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Year 1348 (MCCCXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events[link]

January–December[link]

• April 7 – Charles University is founded in Prague.
• June – Two ships enter the Bristol Channel bringing the bubonic plague to England.
• June 24 – The Black Death outbreak goes into full swing in Melcombe Regis (modern-day Weymouth, Dorset in England).
• July 6 – A Papal bull is issued by Pope Clement VI, protecting Jews against popular aggression during the Black Death epidemic.
• November 1 – The anti-royalist Union of Valencia attacks the Jews of Murviedro because they are serfs of the King of Valencia and thus "royalists".

Date unknown[link]

• The Black Death epidemic spreads to central and western Europe.
• Emperor Sukō succeeds Emperor Komyo of Japan, making them the second and third of the Northern Ashikaga Pretenders, respectively.
• Stefan the Mighty, Emperor of Serbia conquers Thessaly and Epirus.
• Edward III of England creates the first English order of chivalry, the Most Noble Order of the Garter.
• The Pskov Republic gains independence from the Novgorod Republic with the treaty of Bolotovo.
• The Black Death breaks out in Cairo.
• Estimation: Hangzhou in Mongolian China becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Cairo, capital of Mamluk Egypt.^[1]
• A de-facto truce is observed between England and France until 1355.
• Gonville Hall, the forerunner of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge is founded.

Births[link]

• date unknown
  • John Fitzalan, 1st Lord Arundel (d. 1379)
  • Andronikos IV Palaiologos, The Byzantine Emperor

Deaths[link]

• February 2 – Narymunt, Prince of Pinsk
• June 9 – Ambrogio Lorenzetti, Sienese painter (b. 1290)
• August 23 – John de Stratford, Archbishop of Canterbury
• September 2 – Joan, Princess of England
• December 2 – Emperor Hanazono, Emperor of Japan (b. 1297)
• date unknown
  • Laura, beloved of Petrarch (b. 1310)
  • Pietro Lorenzetti, Sienese painter (b. 1280)
  • Giovanni Villani, chronicler of Florence (b. c. 1276)
  • Umur Bey, Emir of Aydin

References[link]

Ambrogio Lorenzetti
Birth name	Ambrogio Lorenzetti
Born	c. 1285/1290 Siena, Italy
Died	9 June 1348
Nationality	Italian
Field	Painting, Fresco
Movement	Gothic
Works	Allegory of good government, Allegory of bad government

Ambrogio Lorenzetti (or Ambruogio Laurati) (c. 1290 – 9 June 1348) was an Italian painter of the Sienese school. He was active between approximately 1317 to 1348. His elder brother was the painter Pietro Lorenzetti.

His work shows the influence of Simone Martini, although more naturalistic. The earliest dated work of the Sienese painter is a Madonna and Child (1319, Museo Diocesano, San Casciano). His presence was documented in Florence up until 1321. He would return there after spending a number of years in Siena.^[1]

The frescoes on the walls of the Room of the Nine (Sala dei Nove) or Room of Peace (Sala della Pace) in the Palazzo Pubblico of Siena are one of the masterworks of early renaissance secular painting. The "nine" was the oligarchal assembly of guild and monetary interests that governed the republic. Three walls are painted with frescoes consisting of a large assembly of allegorical figures of virtues in the Allegory of Good Government.^[2] In the other two facing panels, Ambrogio weaves panoramic visions of Effects of Good Government on Town and Country, and Allegory of Bad Government and its Effects on Town and Country (also called "Ill-governed Town and Country"). The better preserved "well-governed town and country" is an unrivaled pictorial encyclopedia of incidents in a peaceful medieval "borgo" and countryside.

The first evidence of the existence of the hourglass can be found in one of his paintings.

Like his brother, he is believed to have died of bubonic plague in 1348. Giorgio Vasari includes a biography of Lorenzetti in his Lives.

Selected works[link]

• Virgin and Child Enthroned (1319)
• Investiture of St. Louis of Toulouse (1329), fresco at San Francesco, Siena
• San Procolo altarpiece (1332)
• Annunciation (1334). Pinacoteca Nazionale, Siena
• Franciscan Martyrdom at Bombay (c. 1336), fresco at San Francesco, Siena
• Santa Petronilla Altarpiece (1340s)
• Presentation at the Temple (1342). Uffizi, Florence
• Good Government (1338)

Paintings[link]

• 

  Stories of St. Nicholas c. 1332

• 

  Stories of St. Nicholas c. 1332

• 

  Saint-Nicolas Miraculously Filling the Holds of the Ships with Grain, c.1332

• 

  Good Government in the Countryside, c. 1338 - 1340, 2 panels, Palazzo Pubblico of Siena

• 

  Presentation in the Temple, c. 1342, The Uffizi Gallery

• 

  Annunciation, c. 1344, Pinacoteca Nazionale, Siena

References[link]

Further reading[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Ambrogio Lorenzetti

• Ambrogio Lorenzetti at Panopticon Virtual Art Gallery
• Arch 343: Cities in History - Lecture 10: The Uses of Decorum - Lorenzetti's Good and Bad Government

This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (May 2010)

Joel Cummins
Cummins performing with Umphrey's McGee at the Lincoln Park Zoo on Earth Day 2007.
Background information
Origin	La Grange, Illinois, United States
Genres	Progressive rock, jam band
Occupations	Musician, Songwriter
Instruments	Keyboards Piano Vocals
Years active	1997–present
Associated acts	Umphrey's McGee, Stomper Bob, OHMphrey

Joel Nathan Cummins (born January 12, 1975, La Grange, Illinois) is an American musician, and founding member/keyboardist for progressive rock band Umphrey's McGee.^[1]

Cummins tours full-time with Umphrey's McGee, playing a range of shows each year, including New Year's performances at the Aragon Ballroom in Chicago, and festival appearances at Bonnaroo, Summer Camp, 10,000 Lakes Festival, and Langerado. International music festival appearances in the past have included Jam in the Dam and Fuji Rock Fest.

He formed the band along with Brendan Bayliss, Mike Mirro, and Ryan Stasik in December 1997 and remains with the band to this day. Cummins and Mirro were members of University of Notre Dame band Stomper Bob, who split around the same time as another local band, Tashi Station (which included Bayliss and Stasik).

Cummins began studying classical piano more than 25 years ago and has, along with several keyboards, recently began performing with a grand piano at Umphrey's McGee concerts.

In 1995, he released a solo piano album, Suspended in Time: An Epic, featuring originals such as the future Umphrey's McGee classic Orfeo and covers such as Phish's Magilla.

In 2001, Cummins released an electronic keyboard-based album, Common Sense, which featured Umphrey's McGee guitarist Jake Cinninger on drums for most tracks. The band would later use two of the tracks, The Triple Wide and In Violation of Yes, in their concert repertoire.

In addition to playing in Umphrey's McGee and occasionally performing solo, Cummins writes and plays with a number of other bands as well. He is a member of progressive-rock tinged OHMphrey along with Chris Poland (Megadeth) and two members of Umphrey's McGee. Joel is a member of Digital Tape Machine, a more electronic Chicago-based group. Cummins also performs with the improvisational groups The Everyone Orchestra, Kick the McGee, North Indiana All Stars and Banyan, with Stephen Perkins (Jane's Addiction), Nels Cline (Wilco) and Mike Watt (Minutemen, fIREHOSE, Stooges).

He has also collaborated with artists such as Huey Lewis, Joshua Redman, Mavis Staples, Phil Lesh, Buddy Guy, Koko Taylor, Sinéad O'Connor, Bela Fleck, Victor Wooten, Warren Haynes, Bob Weir, Les Claypool, John Oates, Adrian Belew, Ray White & Lee Oskar.

In May 2010, Cummins married Dasha Davis and currently resides between Los Angeles and Chicago.

Discography[link]

• Suspended in Time: An Epic (1995)
• Common Sense (2001)

References[link]

• OHMphrey Official Website
• Jam Base Band Bio
• Bonnaroo Official Website
• Everyone Orchestra, Jam Bands
• Jam Cruise
• Headstash Interview with Joel Cummins
• Jam in the Dam
• The Ballad of Umphrey's McGee

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