Hwang Jang-yop
Hwang Jang-yop, September 2009
Korean name
Chosŏn'gŭl	황장엽
Hancha	黃長燁
McCune–Reischauer	Hwang Changyŏp
Revised Romanization	Hwang Jang-yeop

Hwang Jang-yop (17 February 1923 – 10 October 2010) was a major politician in North Korea who defected to South Korea in 1997, making him to date the highest-ranking defector from the isolated state.^[1] He was largely responsible for crafting the Juche Idea, North Korea's official state ideology.

Early life and career[link]

Hwang was born in Kangdong, South Pyongan. He graduated from the Pyongyang Commercial School in 1941, and then went to Tokyo in 1942 to attend Chuo University's law school; however, he quit two years later and returned to Pyongyang, where he taught mathematics at his alma mater. He joined the Workers Party of North Korea in 1946, soon after its founding; from 1949 to 1953, he was sent to study at Moscow University in the Soviet Union, where he met his wife Pak Sung-ok. Upon his return to North Korea, he became head lecturer in philosophy at Kim Il-sung University. He would later ascend to the presidency of that university in April 1965. In 1972, he became Chairman of the Supreme People's Assembly, a position which he would hold for 11 years.^[2]

Sometime in the late 1950s, Hwang discovered a 1955 speech in which Kim said, "Juche means Chosun's revolution" (Chosun being the traditional name for Korea). At the time, Kim wanted to develop his own version of Communism, and Hwang was largely responsible for developing what became known as "the Juche Idea." As part of this, he helped scrub all of the paeans to Joseph Stalin that had been typical of Kim's speeches in the 1940s and early 1950s. He also supervised the rewriting of Korean Communist history to make it look like Kim had been the founder and leader of the ruling Workers' Party of Korea from its inception.^[3]

In 1983, however, he was removed from the Assembly and his standing deteriorated; though he had been Kim Jong-Il's teacher at Kim Il-sung University, Kim now spoke to him only to criticize him, specifically admonishing him for taking too close an interest in China's capitalist reforms.^[4] Remarking on his role as advisor to Kim Jong-Il, Hwang stated: "When I proposed something, he would pretend to listen at first, but in the end, he would never listen." ^[5]

Defection[link]

Hwang defected on the way back from a February 1997 trip to Tokyo by walking into the South Korean embassy in Beijing along with his aide Kim Duk-hong, the president of a North Korean trading firm in Beijing. Pyongyang immediately threatened retaliation, while Beijing police sealed off the South Korean embassy.^[6] Three days later, North Korean defector Ri Han-yong, the nephew of Kim Jong-il's mistress Song Hye-rim, was shot outside of his Bundang, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea home by unknown assailants widely suspected to be North Korean Special Forces agents; South Korean prime minister Lee Soo-sung described the attack as retaliation for Hwang's defection.^[7] A few days later, Kim Jong-il was quoted on Radio Pyongyang as saying, "Cowards, leave if you want to. We will defend the red flag of revolution to the end", a message seen as marking acceptance of Hwang's defection.^[8]

Chinese authorities eventually permitted Hwang to depart for South Korea via the Philippines several weeks later.^[9] Considering Hwang's prominent role in the North Korean regime, his defection caused a stir, with The Washington Post saying it was as if Joseph Goebbels had defected from Nazi Germany.^[3]

Since his defection his wife committed suicide and one daughter died under mysterious circumstances by falling off a truck; his other children, a daughter and a son, as well his grandchildren, are thought to have been sent to labour camps.^[4] After his arrival in the South, he became a harsh critic of North Korea, publishing over 12 books and treatises, many of which accused Kim Jong-il of "betraying juche and building feudalism instead of socialism", and used his position as chairman of the Unification Policy Research Institute to spread his message. However, under the Sunshine Policy of president Kim Dae-jung, who took office in 1998, Hwang found himself increasingly marginalised; in November 2000, he was removed from the chairmanship of the Unification Policy Research Institute, leading him to complain that the South Korean government wanted him to stay quiet so as not to upset the North.^[9]

Hwang contributed to the Daily NK, an online newspaper set up by North Korean exiles in South Korea.^[10] He described his feelings surrounding the defection in the paper.^[11]

In April 2010, the National Intelligence Service announced that it had arrested two North Korean agents who had allegedly been sent to assassinate Hwang.^[12] The two agents had reportedly trained for four years in preparation for their mission. They had posed as defectors, but were discovered during questioning by South Korean authorities. They claimed that they would receive assistance from North Korean sympathisers in the South, but refused to give any names when questioned. Hwang commented on the assassination attempt, "Death is just death. There is no difference from dying of old age or being killed by Kim Jong-il."^[13] In June 2010, South Korea sentenced the two would-be assassins to 10 years in prison.^[14]

Death[link]

Hwang was found dead in his home on the morning of 10 October 2010. Initial reports stated that he died of a heart attack.^[1] He died while bathing, and as such a large amount of water entered his lungs; however, an autopsy found no poison or drugs in his body, and footage from surveillance cameras showed no signs of forcible entry. On those grounds, the Seoul Metropolitan Police Agency (SMPA) stated that there was no evidence that his death might be homicide, and that they would close their investigation. On 20 October, just shortly after Hwang's death, the SMPA announced that it had arrested another would-be assassin of Hwang, Ri Dong Sam, who had also entered South Korea posing as a North Korean defector; however, the charges had no connection to Hwang's death.^[15]

References[link]

External links[link]

• A collection of North Korean press releases about Hwang Jang-yop
• Hwang Jang-yop Holds Press Conference To Explain Why He Defected from North Korea Federation of American Scientists
• Daily NK, a pro-democracy online newspaper set up by North Korean exiles in South Korea

v t e Chairmen of the North Korean Parliament Kim Tu-bong (1948–1957) • Choi Yong-kun (1957–1972) • Hwang Jang-yop (1972–1983) • Yang Hyong-sop (1983–1998) • Kim Yong-nam (Since 1998)

Kang Chol-Hwan
Kang Chol-hwan
Korean name
Hangul	강철환
Hanja	姜哲煥
Revised Romanization	Gang Cheol-hwan
McCune–Reischauer	Kang Ch'ŏl-hwan

Kang Chol-Hwan (born July 1969) is a defector from North Korea. As a child he was imprisoned in the Yodok concentration camp for 10 years; after his release he fled the country, first to China and eventually to South Korea. He is the author, with Pierre Rigolout, of The Aquariums of Pyongyang and is a staff writer for The Chosun Ilbo.

Biography[link]

Born in Pyongyang, North Korea, Kang spent his childhood in Pyongyang, where his family lived in relative luxury owing to his grandfather's position and the fortune he had given to the country upon the family's return from Japan. Though they had never renounced their Korean citizenship and Kang's grandmother had been a staunch Party member in both countries, the family remained under a cloud of suspicion for having lived in Japan. In 1977, his grandfather was accused of treason and was sent to the notoriously brutal Senghori concentration camp. According to current KCNA propaganda by the North Korean government, the elder Kang was an agent of the Japanese National Police.^[1] As the family of a traitor, Kang and his family were sent to the Yodok concentration camp. Kang was 9 years old; his sister Mi-ho was just 7.

Life was brutal in the camp. Death from starvation or exposure to the elements was a constant threat, and beatings and other punishments were routine. His education consisted almost solely of memorizing the sayings and speeches of Kim Il-sung; at 15 his education ceased and he was assigned to exhausting and dangerous work details, and was made to view public executions. He said of the camps, "It was a life of hard labour, thirty percent of new prisoners would die. And we were so malnourished, we would eat rats and earthworms to survive."^[2] Ten years later he and his family were released.

After release from the camp, Kang proceeded with his life and lived for a few years in North Korea. He owned an illegal radio receiver and listened to broadcasts from the South. In 1992, he and fellow Yodok internee An Hyuk escaped from North Korea by crossing the Yalu River into China. Kang then moved from China to South Korea.^[3]

After publishing The Aquariums of Pyongyang, Kang met with US President George W. Bush^[4] and British Foreign Secretary Jack Straw^[5] and has spoken with several organizations about human rights in North Korea.^[6][7] He has not been in contact with his family since defecting. In 2011, it was revealed that his sister Mi-ho and her 11-year old son are believed to have returned to Yodok.^{[citation needed]}

Bibliography[link]

• Kang, Chol-Hwan (2001). The Aquariums of Pyongyang. Basic Books, 2001. ISBN 0-465-01102-0. 
• "Give Us An 'Eclipse Policy'", The Wall Street Journal, July 13, 2005.

See also[link]

• Yodok concentration camp
• List of Korea-related topics
• List of Koreans
• Human rights in North Korea

References[link]

1. ^ , 1999-05-06, http://www.kcna.co.jp/item/1999/9905/news05/06.htm, retrieved 2011-07-16 
2. ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-13268857
3. ^ 양정아 (2005-06-15), "부시와 면담, 강철환은 누구인가? 함남 요덕 수용소 출신, 現 <북한민주화운동본부> 공동 대표", Daily NK, http://www.dailynk.com/korean/read.php?cataId=nk00400&num=7056, retrieved 2010-02-26 
4. ^ Digital Chosunilbo (English Edition) : Daily News in English About Korea
5. ^ Daily NK - Foreign Secretary of the UK Jack Straw Meets North Korean Gulag Survivor
6. ^ Blogger: Connexion en vue de la lecture
7. ^ Republicans Abroad Korea: Kang Chol-hwan reception a success

External links[link]

• "Child Prisoner: Kang Chol-hwan", MSN.com article, October 28, 2003.
• "Bush 'Moved By Defector's Book on N.K. Human Rights'", The Chosun Ilbo, May 29, 2005.
• "Ban Downplays Bush Meeting With N.Korean Author", The Chosun Ilbo, June 15, 2005.