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In Hindu mythology, Buddhi is one of the wives of Ganesha.

Buddhi is a feminine Sanskrit noun derived from the same root as the more familiar masculine form Buddha (< budh- to be awake, to understand, to know). Buddhi denotes an aspect of mind that is higher than the rational mind and that is attracted to Brahman (i.e., to "Truth" (sat) or "Reality" (dharma)). Unlike manas, which is a composite of mind and ego deriving from an aggrandized "I-sense" that takes pleasure in pursuing worldly aims and sense pleasures, buddhi is that faculty that makes wisdom possible.

In Samkhya and yogic philosophy both the mind and the ego are forms in the realm of nature (prakriti) that have emerged into materiality as a function of the three gunas through a misapprehension of purusha (the consciousness-essence of the jivatman). Discriminative in nature (बुद्धि निश्चयात्मिका चित्त-वृत्ति), buddhi is that which is able to discern truth (satya) from falsehood and thereby to make wisdom possible. It corresponds to the Platonic conception of nous. Just as nous plays a critical role in salvation in orthodox Christianity,^[1] so too does buddhi play an important role in liberation (i.e., enlightenment) within Hinduism, Buddhism and Yoga.

Buddhi makes its first scriptural appearance in the Katha Upanishad (I,3), where it is compared in a famous simile to the driver of a horse and carriage. The reins held by the driver represent the lower mind (manas), the horses represent the five senses (indriya), and the carriage represents the body. Ontologically buddhi is equivalent to hiranyagarbha: it is to individual living souls (jivas) what hiranyagarbha is to the insentient phenomena of the universe. Buddhi is that dimension (or pole) of the heart/mind (chitta) that is attracted to Brahman. The other pole of chitta, manas, is characterised by ego-construction (or ahamkara) and by an attraction to form. Through identification with matter and desire for sensual pleasures (kama), manas causes the incarnation of Brahman into material existence as an individual soul. Through wisdom (prajña) and discernment (vitarka), buddhi leads the incarnate soul in the opposite direction, dissolving its identification with material phenomena, causing the cessation of corresponding worldly desires (vairagya), and eventually enabling it to attain liberation (moksha).

See also[link]

• Citta
• Nous

References[link]

1. ^ See the writings of the Philokalia

External links[link]

• An interactive map of the Yogic conception of mind.

This article about Hindu theology, scripture or ceremony is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e

Abhishek Bachchan
Abhishek Bachchan in 2007
Born	(1976-02-05) 5 February 1976 (age 36) Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Occupation	Actor, producer, television presenter
Years active	2000–present
Spouse	Aishwarya Rai (2007–present)
Children	Aaradhya Bachchan
Parents	Amitabh Bachchan Jaya Bachchan
Signature	150px

Abhishek Bachchan (born 5 February 1976 in Mumbai, Maharashtra) is an Indian actor and producer. He is the son of Indian actors Amitabh Bachchan and Jaya Bachchan and is married to actress and former Miss World Aishwarya Rai.

Bachchan debuted with J.P. Dutta's Refugee (2000), but it was not until 2004 that he achieved success when he appeared in the commercially successful Dhoom and the critically acclaimed Yuva. His work in Yuva received several awards, including his first Filmfare Award in the Best Supporting Actor category, an award he would win for the two next years as well. In 2010, he won his first National Film Award (as a producer) for Paa which won the award for Best Feature Film in Hindi. He has starred in films such as Bunty aur Babli, Guru, Sarkar and Dostana.

Early life[link]

Abhishek Bachchan is the son of Indian actor Amitabh Bachchan and actress Jaya Bachchan, his elder sister is Shweta Bachchan-Nanda (b. 1974). His grandfather, Harivansh Rai Bachchan, was a poet of Hindi literature and professor at the Allahabad University in Uttar Pradesh. The original last name of his family is Shrivastava, Bachchan being the pen name used by his grandfather. However, when his father Amitabh entered films, he did so under his father's pen name. Bachchan is of Kayastha heritage from his father's side,^[1] Bengali Kulin Brahmin from his mother's side^[2] and Punjabi Sikh from his grandmother's side.^[3]

Bachchan was dyslexic as a child.^[4] He attended Jamnabai Narsee School and Bombay Scottish School in Mumbai, Modern School, Vasant Vihar, New Delhi, and Aiglon College in Switzerland.^{[citation needed]} He then attended Boston University.^{[citation needed]}

Career[link]

In the year 2000, Bachchan began his career with J.P. Dutta's Refugee. The film performed moderately well at the box office and was the fifth highest grossing film of that year.^[5] Bachchan went on to do other films, including Kuch Naa Kaho and Bas Itna Sa Khwaab Hai, without much success.^[6]

Abhishek went on to give a string of 17 poorly received films^[7] but his performances in Main Prem Ki Diwani Hoon (2003)^[6][8] and Mani Ratnam's Yuva (2004) proved his mettle as an actor.^[9] The same year, he starred in Dhoom his first commercial hit.^[6] Earning over Rs. 55 crore (US $12 million), the film became one of the top-grossing Indian films of 2004.^[10] For his work in "Yuva", Bachchan was awarded his first Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor

In 2005, Bachchan shot to fame with four movies that did well commercially. He starred in Shaad Ali's Bunty Aur Babli opposite Rani Mukerji. The film was a critical and commercial success becoming one of the biggest hits of 2005.^[11] In July, he appeared in Sarkar was a success at the box office and was greeted very well by critics. His performance earned him another Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor. His third film was Dus was a commercial success. He starred in Rohan Sippy's Bluffmaster was a moderate success.^[12] He also received his first Filmfare nomination in the Best Actor category.

Bachchan's first 2006 release Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna, became one of the biggest box office hits in India, earning Rs 458 million, and grossed over Rs 480 million abroad, the biggest Bollywood success of all-time in the overseas market up until then.^[13] He played the role of Rishi Talwar, a young man who lives in New York whose wife cheats on him with a family friend. His performance in the film earned him his third consecutive award for Best Supporting Actor at the Filmfare Awards. Bachchan's second release Umrao Jaan failed to do well at the box office, but his third film that year, Dhoom 2, did very well—although, as in the first Dhoom, critics noted that Hrithik Roshan, as the antagonist, stole the show.^[14] The film was generally well-received by both critics and the mass audience. It became the highest-grossing Indian film of 2006,^[15] and remains in the top ten on the list of highest-grossing Bollywood films in India.^[16]

In early 2007, Bachchan starred in Mani Ratnam's Guru. The film was a commercial success and his performance was acclaimed by critics and audiences, earning him his first nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Actor.^[17] His next release of that year, Jhoom Barabar Jhoom, failed to do well in India^[18] but did better overseas, especially in the UK.^[19][20]

In 2008 he co-starred with wife Aishwarya Rai and father Amitabh Bachchan in Ram Gopal Verma's Sarkar Raj, the sequel of Sarkar. His next film Drona was critically and commercially a failure. Later the same year he starred in Karan Johar's romantic comedy Dostana opposite John Abraham and Priyanka Chopra.^[21] Bachchan and Abraham star as two men who pretend to be gay, so that they can rent an apartment from an older lady, and later fall in love with the same girl, who is the woman's niece. The film was a big success at the box office.^[22]

In 2009, Abhishek appeared in Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra's Delhi-6. The film opened to mixed reviews and received a poor financial profit.^[23] In the same year, Bachchan produced the Hindi film Paa for AB Corp. Ltd.^[24] The film is based on a rare genetic condition known as progeria and places emphasis on a father-son relationship. Abhishek played the father of his real-life father Amitabh, with Vidya Balan playing the mother. The film received positive reviews and won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi.

In January 2010, Bachchan hosted a game show for Colors titled National Bingo Night.^[25][26] The debut episode fetched a 3.5 in the TV ratings.^[27] In 2010, he starred as the villain in Mani Ratnam's Raavan, alongside his wife Aishwarya. Rediff said the film had "great performances", but the film was generally a critical and commercial failure.^[28][29][30] In the same year, he appeared in Ashutosh Gowariker's Khelein Hum Jee Jaan Sey.^[31]

In April 2011, Abhishek starred in the action film Game directed by Abhinay Deo.^[32] Later in that month, he played the lead in Dum Maaro Dum, which opened to mostly positive reviews from critics. Bachchan's acting was highly appreciated in the movie and considered as one of the best roles of the year.^[33][34]

Abhishek Bachchan is working on releasing a hip hop album titled "Side B" in late 2011.^[35]

Other work[link]

In 2005, he was a part of Tamil director Mani Ratnam's stage show, Netru, Indru, Naalai, an event which sought to raise funds for The Banyan, a voluntary organisation which rehabilitates homeless women with mental illness in Chennai.^[36]

In the summer of 2008, Bachchan, his wife, his father, and actors Preity Zinta, Ritesh Deshmukh, and Madhuri Dixit starred in the "Unforgettable World Tour" stage production. The first leg covered the USA, Canada, Trinidad, and London, England. Bachchan is also involved in the functional and administrative operations of his father's company, originally known as ABCL, and rechristened as AB Corp. Ltd. That company, along with Wizcraft International Entertainment Pvt. Ltd., developed the Unforgettable production.^[37]

In 2011, Bachchan has promoted awareness of drug abuse in India as part of a citizen education campaign. The actor launched the Awareness Day race, which celebrated the silver jubilee of the country's Narcotics Control Bureau.^[38][39]

Personal life[link]

In October 2002, at Amitabh Bachchan's 60th birthday celebration, Abhishek and actress Karisma Kapoor announced their engagement.^[7] The engagement was called off in January 2003.

Bachchan and actress Aishwarya Rai announced their engagement on 14 January 2007.^[40] The couple was married on 20 April 2007, according to traditional Hindu rituals of the Bunt community, to which Rai belongs. The wedding took place in a private ceremony at the Bachchan residence, Prateeksha, in Juhu, Mumbai, but was heavily covered by the entertainment media. The couple appeared on The Oprah Winfrey Show on 28 September 2009.^[41] Rai gave birth to a baby girl on 16 November 2011.^[42] Their daughter's name is Aaradhya Bachchan.^[43]

Filmography[link]

Producer[link]

• 2011: Bbuddah... Hoga Tera Baap

See also[link]

• List of Indian Actors

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Abhishek Bachchan

• Abhishek Bachchan at the Internet Movie Database

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Sonam Kapoor
Kapoor at the Cricket stars party (2007)
Born	(1985-06-09) 9 June 1985 (age 27) Chembur Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Occupation	Actress
Years active	2007– present
Parents	Anil Kapoor (Father) Sunita Kapoor (Mother)
Relatives	Surinder Kapoor (Grandfather) Rhea Kapoor (Sister) Harshvardhan (Brother) Arjun Kapoor (Cousin) Sanjay Kapoor (Uncle) Boney Kapoor (Uncle) Sridevi (Aunt) Mona Shourie Kapoor (Aunt)

Sonam Kapoor (born 9 June 1985^[1]) is an Indian film actress and fashion icon who appears in Bollywood films. Sonam made her acting debut in 2007 with Sanjay Leela Bhansali's Saawariya opposite Ranbir Kapoor and subsequently featured in the offbeat drama Delhi-6 (2009). She earned her first commercial success with the romantic comedy I Hate Luv Storys (2010) and followed with such films as Aisha (2010) and Thank You (2011). She is known as a fashionista, she has been getting various accolades for her unique sense of style rather than her films.^[2]

Early life[link]

Kapoor was born and raised in Chembur, Mumbai. She is the eldest daughter of Anil Kapoor and Sunita, who is Sindhi^[1] and the granddaughter of filmmaker Surinder Kapoor.^[3] She is the niece of producer Boney Kapoor, actress Sridevi, actor Sanjay Kapoor and producer Sandeep Marwah.^[4] Kapoor is the eldest of three children; the others are sister Rhea Kapoor and brother Harshvardhan.^[5] She is also the cousin of upcoming actor Arjun Kapoor.

She went at the Arya Vidya Mandir school in Juhu and then enrolled in the United World College of South East Asia to do her International Baccalaureate.^[1] She also studied Political Science and Economics from University of East London. She speaks English, Hindi, Punjabi and Marathi and is a well trained classical dancer.^[5]

Career[link]

Early Work (2004–05)[link]

Before starting her career off as an actress, Sonam and Ranbir Kapoor worked as assistant directors under Sanjay Leela Bhansali in 2004, and assisted him during the making of his film, Black which was released in early 2005.^[6]

Film Debut & Breakthrough (2007–09)[link]

She made her acting debut alongside newcomer, Ranbir Kapoor in Bhansali's Saawariya (2007), which failed to do well at the box office,^[7] but her performance opened to good reviews by critics.^[8]

In 2009, Kapoor appeared in Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra's Delhi-6, opposite Abhishek Bachchan. The film flopped at the box office and received mixed critical reviews, but her performance was praised. Critic Rajeev Masand commented, "Sonam Kapoor is the revelation in Delhi 6. She's a firecracker performer, instinctive and uninhibited in what isn't even a conventional female lead".^[9] Sonia Chopra, film criric from Rediff commented, "Sonam Kapoor is an earnest and effortless performer so she does make you like the character somewhat, despite the typical Delhi-girl recipe".^[10]

Initial Success (2010–present)[link]

In 2010, she appeared in Punit Malhotra's I Hate Luv Storys opposite Imran Khan. The film went on to become her first box office success.^[11][12] She also appeared in the romantic comedy, Aisha, opposite Abhay Deol, which was declared a below average performer at the box office.^[13][14]

Kapoor's first release in 2011, Thank You was a critical failure, although the film was an average grosser at the box office.^[15] The same year, she made an appearance at the 64th Cannes Film Festival representing L'Oréal, the brand she endorses in India.

Her second film of the year was the romance film Mausam, in which she and co-star Shahid Kapoor had four different looks representing each of the four seasons. The film received mixed reviews and was a failure at the box office.^[16] However, Sonam's performance was appreciated by most prominent critics. Taran Adarsh commented, "For Sonam, MAUSAM will prove to be a turning point in her career. Astonishing -- that would be the right word to describe her work this time around. The confidence with which she handles the distinct characterization speaks volumes".^[17]

Her first release of 2012 is Players, a remake of The Italian Job, alongside Abhishek Bachchan, Bipasha Basu and Neil Nitin Mukesh. The film received mixed to negative reviews and didn't do well at the box office. At the moment, she's busy shooting for Bhaag Milkha Bhaag with Farhan Akhtar and Raanjhnaa with Dhanush of "Kolaveri Di" fame.^[18]

Filmography[link]

Awards[link]

Honors & Achievements[link]

See also[link]

• List of Indian film actresses

References[link]

External links[link]

• Sonam Kapoor at the Internet Movie Database
• Sonam Kapoor on Twitter

Purandara Dasa
Father of Carnatic Music ‌ ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ ಸಂಗೀತ ಪಿತಾಮಹ
Background information
Native name	ಪುರಂದರ ದಾಸರು
Birth name	Srinivasa Nayaka ಶ್ರೀನಿವಾಸ ನಾಯಕ
Born	1484 Kshemapura, near Tirthahalli, Shivamogga district, Karnataka
Origin	Kshemapura, Shivamogga, Karnataka state, India
Died	1564
Genres	Carnatic music
Occupations	Carnatic vocalist

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v t e

Purandara Dāsa (Kannada: ಪುರಂದರ ದಾಸ)^[1] (1484–1564) (sometimes spelled as a single word) is one of the most prominent composers of Carnatic music and is widely regarded as the "father of Carnatic Music".^{[2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]} Purandara Dasa addressed social issues in addition to worship in his compositions, a practice emulated by his younger contemporary, Kanaka Dasa. Purandara Dasa's Carnatic music compositions are mostly in Kannada; some are in Sanskrit. He signed his compositions with the mudra (pen name), "Purandara Vittala" (Vittala is one of the incarnations of the Hindu god Vishnu). About 1000 of his songs are extant.

Biography[link]

Inscriptional evidence suggests Purandara Dasa was born in 1484 AD in Kshemapura, near Tirthahalli, Shivamogga district, Karnataka state.^[11] According to other opinions, his native town was Purandaraghatta in Karnataka,^[12] or Purandaragad near Pune, but the latter is considered a historical mistake - connecting his "pen name" (his ankita) with a location that mainly served as a military encampment in the 15th and 16th century.^[13] The only son of Varadappa Nayaka, a wealthy merchant, and Leelavati, he was named Srinivasa Nayaka, after the Lord of the Seven Hills. He received a good education in accordance with family traditions and acquired proficiency in Kannada, Sanskrit, and sacred music. At age 16 he married Saraswatibai, said by tradition to have been a pious young girl. He lost his parents at age 20, thereby inheriting his father's business of gemstones and pawning. He prospered and became known as "navakoti narayana" (abundantly rich man; owner of nine crores).

According to popular belief, he was led to devote himself to musical composition by a miraculous incident which made the heretofore greedy and miserly merchant realize the worthlessness of his attachment to worldly possessions.^[14] A Brahmin man wanted to perform the sacred thread ceremony (upanayana) for his son and came to Srinivasa's wife for money. She gave him her nose ring to sell, and the man sold the nose ring to Srinivasa himself. The miserly Srinavasa lent the man his money. Meanwhile, his wife was worried about what to say to her husband, so she prayed to her favorite deity, who gave her a nose ring just like the one she had just given away. When Srinivasa hurried home, anxious to know if the nose ring was hers, he was bewildered seeing her wear the same one! She confessed what had happened, and he was converted to belief in the virtue of a charitable life. 30 years of age, he gave away all his wealth to charity and together with his family left his house to lead the life of a wandering minstrel to proselytise religion. In his very first song composition, he laments his wasted life of indulgence. It begins with the words 'Ana lae kara' in the Shuddha Savaeri raga, set to Triputa tala.

In the course of his wandering he met the holy sage Vyasatirtha. According to Prof. Sambamoorthy,^[15] Srinivasa had his formal initiation at the hands of Vyasatirtha in 1525 when he was about 40 years old, with the name Purandara Dasa bestowed on him. Purandara Dasa traveled extensively through the length and breadth of the Vijayanagara empire composing and rendering soul stirring songs in praise of god. He spent his last years in Hampi. The mantapa (mandap) in which he stayed is known as Purandara Dasa Mantapa (mandap). He took sanyasa towards the close of his life.^[16] He died in 1564 at the age of 80.

Purandara Dasa and Carnatic music[link]

Purandara Dasa systematized the method of teaching Carnatic music which is followed to the present day.^[3] He introduced the raga Mayamalavagowla as the basic scale for music instruction and fashioned series of graded lessons such as swaravalis, janta swaras, alankaras, lakshana geetas, prabandhas, ugabhogas, daatu varase, geeta, sooladis and kritis.^[17] Another of his important contributions was the fusion of bhava, raga, and laya in his compositions. Purandara Dasa was the first composer to include comments on ordinary daily life in song compositions. He used elements of colloquial language for his lyrics. He introduced folk ragas into the mainstream, setting his lyrics to tunes/ragas of his day so that even a common man could learn and sing them.^[18] He also composed a large number of lakshya and lakshana geetas, many of which are sung to this day. His sooladis are musical masterpieces and are the standard for raga lakshana. Scholars attribute the standardization of varna mettus entirely to Purandara Dasa.

The itinerant dasas who succeeded him are believed to have followed the systems he devised, as well as orally passing down his compositions.

Purandara Dasa was a vaggeyakara (performer), a lakshanakara (musicologist), and the founder of musical pedagogy. For all these reasons and the enormous influence that he had on Carnatic music, musicologists call him the "Sangeeta Pitamaha" (grandfather) of Carnatic music.^[19]

Purandara Dasa had great influence on Hindustani music. The foremost Hindustani musician Tansen's teacher, Swami Haridas also a Saraswat Brahmin was Purandara Dasa's disciple.^[20] Purandara Dasa's compositions are equally popular in Hindustani music. Hindustani music legends such as Bhimsen Joshi and Basavaraj Rajguru have made them more popular in recent years. Young, well known artists such as Puttur Narasimha Nayak, Venkatesh Kumar, Nagaraja Rao Havaldar, Ganapathi Bhatt, Vidyabhushana, Flute Prapancham Seetharama Acharya and Nachiketa Sharma are continuing the tradition of singing and performing Purandara Dasa's compositions in Karnataki as well as Hindustani music concerts.

Film director and playwright Girish Karnad made a documentary film titled, Kanaka-Purandara (English, 1988) on the two medieval Bhakti poets of Karnataka.^[21][22]

Philosophy[link]

This section requires expansion.

Purandara Dasa has explained the essence of Upanishads, Vedas, in simple Kannada. His Keerthanas have simple lessons on leading a noble life.^[23]

Compilations of Purandara Dasa's lyrics[link]

• Gaja Vadana Beduve Gowri Thanaya A popular Purandara Dasa composition in Carnatic Raagam Hamsadhwani
• Jackson, William J. 2002. Songs of Three Great South Indian Saints. Oxford India. ISBN 0-19-566051-X
• KavyaPremi. 1996. Purandara Daasa Haadugalu. Dharwad: Samaja Publishers. Contains ca. 225 songs; in Kannada language.
• www.dasavani.blogspot.in

Notes[link]

Works cited[link]

• Gavai, Sheshadri. 1956. Sangeetha kalaravinda. Bangalore: Aravinda Publications.
• George, T.J.S. 2004. MS–A Life in Music. New Delhi: HarperCollins Publishers India, a joint venture with India Today Group. ISBN 81-7223-527-5.
• The Hindu online. 2006-10-20. Friday Review Chennai and Tamil Nadu. Columns : An authority on Purandara Dasa
• Iyengar, Masti Venkatesha ("Srinavasa"). 1964. Purandara Daasa. Bangalore: Bangalore Press.
• Iyer, Panchapakesa. 2006. Karnataka Sangeetha Sastra. Chennai: Zion Printers.
• Kamath, Suryanath. 1980. A concise history of Karnataka from prehistoric times to the present. Bangalore: Jupiter Books.
• Massey, Reginald and Jamila Massey. 1996. The music of India. With a foreword by Ravi Shankar. New Delhi: Abhinav Publications. ISBN 81-7017-332-9.
• Sharma, B.N.K. 2000. History of the Dvaita School of Vedanta and Its Literature. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 81-208-1575-0.
• Dr. Vasudev Agnihotry "Purandaradasaru mattu Shri Mad Bhagavata Ondu Toulanika Adhyayana" Ph.D Osmania University Hyderabad Andhra Pradesh India 1984 Publisher: Samskriti Prakashana Sedam. Keertana Vidya nagar sedam 58522 dist gulbarga Karnataka
• Thielemann, Selina (2002). Divine Service and the Performing Arts in India. APH Publishing. ISBN 81-7648-333-8. 
• Vijayakrishnan, K.G. (2007). The Grammar of Carnatic Music. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-018313-9. 
• Srivastava, M.P. (1989). Social and Cultural Trends in Islamic India, 1206-1719 A.D.. Vohra Publishers. ISBN 978-81-85072-53-1. 
• Chaitanya Deva, Bigamudre (1995). Indian Music. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 81-224-0730-7. 

See also[link]

• Haridasa
• Shri Madhvacharya
• Vyasathirtha
• Kanakadasa
• Puttur Narasimha Nayak
• Dvaita Philosophy

v t e Madhva religious figures Madhvacharya · Vadirajatirtha · Vyasatirtha · Raghavendra Swami · Naraharitirtha · Jayatirtha · Sripadaraya · Purandara Dasa · Kanaka Dasa · Vijaya Dasa · Jagannatha Dasa

External links[link]

• Annual Purandara Dasa and Thyagaraja Aradhana in D.C., Maryland and Virginia
• Bhagyada Lakshmi Baaramma A popular Purandara Dasa composition in Sri Raagam
• Lyrics and translation of Purandaradasa compositions