore, in a live performance at the Classical Brit Awards on Sunday 12 May 2011. At the same event Il Divo received the award for 'Artist of the Decade'.

DVDs

Mama

The Il Divo release "Mama" – The Video, which includes exclusive footage of the "Making of the Video," a live recording of "Mama – Live In New York," plus a photo gallery.

Encore / Ancora

An open air "live" concert filmed at the Teatro Romano (aka World Heritage site "Archaeological Ensemble of Mérida") in Mérida, Spain, 2005 and was released as DVD on 24 January 2006. The DVD features 8 tracks, including:

Concert

''Si Tu Me Amas''

''Isabel''

''O Holy Night''

''Heroe''

''All By Myself (Solo Otra Vez)''

Extras

Il Divo Revealed (documentary interspersed with concert songs)

Regresa A Mi (Unbreak My Heart) (Music video)

Mama (Music video)

Live at the Greek Theater

The second official DVD release of Il Divo, this contains the full live concert performed on 27 June 2006 at the Greek Theater in Los Angeles, California as part of their World Tour 2006. This recording captures all the songs that have established the group's popularity, such as their breakthrough hit "Regresa A Mi" through to their original songs such as "Mama," "Si Tu Me Amas," and the only song taken from their Christmas album, "Rejoice." They also performed a previously unreleased rendition of the iconic song "Somewhere" as featured in the musical ''West Side Story''. Most releases in the United States of America do not have "Everytime I Look At You" on it as a major music distributor bought the rights to it in order to promote this song as a bonus track on their release of the DVD, despite the tracklisting on the back-covers still listing the track.

Setlist (in order)

Regresa a mi

All by myself (Solo otra vez)

Passerà

Isabel

Nella fantasia

Rejoice

Pour que tu m'aimes encore

I Believe In You (Je crois en toi)

Unchained Melody (Senza catene)

Every Time I Look At You

Si tú me amas

Feelings

Mama

Somewhere

Hero

My Way (A mi manera)

Extras

The Time of our Lives video - performed with Toni Braxton as the official 2006 FIFA World Cup song. It features three versions in English, German and the International one.

Up-close and personal interview - focuses on the group's reflections of their success so far.

Live at the Coliseum (2008)

The DVD was released in the UK on 1 December 2008, but the show was in Pula, Croatia.

It features performances of:

Amazing Grace

The Power Of Love (La Fuerza Mayor)

Hallelujah (Alleluia)

The Winner Takes It All (Va Todo Al Ganador)

Adagio

With an in-depth 30 minute interview entitled 'The Promise – Il Divo In Conversation.'

An Evening With Il Divo - Live In Barcelona (2009)

While partaking in their largest worldwide tour, Il Divo recorded and released An Evening With Il Divo – Live In Barcelona, a live DVD with an accompanying 10-track CD with songs from the concert. It was recorded at Il Divo’s largest capacity performance in Europe and took place at Palau Sant Jordi on 3 April 2009 with attendance of 20 000 people. Added to the setlist are two previously unrecorded songs by the band, Bridge Over Troubled Water and The Impossible Dream. Extras include a "behind the scenes footage/making of the tour" interview with Il Divo. Il Divo turned to the famous choreographer William Baker for a fresh look and feel, as his most famous work is for vastly different music and performers, mainly Kylie Minogue.

CD/DVD Track Listing:Disc 1: The CD1. Regresa A Mi (Unbreak My Heart)2. Unchained Melody (Senza Catene)3. La Promessa4. Adagio5. Somewhere6. Nights in White Satin (Notte Di Luce)7. Without You8. Aleluya9. Amazing Grace10. My Way (A Mi Manera)

Disc 2: The DVD1. Somewhere2. Unbreak My Heart (Regresa A Mi)3. La Promessa4. Angelina5. Isabel6. Bridge Over Troubled Water7. She8. Passera9. Unchained Melody (Senza Catene)10. Mama11. Nights In White Satin (Notte Di Luce)12. The Winner Takes It All (Va Toda Al Ganador)13. Without You (Desde El Dia Que Te Fuiste)14. Pour Que Tu M'Aimes Encore15. Everytime I Look At You16. Hallelujah (Aleluya)17. Adagio18. La Vida Sin Amor19. Caruso20. The Power Of Love (La Fuerza Mayor)21. My Way (A Mi Manera)22. Amazing Grace23. The Impossible DreamDVD Bonus: On Tour With Il Divo

Bibliography

Romancing The World (2005)

Author: Allegra Rossi Format: Hardback 128 pages Date of publication: 10 November 2005 Publisher: Orion ISBN 9780752875194

Our Music, Our Journey, Our Words (2007)

Author: Il Divo Format: Paperback 192 pages Data of publication: 6 September 2007 Editor: Headline Book Publishing ISBN 9780755316571

Notes

External links

Official website

LiveJournal Fan Community

Il Divo Belgium website

Spanish website

Il Divo profile on the C Music TV channel

Il Divo section on ClassicalX

Belgium Il Divo Fansite

Belgium Il Divo Forum

Il Divo Brazilian Fanclub

Il Divo Kingdom ru

Category:Multinational musical groups Category:Musical groups established in 2004 Category:Opera crossover singers Category:Musical quartets Category:Sony BMG artists

ar:إيل ديفو ca:Il Divo da:Il Divo de:Il Divo es:Il Divo fr:Il Divo id:Il Divo it:Il Divo (gruppo musicale) la:Il Divo lt:Il Divo ms:Il Divo mn:Ил Диво nl:Il Divo ja:イル・ディーヴォ no:Il Divo pl:Il Divo pt:Il Divo ru:Il Divo sk:Il Divo fi:Il Divo sv:Il Divo th:อิล ดิโว่ uk:Il Divo vi:Il Divo zh:美聲男伶

Coordinates	33°55′31″N18°25′26″N
name	La Mafia
landscape	yes
background	group_or_band
origin	Houston, Texas, United States
genre	Latin pop, Tejano
years active	1980–present
label	Urbana Records
website	http://www.lamafia.com
current members	Oscar De La Rosa - vocalistArmando (Mando) Lichtenberger Jr - accordion and keyboardsTim Ruiz - bassJoe Gonzales - drumsDavid DeLaGarza- keyboardsViktor Pacheco - guitar
past members	}}

La Mafia is a four-time Grammy Award-winning musical group. It has its roots in the Northside neighborhood of Houston, Texas and has charted a course as a Latin music band.

History

La Mafia was founded in 1980 in Houston, Tx. Vocalist Oscar De La Rosa & producer/keyboardist/accordionist Armando Lichtenberger Jr. have created an original style that has survived various changes in the music industry. The band consists of Tim Ruiz on bass, David de la Garza on keyboards and background vocals, Joe Gonzales on drums and Viktor Pacheco on Guitar in 2007. The band has won 2 Grammys & 2 Latin Grammys was most recently nominated in 2009 for a Latin Grammy for the most recent album "Eternamente Romanticos"

La Mafia, seeking to expand their musical horizons, began touring extensively in Mexico and Latin America beginning in the late 1980s. The practice of Mexican-American artists performing in Mexico on a large scale was unheard of before La Mafia. Back home, La Mafia has performed in front of three record-setting crowds at the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo at the Houston Astrodome.

Discography

Since 1993, La Mafia has recorded each of its hits at its own Urbana Recording Studios, including the million-selling "''Estas Tocando Fuego''" and "''Ahora y Siempre''". The band has recorded 35 albums and CDs, not including dozens of compilation and greatest hits releases.

Awards and recognitions

La Mafia received Grammy Awards for its CDs ''Un Millón de Rosas'' and ''En Tus Manos'' and Latin Grammy Awards for its CDs "''Para El Pueblo''" and "''Nuevamente''". It also has received eight Premio Lo Nuestro Awards and 12 Tejano Music Awards, including a Lifetime Achievement Award from the latter, numerous Billboard awards and was listed in the top 10 Billboard Latin Artists for the entire decade of the 90s, ranking La Mafia as the most successful Latin artist Houston has ever produced.

La Mafia vs Kumbia All Starz

In the summer of 2008 Oscar De La Rosa, leader of La Mafia challenged A.B. Quintanilla and his group Los Kumbia All Starz to a battle of the bands. A.B. Quintanilla responded by making a video saying that he accepted and that the battle would be held at Robstown, Texas on August 2, 2008. A press conference was held in San Antonio, Texas on July 30, 2008 where both groups answered questions to the fans. The two stages were set side to side and the rules were each group had to sing 3 songs in a row. The battle began as they tossed a coin to see who would sing first. Oscar called heads and heads it was, so he elected A.B. Quintanilla to go first. For his first 3 songs he chose 3 Tejano songs he wrote and he got his two special guest singers Elida Reyna to sing the first two and Jesse Turner of Siggno to sing the third one. Then La Mafia sang "Estás Tocando Fuego" and two more 90's Billboard hits. For Kumbia All Starz's second turn, their lead singer DJ Kane and Ricky Rick performed the hit single "Shhh!" and two other songs with the dancers from DJ Kane's group when he was a solo singer, John and JD. La Mafia then performed with 3 more songs. Kumbia All Starz sang 3 more songs, then A.B. Quintanilla asked Oscar De La Rosa if they could sing one more song, and Oscar agreed, and so Ricky Rick and Melissa Jiménez got on stage and performed the hit song "Rica Y Apretadita". La Mafia then sang 3 of their biggest hits, and after that the crowd was screaming for more, so they sang one more song. At the end of the night La Mafia was declared the winner.

Members

Oscar De La Rosa - vocalist

Armando Lichtenberger Jr - accordion & keyboards

Tim Ruiz - bass

Joe Gonzales - drums

Viktor Pacheco - guitar

David De La Garza - keyboards & background vocals

Past members: Leonard Gonzales (brother of Oscar De La Rosa [Gonzales]) -guitar Robert Gonzales - guitar & bass guitar Marion Aquilina - guitar Israel (Speedy) Villanueva - bass guitar Adolf Alonso - bass guitar Rudy Martinez - bass guitar Tony Rodriguez - drums Mario Gonzalez - drums Adam Mosqueda - drums Michael Aguilar - drums Jesse Moreno - Sax Jesse Peralez - Sax Rick Patino - Sax-Trumpet

External links

Official Website

Official MySpace

Official Facebook

Official YouTube

References

Category:Musical groups from Texas Category:Grammy Award winners Category:Latin Grammy Award winners Category:People from Houston, Texas Category:Musical groups from Houston, Texas Category:Tejano musicians

es:La Mafia