Liu Hui (fl. 3rd century) was a mathematician of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of Chinese history. In 263, he edited and published a book with solutions to mathematical problems presented in the famous Chinese book of mathematics known as The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art (九章算术).

He was a descendant of the Marquis of Zixiang of the Han dynasty, corresponding to current Zixiang township of Shandong province. He completed his commentary to the Nine Chapters in the year 263.

He probably visited Luoyang, and measured the sun's shadow.

Mathematical work[link]

Along with Zu Chongzhi, Liu Hui was known as one of the greatest mathematicians of ancient China.^[1] Liu Hui expressed all of his mathematical results in the form of decimal fractions (using metrological units), yet the later Yang Hui (c. 1238-1298 AD) expressed his mathematical results in full decimal expressions.^[2][3]

Liu provided commentary on a mathematical proof identical to the Pythagorean theorem.^[4] Liu called the figure of the drawn diagram for the theorem the "diagram giving the relations between the hypotenuse and the sum and difference of the other two sides whereby one can find the unknown from the known".^[5]

In the field of plane areas and solid figures, Liu Hui was one of the greatest contributors to empirical solid geometry. For example, he found that a wedge with rectangular base and both sides sloping could be broken down into a pyramid and a tetrahedral wedge.^[6] He also found that a wedge with trapezoid base and both sides sloping could be made to give two tetrahedral wedges separated by a pyramid. In his commentaries on the Nine Chapters, he presented:

• An algorithm for calculation of pi (π) in the comments to chapter 1.^[7] He calculated pi to Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): 3.141024 < \pi < 3.142074

with a 192 (= 64 × 3) sided polygon. Archimedes used a circumscribed 96-polygon to obtain the inequality Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \pi <\tfrac{22}{7}

, and then used an inscribed 96-gon to obtain the inequality Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \tfrac{223}{71} < \pi . Liu Hiu used only one inscribed 96-gon to obtain his π inequalily, and his results were a bit more accurate than Archimedes'.^[8] But he commented that 3.142074 was too large, and picked the first three digits of π = 3.141024 ~3.14 and put it in fraction form Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \pi = \tfrac{157}{50} . He later invented a quick method and obtained Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \pi =3.1416 , which he checked with a 3072-gon(3072 = 29 × 6). Nine Chapters had used the value 3 for π, but Zhang Heng (78-139 AD) had previously estimated pi to the square root of 10.

• Gaussian elimination.
• Cavalieri's principle to find the volume of a cylinder,^[9] although this work was only finished by Zu Gengzhi. Liu's commentaries often include explanations why some methods work and why others do not. Although his commentary was a great contribution, some answers had slight errors which was later corrected by the Tang mathematician and Taoist believer Li Chunfeng.

Liu Hui also presented, in a separate appendix of 263 AD called Haidao suanjing or The Sea Island Mathematical Manual, several problems related to surveying. This book contained many practical problems of geometry, including the measurement of the heights of Chinese pagoda towers.^[10] This smaller work outlined instructions on how to measure distances and heights with "tall surveyor's poles and horizontal bars fixed at right angles to them".^[11] With this, the following cases are considered in his work:

• The measurement of the height of an island opposed to its sea level and viewed from the sea
• The height of a tree on a hill
• The size of a city wall viewed at a long distance
• The depth of a ravine (using hence-forward cross-bars)
• The height of a tower on a plain seen from a hill
• The breadth of a river-mouth seen from a distance on land
• The depth of a transparent pool
• The width of a river as seen from a hill
• The size of a city seen from a mountain.

Liu Hui's information about surveying was known to his contemporaries as well. The cartographer and state minister Pei Xiu (224–271) outlined the advancements of cartography, surveying, and mathematics up until his time. This included the first use of a rectangular grid and graduated scale for accurate measurement of distances on representative terrain maps.^[12] Liu Hui provided commentary on the Nine Chapter's problems involving building canal and river dykes, giving results for total amount of materials used, the amount of labor needed, the amount of time needed for construction, etc.^[13]

Although translated into English long beforehand, Liu's work was translated into French by Guo Shuchun, a professor from the Chinese Academy of Sciences, who began in 1985 and took twenty years to complete his translation.

See also[link]

• List of people of the Three Kingdoms
• Liu Hui's π algorithm
• The Sea Island Mathematical Manual
• History of mathematics
• History of geometry
• Chinese mathematics

Notes[link]

References[link]

• Chen, Stephen. "Changing Faces: Unveiling a Masterpiece of Ancient Logical Thinking." South China Morning Post, Sunday, January 28, 2007.
• Guo, Shuchun, "Liu Hui". Encyclopedia of China (Mathematics Edition), 1st ed.
• Hsu, Mei-ling. "The Qin Maps: A Clue to Later Chinese Cartographic Development," Imago Mundi (Volume 45, 1993): 90-100.
• Needham, Joseph & C. Cullen (Eds.) (1959). Science and Civilisation in China: Volume III, section 19. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-05801-5.
• Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 3, Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd.
• Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 3, Civil Engineering and Nautics. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd.
• Ho Peng Yoke: Liu Hui, Dictionary of Scientific Biography
• Yoshio Mikami: Development of Mathematics in China and Japan.
• Crossley, J.M et al., The Logic of Liu Hui and Euclid, Philosophy and History of Science, vol 3, No 1, 1994 this bo chen

External links[link]

• Liu Hui at MacTutor
• Liu Hui and the first Golden Age of Chinese Mathematics,by Philip D. Straffin Jr

This article contains Chinese text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Chinese characters.

Adam Hughes
Hughes in June 2007
Born	Riverside Township, New Jersey
Nationality	American
Area(s)	Writer, Penciller, Inker
Notable works	Wonder Woman, Catwoman
Influences Dave Stevens Steve Rude Mike Mignola Kevin Nowlan Norman Rockwell Maxfield Parrish Drew Struzan Dean Cornwell Alberto Vargas George Petty Alphonse Mucha
Influenced Travis Charest[1] Chrissie Zullo[2]
Official website

Adam Hughes is an American comic book artist who has worked for companies such as DC Comics, Marvel Comics, Dark Horse Comics, Lucasfilm, Warner Bros. Pictures, Playboy magazine, Joss Whedon's Mutant Enemy Productions and Sideshow Collectibles.^[3]

He is best known to American comic book readers for his renderings of pinup-style female characters, and his cover work on titles such as Wonder Woman and Catwoman.

Early life[link]

Adam Hughes was born in Riverside Township, New Jersey. He grew up in Florence, New Jersey,^[4] staying there until he was 24.^[5]

Career[link]

Hughes, who had no formal training in art,^[4] began his career in 1987.^[3][6] He penciled two short stories and the first issue of Death Hawk, created by Mark Ellis. In 1988 Hughes' work appeared in Comico's Maze Agency with co-creator/writer Mike W. Barr, and stayed on the book for one year. When Maze Agency was canceled by Comico, DC Comics offered him a job on Justice League America. He did both covers and internal renditions on that series for two years, before switching to providing covers only.

At the age of 24, Hughes moved to Atlanta, Georgia in order to join Gaijin Studios, believing that working more closely alongside fellow artists would improve his own skills. Hughes stayed with Gaijin Studios for 12 years.^[5]

Hughes then had a short stint on the Dark Horse Comics series Ghost.

He has also had stints on Penthouse Comix, Legionaires and PlayStation Magazine.

Hughes wrote and illustrated the interiors of the 1996 two-issue miniseries, Gen¹³: Ordinary Heroes from Wildstorm. In late 1998 he began a five-year run as cover artist on DC Comics Wonder Woman. He also provided cover art on Tomb Raider from Top Cow Comics

When Wizards of the Coast created their d20-based Star Wars RPG, he created designs for both the original and revised core rulebooks, as well as the Star Wars: Invasion of Theed adventure game mini-RPG. When he reused his portrait of the Jedi guardian, Sia-Lan Wezz (his favorite character), for the cover of Star Wars: Purge as a gag, there was such editorial interest that she was written into the story as one of Darth Vader's early victims.^[7]

In May 2007, a month after the release of the feature film Spider-Man 3, Sideshow Collectibles debuted a miniature statuette of Mary Jane Watson, a perennial love interest of Spider-Man's, based on artwork by Hughes. The statue, which depicts Mary Jane wearing a cleavage-revealing T-shirt and low-cut jeans that expose the top of a pink thong while bending over a metal tub holding Spider-Man's costume, generated controversy among some fans who felt that the statue was sexist.^[8][9] Marvel addressed the matter by stating, "The Mary Jane statuette is the latest release in a limited edition collectibles line. The item is aimed at adults that have been long-time fans of the Marvel Universe. It is intended only for mature collectors and sold in specialty, trend, collectible and comic shops – not mass retail." Sideshow Collectibles stated, "Our product is not produced to make a political or social statement but is fashioned after entertainment properties currently in the market place (sic). We suggest that if you do find the Mary Jane product offensive that you refrain from viewing that web page." Elizabeth McDonald of girl-wonder.org, an organization dedicated to "high-quality character depiction" in the comics industry, was incredulous at the statue's design, though she stated, "Honestly, the difficulty with this statuette is that if you're a woman who likes comics, it's not even noteworthy. Many male comic fans can't understand the outrage it's generated, since this is fairly tame within the industry. This portrayal of Mary Jane could be considered superior to some in the industry, since her clothes don't seem to be actively falling off her". The Toronto Star's Malene Arpe echoed this, pointing to female characters with even more revealing appearances, such as Black Cat and Witchblade.^[10][11] Gary Susman of Entertainment Weekly lamented that the statuette was not issued some weeks earlier, so that it could have been included in the website 10 Zen Monkeys' list of "Ten Worst Spiderman Tie-Ins".^[12][13][14]

Although Hughes had been announced as the writer and artist on All Star Wonder Woman in 2006,^[15][16] he explained at the 2010 San Diego Comic-Con International that that project was "in the freezer" for the time being, due to the difficulty involved in both writing and illustrating himself.^[17] His website indicates that after the current Catwoman series ended with issue #82, he would cease his DC cover work, and would focus on producing the six-issue All Star Wonder Woman series,^[18] though he stated in an October 2010 interview with NJ.com, after the Catwoman assignment had concluded earlier that year, that All Star Wonder Woman was still on hold.^[4]

In February 2012, Hughes was announced as the artist on Dr. Manhattan, a four-issue miniseries written by J. Michael Straczynski, and one of eight tie-in prequels to the seminal 1986-1987 miniseries Watchmen. The books will be released weekly in mid-2012.^[19][20] Hughes commented, "I love Alan Moore's canon of work, with special affection for Miracleman, The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen, and most definitely Watchmen. I hope to do some sort of justice to Dave Gibbons' brilliant art: he's one of the all time great illustrators ever to work in the field of comic...I'm fairly stoked to be working with the fabulous J.M. Straczynksi. I loved his Thor run, especially. The man knows how to craft amazing tales, so I feel like you & I are in good hands."^[21]

Technique and materials[link]

Hughes doing a convention sketch in May 2009

Hughes' artistic influences include comics artists such as Dave Stevens, Steve Rude, Mike Mignola and Kevin Nowlan, classic American illustrators such as Norman Rockwell, Maxfield Parrish, Drew Struzan and Dean Cornwell and notable pin-up artists like Alberto Vargas and George Petty. Hughes also keeps collections of works by Alphonse Mucha near his drawing table.^[22]

Because of the time-consuming nature of his style of illustration, Hughes does not often do monthly series work, and as an example, points to the 1996 miniseries he wrote and illustrated, Gen¹³: Ordinary Heroes, which took him ten months to complete.^[6][23] Hughes varies his style between projects, sometimes exhibiting a "cartoony" look in his drawings, and at other times employing reference to achieve a photorealistic work in his art, as in an assignment he did for Playboy magazine, in order to produce more varied works for his portfolio, should his prospects in the comic book industry ever fade.^[5]

The penciling process Hughes employs for his cover work is the same he uses when doing sketches for fans at conventions, with the main difference being that he does cover work in his sketchbook, before transferring the drawing to virgin art board with a lightbox,^[24] whereas he does convention drawings on 11 x 14 Strathmore bristol, as he prefers penciling on the rougher, vellum surface rather than smooth paper, though he does enjoy brush inking on smoother paper.^[25] He does preliminary undersketches with a lead holder,^[26] because he feels regular pencils get worn down to the nub too quickly. As he explained during a sketch demonstration at a comic book convention, during this process he uses a Sanford Turquoise 4B lead, a soft lead, though when working at home in Atlanta, where the humid weather tends to dampen the paper, he sometimes uses a B lead or 2B lead, which acts like a 4B in that environment.^[25] However, his website explains that he uses 6B lead, with some variation. For pieces rendered entirely in pencil, he employs a variety of pencil leads of varying degrees of hardness.^[22] After darkening in the construction lines that he wishes to keep, he erases the lighter ones with a kneaded eraser before rendering greater detail.^[26] For more detailed erasures, he uses a pencil-shaped white eraser, and to erase large areas, he uses a larger, hand-held white eraser, which he calls a "thermonuclear eraser", because it "takes care of everything".^[25]

For inking, Hughes uses a size three Scharff brush and Dr. Ph. Martin's Black Star Hi-Carb ink.^[22] Hughes also favors Faber-Castell PITT artist pens, which come in a variety of points, including fine, medium, bold and brush tips, which Hughes uses for brush work on convention sketches, though not for cover work.^[25] He occasionally will use Copic markers in both warm and cool gray tones to render covers in gray scale.^[22] In a similar manner to his penciling, Hughes tends to ink different portions of the sketch at random.^[27] He uses Sharpie markers to fill in larger areas,^[25] which he feels would be too tedious to render in pencil, such as the costumes of characters like Batman, which he believes should be rendered in black rather than blue.^[24] He uses Photoshop to color his cover work.^[4][22]

Hughes will sometimes use colored markers to embellish parts of a convention sketch, as when he uses red for female characters' lips, or a silver pen to render scenes set in outer space.^[25][28] When rendering an entire sketch in grey tones or full color, Hughes, who once used Prismacolor or Design 2 markers, explained at the 2010 San Diego Comic-Con International that for the past four years, he had been using Copic markers, a set of which a fan gave him as a gift, because Copic markers are refillable, and because he found that they produce longer-lasting colors, and can be used several times longer than other brands,^[29][30] as he was still using the same package of nibs as of August 2010 that came with the first set of Copics he was given four years previously.^[31] When using Copics, he takes care to erase his pencils, and to not work dark-to-light, because of the mottled effects that result from doing so.^[32] He has conducted demonstrations of Copic markers at conventions on a number of occasions.^[33]

Personal life[link]

Hughes and his wife, Alison Sohn,^[34] who designs his published sketchbooks and administrates his website,^[35] live in Atlanta.^[25]

Bibliography[link]

Interior art[link]

DC[link]

• 52 (DC Comics, 2006–2007):
  • "The Origin of Wonder Woman" (with Mark Waid, co-feature, in #12, 2006)
  • "The Origin of Power Girl" (with Mark Waid, co-feature, in #36, 2007)
• Fables #100: "Celebrity Burning Questions" (with Bill Willingham, Vertigo, 2010)
• Justice League of America (vol. 2) #31-35, 37-40, 43-44, 45 (4 pages), #51 (1989–91)
• Legionnaires #7, 9 (full art); #10, 12 (along with Chris Sprouse) (1993–94)
• Superman/Gen¹³ #1-3 (script, with Lee Bermejo, Wildstorm, 2000)
• Team Titans #1 (1992)
• Titans Sell-out Special (3 pages) (1992)
• WildC.A.T.s/X-Men: The Modern Age (1997)
• Wildstorm Thunderbook: "WHAM! A Tale" (script and art, Wildstorm, one-shot, 2000)
• Superman/Batman #75: "World's End...But Life Goes On" (script and art, DC Comics, 2010)

Image[link]

• 24Seven vol.2: "The Sweetest Thing" (with Phil Hester, Image, 2007)
• Gen¹³: Ordinary Heroes #1-2 (script and art, Image, 1996)
• Savage Dragon: Sex & Violence #1-2 (1997, layouts only) (Image Comics)

Marvel[link]

• Sensational She-Hulk #50 (2 pages) (1993)
• X-Men (vol. 2) Annual #1 (among other artists) (1992)

Other publishers[link]

• Blood of Dracula #4-5, 7-11 (1988–89) (Apple Comics)
• Comics Greatest World: Ghost (1993)
• Dark Horse Presents #50: "Hip-Deep in the Consciousness Stream" (script and art, Dark Horse, 1991)
• Death Hawk #1 (1988) (Transfuzion Publishing)
• The Dreaming #55 (2 pages) (2000)
• Eagle #9-12 (1987)
• Ghost #1-3 (1995)
• Many Worlds of Tesla Strong (5 pages) (2003) (America's Best Comics)
• Maze Agency #1-5, 8-9, 12; Annual #1 (1988–90) (Comico Comics)
• Nexus, Vol. 2, #57 (1989) (First Comics)
• Pat Savage: the Woman of Bronze - Family Blood Special (1992)
• Penthouse Comix #1-5: "Young Captain Adventure" (with George Caragonne, Tom Thornton and Joel Adams, Penthouse, 1994–1995)
• Solution #5 (1994)
• Star Rangers #2-3 (1987)
• Star Trek: Debt of Honor (1992)
• Warriors #1-3 (1987–88)
• Wizard #94 (1999) (Wizard)

Covers only[link]

DC[link]

• Catwoman (vol. 2) #43-82 (2005–08), as well as a special one-shot issue numbered #83 in 2010 which served as a "Blackest Night" tie-in.
• DC Comics Presents (Julius Schwartz tribute):
• Batgirl #1-ongoing (DC Comics, 2011–...)
  • Batman (2004)
  • Superman (2004)
• JSA: Classified #1-2 (2005)
• Just Imagine Stan Lee creating:
  • Aquaman (2002)
  • Batman (2001)
  • Catwoman (2002)
  • Flash (2002)
  • Green Lantern (2001)
  • JLA (2002)
• Rose and Thorn (miniseries) #1-6 (2004)
• Superman #710 (DC Comics, 2011)
• Uncharted #1 (DC Comics, 2012)
• Wonder Woman (vol. 2) #139-146, 150-161, 164-174, 176-178, 184-197 (1998–2003)
• Zatanna #13-16 (2011)

Marvel[link]

• X-Men Classic #71-79 (1992)

Other publishers[link]

• Gate Crasher TPB (Wizard Entertainment)
• Ghost one-shot (Dark Horse)
• Star Wars: Purge (Dark Horse)
• Star Wars: Legacy #1-7 (Dark Horse)
• Tomb Raider #18, 32-34,42-50 (Image)
• Vampirella #1-3 (Harris Comics)
• Voodoo #2-4 (Image)
• Wizard #83, 94, 129, 162

Notes[link]

References[link]

• Adam Hughes at the Grand Comics Database

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Adam Hughes

• Official website
• Adam Hughes at the Comic Book DB
• Adam Hughes, Deviantart
• Things That Make You Go AH!

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2010)

Wong Fei-hung 黃飛鴻
An alleged picture of Wong Fei-hung[1]
Born	(1847-07-09)9 July 1847 Foshan, Guangdong, China
Died	24 May 1924(1924-05-24) (aged 76) Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
Residence	Foshan, Guangdong, China Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
Style	Chinese martial arts Hung Gar
Teacher(s)	Wong Kei-ying
Rank	Grandmaster
Occupation	Martial artist, physician, revolutionary
Spouse	Ms. Luo (1871, her death) Ms. Ma (1896, her death) Ms. Chen (1902, her death) Mok Kwai-lan (1915-1924, his death)
Notable students	Leung Foon Lam Sai-wing Dang Fong Ling Wan-kai

Wong Fei-hung (July 9, 1847 – May 24, 1924)^[2] was a Chinese martial artist, physician, acupuncturist and revolutionary who became a folk hero and the subject of numerous films and television series. He was considered an expert in the Hung Gar style of Chinese martial arts. Wong is visibly the most famous Hung Gar practitioner in modern times. As such, his lineage has received the most attention.^[3] As a physician, Wong practiced and taught acupuncture and other forms of traditional Chinese medicine in Po-chi-lam (T: 寶芝林, S: 宝芝林, P: Bǎozhīlín, J: bou2 zi1 lam4), his private clinic in Foshan, Guangdong. A museum dedicated to him was built in Foshan. Wong's most famous disciples included Wong Hon-hei (his son), Lam Sai-wing, Leung Foon, Dang Fong, Wong Sai-wing and Ling Wan-kai. Wong was also associated with "Beggar So" of the Ten Tigers of Canton.

Biography[link]

Part of the series on Chinese martial arts
List of Chinese martial arts
Terms
Kung fu (功夫) Wushu (武術) Qigong (氣功)
Historical places
Shaolin Monastery (少林寺) Wudang Mountains (武當山) Mount Hua (華山) Mount Emei (峨嵋山) Kunlun Mountains (崑崙山)
Historical people
Yue Fei (岳飛) Yim Wing-chun (嚴詠春) Hung Hei-gun (洪熙官) Fong Sai-yuk (方世玉) Dong Haichuan (董海川) Yang Lu-ch'an (楊露禪) Wu Quanyou (吳全佑) Ten Tigers of Canton (廣東十虎) Chen Fake (陳發科) Chan Heung (陳享) Wong Fei-hung (黃飛鴻) Sun Lu-t'ang (孫祿堂) Huo Yuanjia (霍元甲) Yip Man (葉問) Wang Zi-Ping (王子平)
Famous modern actors
Bruce Lee (李小龍) Jackie Chan (成龍) Sammo Hung (洪金寶) Yuen Biao (元彪) Jet Li (李連杰)
Legendary figures
Bodhidharma (菩提達摩) Zhang Sanfeng (張三丰) Eight immortals (八仙) Five Elders (五祖)
Related
Hong Kong action cinema Wushu (sport) Wuxia (武俠)
This box: view talk edit

Wong was born on Mount Xiqiao, Foshan, Guangdong, during the reign of the Daoguang Emperor in the Qing Dynasty. At the age of five, he started learning Hung Gar from his father Wong Kei-ying. When he was 13, he learnt the Tour de Force of Iron Wire Fist and sling from Lam Fuk-sing (林福成), a student of "Iron Bridge Three" Leung Kwan, after meeting Lam in Douzhixiang during a martial arts street performance. He learnt the Shadowless Kick from Sung Fai-tong (宋輝鏜) later.

In 1863 at the age of 17, Wong set up his first martial arts school in Shuijiao. 26 years later in 1886, he opened his Po-chi-lam (寶芝林) clinic at Ren'an. In 1919, Wong was invited to perform at Chin Woo Athletic Association's Guangzhou branch during its opening ceremony.

Wong died of illness on May 24, 1924 in Chengxi Fangbian Hospital in Guangdong. He was buried at the foot of Baiyun Mountain. Wong's wife Mok Kwai-lan (莫桂蘭) and his two sons, along with his students Lam Sai-wing and Dang Sai-king (鄧世瓊), later moved to Hong Kong and established martial arts schools there.

In legend, Wong was recruited by Liu Yongfu, commander of the Black Flag Army, to be the army's medical officer and martial arts instructor. Wong also instructed Guangdong's local militia in martial arts. He followed Liu's army to fight the Imperial Japanese Army in Taiwan before as well.

Personal life[link]

Wong married four times in his life. The personal names of his first three wives are unknown. He had four known children.

The following names are in Cantonese romanisation:

• Surnamed "Lo" or "Law" (simplified Chinese: 罗; traditional Chinese: 羅; pinyin: Luó), married Wong in 1871, died of illness three months after their marriage.

• Surnamed "Ma" (simplified Chinese: 马; traditional Chinese: 馬; pinyin: Mǎ), married Wong in 1896, died of illness. She bore Wong two daughters - Wong Hon-lam (simplified Chinese: 黄汉林; traditional Chinese: 黃漢林; pinyin: Huáng Hànlín) and Wong Hon-sam (simplified Chinese: 黄汉森; traditional Chinese: 黃漢森; pinyin: Huáng Hànsēn).

• Surnamed "Sam" or "Sum" (Chinese: 岑; pinyin: Cén), married Wong in 1902, died of illness. She bore Wong two sons - Wong Hon-syu (simplified Chinese: 黄汉枢; traditional Chinese: 黃漢樞; pinyin: Huáng Hànshū) and Wong Hon-hei (simplified Chinese: 黄汉熙; traditional Chinese: 黃漢熙; pinyin: Huáng Hànxī).

• Mok Kwai-lan (simplified Chinese: 莫桂兰; traditional Chinese: 莫桂蘭; pinyin: Mò Guīlán), married Wong in 1915, died in Hong Kong on March 11, 1982.

As a martial artist[link]

Wong was a master of Hung Gar (also called Hung Fist). He systematised the predominant style of Hung Gar and choreographed its version of the Tiger Crane Paired Form Fist, which incorporates his Ten Special Fist techniques. Wong was famous for his skill with the technique known as the Shadowless Kick. He named the techniques of his skills when he performed them.

Wong was adept at using weapons such as the staff and southern tiger fork. One tale recounts how Wong defeated a group of 30 gangsters on the docks of Guangdong with a staff.^{[citation needed]}

Wong is sometimes incorrectly identified as one of the "Ten Tigers of Canton". His father Wong Kei-ying was one of the ten but he was not. Wong is sometimes referred to as the "Tiger after the Ten Tigers".^[4]

Cultural references[link]

Film and television[link]

A series of 99 films on Wong Fei-hung was produced between the 1940s and 1960s in Hong Kong. Kwan Tak-hing starred as Wong and earned himself the nickname "Master Wong" for his role. Other prominent actors who played the famed martial artist include Jet Li in the series, Once Upon a Time in China.

• List of notable Wong Fei-hung films:
  • Challenge of the Masters (1976), starring Gordon Liu.
  • Drunken Master (1978), starring Jackie Chan. Yuen Siu-tien played Beggar So.
  • Magnificent Butcher (1979), starring Kwan Tak-hing. Sammo Hung, Yuen Biao and Wei Pak co-starred as Wong's students Wing, Foon and Chik.
  • Martial Club (1981), starring Gordon Liu.
  • Once Upon a Time in China (1991), starring Jet Li. This is the first part of a series of six films on Wong Fei-hung. Vincent Zhao took over the role of Wong Fei-hung from Jet Li in two of the movies.
  • Great Hero From China (1992), starring Chin Kar-lok.
  • Iron Monkey (1993), starring Donnie Yen as Wong Kei-ying. Angie Tsang played a young Wong Fei-hung.
  • Last Hero in China (1993), starring Jet Li.
  • Drunken Master II (1994), starring Jackie Chan. Ti Lung co-starred as Wong Kei-ying.
  • Drunken Master Killer (1994), starring Willie Chi.
  • Around the World in 80 Days (2004), Sammo Hung appears briefly as Wong Fei-hung.

• Television series:
  • Wong Fei Hung Series (1996) is a Hong Kong television series on five stories about Wong Fei-hung. The series was produced by Tsui Hark and starred Vincent Zhao as Wong Fei-hung. This television series is sometimes regarded as a television counterpart to the Once Upon a Time in China films.
  • Shaonian Huang Feihong (2002) is a Chinese television series featuring Wong Fei-hung as a youth.
  • My Master is Wong Fei-hung (2004), a Hong Kong comedy television series.
  • Grace Under Fire (2011), a Hong Kong television series about Wong Fei-hung's wife Mok Kwai-lan.

Theme song[link]

The Chinese folk song On the General's Orders (將軍令) has become popularly associated with Wong Fei-hung because it was used as the theme song in various films about Wong (especially those starring Kwan Tak-hing).

The song was used in the opening of the 1978 film Drunken Master, starring Jackie Chan. In the Once Upon a Time in China film series, the song was titled A Man Should Better Himself (男兒當自強) while Wong Jim provided the lyrics. The song was performed by George Lam and Jackie Chan (in a few films).

A rearranged version was rewritten and performed by Dayo Wong as the theme song of Men Don't Cry. Taiwanese singer Kenji Wu performed a song titled On the General's Orders but the tune is different from the original one.

Others[link]

• The character of Lee Rekka in SNK's Last Blade series is based on Jet Li's character of Wong Fei-hung in the Once Upon a Time in China film series.

• Fei Fong Wong, the lead character in the Square video game Xenogears, was named after Wong Fei-hung (his name being written the same in katakana as Wong's name is written). Another protagonist, Citan Uzuki, closely resembles Wong, being both a physician and martial artist dressed in traditional Chinese garments.

• In Will Thomas' third mystery novel, The Limehouse Text, his Victorian detective Cyrus Barker trained in martial arts in Guangdong under Wong Fei-hung's tutelage.

• Stan Sakai has mentioned his plans to include a character based Wong Fei-hung in a future issue of his comic book Usagi Yojimbo.

• Wong Fei Hong is a character in the collectible card game Shadowfist.

See also[link]

	China portal
	Biography portal

• Wong Kei-ying
• Ten Tigers of Canton
• Wong Fei-hung filmography

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Wong Fei-hung

• www.wongfeihung.com

This article is an orphan, as few or no other articles link to it. Please introduce links to this page from related articles; suggestions may be available. (April 2011)

Dr Simon Chan is a Christian theologian, who is the Earnest Lau Professor of Systematic Theology and Dean of Studies (Ag)^{[clarification needed]} at Trinity Theological College, Singapore. He is the author of: Man & Sin, Pentecostal Theology & Christian Spiritual Tradition, Liturgical Theology and Spiritual Theology. He edits the Trinity Theological Journal. His denomination is Assemblies of God.

References[link]

• Trinity Theological College Website
• List of published works