Briare Canal

Canal name	Canal de Briare
Canal length
Begin coord
End coord
Date cons	1604
Date comp	1642
Start point	Briare
End point	Buges near Montargis
Connects to	Canal du Loing and Canal Lateral a la Loire
Current num locks	36
Status	Open.

The Canal de Briare is one of the oldest canals in France. It is the first summit level canal in Europe that was built using pound locks, connecting the Loire and Seine valleys. It is 57km long and is part of the Bourbonnais route from Saint-Mammès on the Seine to Chalon-sur-Saône on the Saône River.

From Briare to Buges, the canal rises through the first 12 locks some and then falls through the remaining 24 locks.

Construction

The canal was initiated by Maximilien de Béthune, duc de Sully, with support from Henry IV in order to develop the grain trade, and to reduce food shortages. Its construction started in 1604 and was completed in 1642. Between six and twelve thousand workmen worked on this canal which connects the basins of the River Loire and the River Seine. Hugues Cosnier obtained the contract to build the first canal crossing a watershed in Europe. It was thus necessary to use locks. A staircase of seven locks was built in Rogny-les-Sept-Écluses. (This was bypassed in 1887 but is preserved as an ancient monument and floodlit at night.)

After Henri IV's assassination, Hugues Cosnier had to give up work in 1611. In 1638, Guillaume Boutheroue and Jacques Guyon applied to resume work, and received letters patent from Louis XIII for this purpose. They created with other nobles the "Compagnie des seigneurs du canal de Loyre en Seine" and work was completed by 1642.

Ponds were dug for the approximately 2000 cubic meters of water displaced at each lock. They include the ponds of Turfs, Chesnoy, Grand-rû, Tilery, Du Chateau, Cahauderie, Beaurois, the Bourdon reservoir, and the Moutiers reservoir on the Loing. The original source of water was the Étang de la Gazonne.

Usage

By the mid 18th century more than 500 wine barges were in use bringing wines from Mâcon, Beaujolais, Sancerre, and Languedoc regions. Other cargoes included firewood, timber, coal and iron, faïence from Nevers and fruit from the Auvergne. All hauling was done by men, generally two to a boat.

Shortages of water in the reservoirs and Loire valley often resulted in 2-3 months closure per year.

Modifications

. The old seven lock staircase is in the background]] The canal was repurchased by the State in 1860.

In periods of drought tha canal's reservoirs were insufficient to keep the canal full of water therefore in 1894 and 1895, a pumping station was built to pump water into the summit pound.

The Briare aqueduct was built over the Loire in Briare between 1890 and 1896 by the engineer Abel Mazoyer to make a connection with the Canal latéral à la Loire (built in the years 1820 and 1830). The Briare aqueduct stands on fourteen piers. These piers support a single metal beam carrying a trough with more than 13,000 tonnes of water, 2.2 meters deep. The width of the aqueduct, towpaths included, is 11.5 meters and its length is 662.7 meters. Eight sluices make it possible to empty the aqueduct in the event of severe freezing.

See also

Briare aqueduct

List of canals in France

En route

PK 57 Connection with Canal du Loing at Buges

PK 52 Montargis

PK 40 Montcresson

PK 35 Montbouy

PK 29 Châtillon-Coligny has a 12th century castle

PK 19 Rogny-les-Sept-Écluses

PK 8 Ouzouer-sur-Trézée

PK 6.5 Aqueduct d'eau de la Loire over the Rigole des Pompes

PK 1 Briare with its famous Briare aqueduct built by Gustave Eiffel in 1890 over the Loire . The canal joins either the Loire River or the Canal latéral à la Loire in Briare

References

Category:Canals in France Category:1642 architecture