National Communism arose in the former Russian Empire when Vladimir Lenin created his Bolshevik Party from the left-wing of the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party. Following his ideas expressed in What is to Be Done (1902) the Russian Bolshevik faction differed considerably from other Social Democratic organisations. In 1918 the Bolsheviks changed its name into the Russian Communist Party. The term National Communism, however, is usually used only in reference to communist parties that arose in the non-Russian territories of the former Russian Empire after Vladimir Lenin's Bolshevik Party seized power in October 1917.

Left-wing socialists in Ukraine and the Muslim areas of the former tsarist empire also developed distinct variants of Communism that continued in the USSR until 1928. These variants differed from Socialism in one country and National Bolshevism because they combined social revolution with national liberation. Ukrainian and Muslim variants differed from each other on two points in particular. The Muslims believed the fate of world revolution depended on events in Asia not Europe. They also argued alliances with the national bourgeoisie were necessary for the duration of the liberation struggle. Class divisions had to be ignored,otherwise the national bourgeoisie would turn away from national liberation, ally with their imperial counterparts and thus ensure the ultimate collapse of any revolutionary struggle and national liberation. In its Muslim variant it was a synthesis of nationalism, communism and anarchism as well as religion. Muslim communists included people from both left and right wing groups which predated the Revolution, joining the (Russian Bolshevik Party) between 1917 and 1920—some of whom later were Narkomnats, under the People's Commissar Joseph Stalin.

Polish National Communists

Related to Mieczysław Moczar, Polish anti-stalinist communists, who followed the ideology of Marxism-Leninism mixed with nationalism. They caused antizionist action in 1968 in Poland.

Ukrainian National Communists

In 1918, the book ''Do Khvyli'' (translated into English as ''On The Current Situation in the Ukraine'', P. Potichnyj ed. [1970]), written by the Ukrainian communists Serhii Mazlakh and Vasyl' Shakhrai, challenged what the saw as Russian domination over Ukraine under Bolshevik rule. The analysis was extended in the 1919 letter of the Ukrainian Communist Party to the Third International.

Romanian National-Communism

The rule of Nicolae Ceaușescu in the Socialist Republic of Romania since 1980 is widely regarded by Romanian, as well as foreign historians, as a "National-Communist" phase in the Communist governance of Romania. Ceaușescu's increasing isolationist policies, his introduction of the cult of personality and the consolidation of Romanian culture separately from the Soviet Union and other socialist countries represented a nationalistic orientation of Romanian communism.

Muslim National Communists

Open conflict between prominment Muslim theorists such as Sultan Galiev Mirsäyet Soltanğäliev and Lenin and Stalin broke out in 1919 at the Second Congress of the Communist International over the autonomy of the Muslim Communist Party as well as at the Congress of the Peoples of the East and the First Conference of the Turkic Peoples' Communists of the RSFSR and significantly at the 10th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (b) (April 1921). The crisis resulted in the purge of the Communist Party of Turkestan in December 1922 and the arrest of Sultan Galiev in 1923. Galiev was the first bolshevik party member to be arrested by Stalin. The immediate cause of his arrest were his comments on the 12th Congress resolutions regarding concessions to non-Russians. Stalin was enfuriated that Galiev rejected his juxtapositoin of "great power chauvinism" with "local nationalism." Reaction to great-power chauvinism Galiev explained was not "nationalism". It was simply reaction to great power chauvinism. Nine days later he was arrested. During this time however, Soltanğäliev, Turar Ryskulov, Nariman Narimanov and Ahmed Baytursan were very influential especially through the Communist University of the Toilers of the East which opened in 1921 and was very active until its staff was purged in 1924. Communists from outside the Soviets such as Manabendra Nath Roy, Henk Sneevliet and Sultan Zade also taught there, formulating similar political positions. Students of the university included Sen Katayama, Tan Malaka, Liu Shaoqi and Ho Chi Minh.

The great purge in the Muslim republics began in 1928 with executions of Veli Ibrahimov of the Tatar Communist Party and Milli Firka followed by the leaders of Hummet, Tatar Communist Party and even the Tatar Union of the Godless. It also happened in Azerbyjan, Kazakhstan and the Young Bukharians.

Groups

Historic

Azeri Hummet

Kazakh Alash Orda

Milli Firka

Muslim Socialist Committee of Kazan

Young Bukharians

Young Khivians

Notes

General references

Bennigsen,A., ''Muslim national communism in the Soviet Union : a revolutionary strategy for the colonial world'' (1979).

Mace, J., ''Communism and the dilemmas of national liberation : national communism in Soviet Ukraine, 1918-1933'' (1983).

Category:History of Central Asia Category:Soviet internal politics

cs:Národní komunismus fr:National-communisme pl:Narodowy komunizm ru:Национал-коммунизм tr:Ulusal komünizm

The Assembly were a synthpop project formed in 1983 in Basildon, England by:

Vince Clarke (songwriting, keyboards, backing vocals)

Eric Radcliffe (songwriting, production)

Feargal Sharkey was hired as a guest vocalist for the A-side of the group's only single, "Never Never". Clarke and Radcliffe had planned to use a different singer on each track the group recorded, but the group disbanded after the release of "Never Never", and no other vocalists were employed by the duo.

Band history

Clarke founded The Assembly shortly after disbanding Yazoo (featuring vocalist Alison Moyet), upon completion and distribution of Yazoo's 1983 album, ''You and Me Both''. Clarke's partner in The Assembly was Eric Radcliffe.

The Assembly marked the most-involved phase of Clarke's long-term professional relationship with sound engineer Radcliffe, who had contributed significant sonic influences to the recordings of Clarke's previous bands, Depeche Mode and Yazoo. However, the Assembly project never became a full-fledged band and resulted in only one single release, the UK hit "Never Never" (which featured a then cutting-edge sampled guitar track triggered note for note on a Fairlight CMI). The sound was plumped by the usage of session musician Clem Clempson on electric guitar.

Former Undertones frontman Feargal Sharkey was hired to sing on this track. Clarke and Radcliffe had planned to use a different singer on each track the group recorded, but none were released after "Never Never".

The other track on the single, "Stop/Start," was an instrumental, featuring Clarke's signature songwriting style with syncopation that gradually becomes the downbeat of the musical phrase.

Despite the commercial success of the single, The Assembly was no longer a functioning entity by the end of 1984. Clarke went on to form Erasure with vocalist and co-songwriter Andy Bell in 1985. Although Erasure worked with Radcliffe on some of their early work, they eventually began working with other producers and engineers, including Flood (aka Mark Ellis). Sharkey, for his part, began a successful solo career in 1984 and achieved his first UK number one single in 1985 with "A Good Heart".

"Never Never" was re-released on CD single in 1996 with four tracks, containing both the normal and extended versions of both the title song, and "Stop/Start". The music video for "Never Never", filmed at Upminster Windmill in the London Borough of Havering, was featured on the first ''Now That's What I Call Music!'' video in 1983, though it didn't feature on the corresponding compilation album.

Discography

"Never Never" - A side "Never Never", B side "Start-Stop" (instrumental) - 1983 - Mute TINY1 - #4 UK

See also

The Tube (TV series)

Casio VL-1

References

Category:English electronic music groups Category:British New Wave musical groups Category:People from Basildon Category:Mute Records artists

de:The Assembly es:The Assembly fr:The Assembly nl:The Assembly pl:The Assembly pt:The Assembly fi:The Assembly sv:The Assembly

Benjamin Fulford (born 1961) is a journalist living in Japan.

He is the great-grandson of George Taylor Fulford.

In the early 1980s he came to Japan to study at Sophia University. After receiving a B.A. from the University of British Columbia he returned to Japan in the mid-1980s to pursue a career in journalism. He worked in Japan as a correspondent for Knight Ridder, the ''International Financing Review'', the ''Nihon Keizai Shimbun'' English edition, and the ''South China Morning Post'' before moving to ''Forbes'' magazine, where he was the Asian Bureau chief from 1998 to 2005. After leaving ''Forbes'' he wrote a series of books in Japanese. He conducted an interview with the reclusive David Rockefeller in November 2007 .

On July 14, 2009 the Tokyo District Court awarded American broadcast journalist Steven L. Herman more than Yen 1,700,000 (115K euro) in the civil libel case brought against Fulford and his publisher (Herman vs. Fulford, Fusosha & M. Katagiri).

After the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, Fulford claimed on Japanese television that "[t]he American government in cooperation with [the] Federal Reserve, the Rockefellers, and other powerful groups, they are planning the eruption of Mt. Fuji Volcano. The earthquake and the tsunami was March 11th, 2011, 03.11.11. The Mt. Fuji Eruption they are planning is for April 11th, 2011." Fulford attributed the earthquake, tsunami and his predicted eruption of Mt. Fuji to HAARP, a scientific facility used by physicists to research the upper atmosphere.

References

External links

benjaminfulford.net

benjaminfulford.com (Japanese)

benjaminfulford.com (English)

Benjamin Fulford's Blog (Japanese/English)

Category:1961 births Category:Living people Category:Conspiracy theorists Category:Canadian journalists Category:University of British Columbia alumni Category:Japanese people of Canadian descent Category:Naturalized citizens of Japan Category:Date of birth missing (living people) Category:Place of birth missing (living people)

fr:Benjamin Fulford ja:古歩道ベンジャミン pl:Benjamin Fulford