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Video on Demand (VOD) or Audio and Video on Demand (AVOD) are systems which allow users to select and watch/listen to video or audio content on demand. IPTV technology is often used to bring video on demand to televisions and personal computers.^[1]

Television VOD systems either stream content through a set-top box, a computer or other device, allowing viewing in real time, or download it to a device such as a computer, digital video recorder (also called a personal video recorder) or portable media player for viewing at any time. The majority of cable- and telco-based television providers offer both VOD streaming, including pay-per-view and free content, whereby a user buys or selects a movie or television program and it begins to play on the television set almost instantaneously, or downloading to a DVR rented from the provider, or downloaded onto a pc, for viewing in the future. Internet television, using the Internet, is an increasingly popular form of video on demand.

Some airlines offer AVOD as in-flight entertainment to passengers through individually controlled video screens embedded in seatbacks or armrests or offered via portable media players. Airline AVOD systems offer passengers the opportunity to select specific stored video or audio content and play it on demand including pause, fast forward, and rewind.

Early development[link]

In order for VOD to be developed, it required extensive negotiations between content creators and cable providers. These negotiations were ordered to identify a financial model that would serve both entities and still provide content desirable for viewers.

Cable providers offered VOD as part of digital subscription packages, which by 2005, primarily allowed cable subscribers to only access an on-demand version of content that was already provided in linear distribution. Included in these packages were "extras" and "bonus footage" rather than full episodes of television shows.

Functionality[link]

Download and streaming video on demand systems provide the user with a large subset of VCR functionality including pause, fast forward, fast rewind, slow forward, slow rewind, jump to previous/future frame etc. These functions are called trick modes. For disk-based streaming systems which store and stream programs from hard disk drive, trick modes require additional processing and storage on the part of the server, because separate files for fast forward and rewind must be stored. Memory-based VOD streaming systems have the advantage of being able to perform trick modes directly from RAM, which requires no additional storage or CPU cycles on the part of the processor.

It is possible to put video servers on LANs, in which case they can provide very rapid response to users. Streaming video servers can also serve a wider community via a WAN, in which case the responsiveness may be reduced. Download VOD services are practical to homes equipped with cable modems or DSL connections. Servers for traditional cable and telco VOD services are usually placed at the cable head-end serving a particular market as well as cable hubs in larger markets. In the telco world, they are placed in either the central office, or a newly created location called a Video Head-End Office (VHO).

History[link]

From September 1994, a VOD service formed a major part of the Cambridge Digital Interactive Television Trial^[2] in England. This provided video and data to 250 homes and a number of schools connected to the Cambridge Cable network (later part of NTL, now Virgin Media). The MPEG-1 encoded video was streamed over an ATM network from an ICL media server to set top boxes designed by Acorn Online Media. The trial commenced at a speed of 2 Mbit/s to the home, subsequently increased to 25 Mbit/s.^[3] The content was provided by the BBC and Anglia Television. Although a technical success, difficulty in sourcing content was a major issue, and the project closed in 1996.

In 1998, Kingston Communications became the first UK company to launch a fully commercial VOD service and the first to integrate broadcast TV and Internet access through a single set-top box using IP delivery over ADSL. By 2001, Kingston Interactive TV had attracted 15,000 subscribers. After a number of trials, HomeChoice followed in 1999, but were restricted to London. After attracting 40,000 customers, they were bought by Tiscali in 2006 who were in turn bought by Talk Talk in 2009. Cable TV providers Telewest and NTL (now Virgin Media) launched their VOD services in the United Kingdom in 2005, competing with the leading traditional pay TV distributor BSkyB. BSkyB responded by launching Sky by broadband, later renamed Sky Anytime on PC. The service went live on 2 January 2006. Sky Anytime on PC uses a legal peer-to-peer approach, based on Kontiki technology, to provide very high capacity multi-point downloads of the video content. Instead of the video content all being downloaded from Sky's servers, the content comes from multiple users of the system who have already downloaded the same content. Other UK TV broadcasters have implemented their own versions of the same technology, such as the BBC's iPlayer, which launched on 25 December 2007, and Channel 4's 4oD (4 On Demand) which launched in late 2006. Another example of online video publishers using legal peer-to-peer technology is based on Giraffic technology which was launched in early 2011 with large Online Video-on-Demand publishers such as US based VEOH and UK based Craze's OnlineMoviesBox movie rental service. The BBC, ITV and Channel 4 planned to launch a joint platform provisionally called Kangaroo in 2008.^[4] This was abandoned in 2009 following complaints investigated by the Competition Commission. The assets of the defunct Kangaroo project were bought by Arqiva who launched the SeeSaw service in February 2010.^{[citation needed]}

VOD services are now available in all parts of the United States. In 2010, 80% of American Internet users had watched video online.^[5] Streaming VOD systems are available from cable providers (in tandem with cable modem technology) who use the large downstream bandwidth present on cable systems to deliver movies and television shows to end users, who can typically pause, fast-forward, and rewind VOD movies due to the low latency and random-access nature of cable technology. The large distribution of a single signal makes streaming VOD impractical for most satellite TV systems. Both EchoStar/Dish Network and DirecTV offer video on demand programming to PVR-owning subscribers of their satellite TV service. Once the programs have been downloaded onto a user's PVR, he or she can watch, play, pause, and seek at their convenience. VOD is also quite common in more expensive hotels. VOD systems that store and provide a user interface for content downloaded directly from the Internet are widely available.^{[citation needed]}

According to the European Audiovisual Observatory, 142 paying VOD services were operational in Europe at the end of 2006. The number increased to 650 by 2009.^[6]

Role of P2P[link]

Although video on demand generally refers to legitimate delivery mechanisms operating in accord with applicable laws, some of the motivation for the development of true video on demand (TVOD) services can be traced back to peer-to-peer networking and the development of file sharing software. These innovations proved that it was technically possible to offer the consumer potentially every film ever made, in a way that does not burden the original provider with the entire cost of uploading that information for every customer who wishes to receive it.

Subscription Video on demand[link]

Subscription Video on demand (SVOD) is a service offered by cable systems, which charges their subscribers a monthly fee for accessing unlimited programs.

Near video on demand[link]

Near video on demand (NVOD) is a pay-per-view consumer video technique used by multi-channel broadcasters using high-bandwidth distribution mechanisms such as satellite and cable television. Multiple copies of a program are broadcast at short time intervals (typically 10–20 minutes) providing convenience for viewers, who can watch the program without needing to tune in at a scheduled point in time. This form is bandwidth intensive and is generally provided only by large operators with a great deal of redundant capacity and has been reduced in popularity as video on demand is implemented. Pay-per-view provider In Demand provided up to 40 channels in 2002, with several films receiving up to four channels on the staggered schedule to provide the NVOD experience; however the service now provides only six channels of content, with In Demand sports PPV using the other channels.^{[citation needed]}

Push video on demand[link]

Push video on demand is a technique used by a number of broadcasters on systems that lack connectivity to provide true video on demand or by broadcasters who want to optimize their video streaming infrastructure by pre-loading the most popular contents to the consumer device. A push VOD system uses a personal video recorder (PVR) to store a selection of content, often transmitted in spare capacity overnight or all day long at low bandwidth. Users can watch the downloaded content at the time they desire, immediately and without any buffering issue. As content occupies space on the PVR hard drive, downloaded content is usually deleted after a week to make way for newer programs. The limited space on a PVR hard drive means that the selection of programs is usually restricted to most popular content. A new generation of Push VOD solution recently appeared on the market which, by using efficient error correction mechanisms, can free significant amount of bandwidth and that can deliver more than video e.g. magazines, interactive applications.

Additional Categories of Video on Demand[link]

1. IVOD (Interactive Video on Demand) is the standard version of video on demand where people have the following features at their disposal:

1. Play/Resume - Start a program/movie from the beginning or resume after temporarily stopping the show.
2. Stop - Temporarily or permanently stop the presentation of the show.
3. Pause - Freeze the picture.
4. Jump forward - Jump to a particular time in the presentation (movie) in a forward direction.
5. Jump backward - Jump to a particular time in the presentation (movie) in a backward direction.
6. Fast Forward (FF) - Browse through the movie in the forward direction with picture and sound on.
7. Slow Down - Going forward at a lower rate than normal but with picture and sound.
8. Reverse - Playing the movie in the reversed direction with picture and sound.
9. Fast Reverse - Browse the presentation in the backward direction with picture and sound at a faster speed than standard reverse.
10. Slow Reverse: Go backward at a slower speed, with picture and sound.
11. Other interactive features include the ability to avoid or select advertisements, to investigate additional details about news events and to browse, select, and purchase goods.

2. EVOD (Exclusive Video on Demand) is when a particular TV-based VOD content provider offers a function, service and/or program that no other content provider has, it might be called Exclusive Video on Demand.

3. IVOD (Impulse video on demand) is now typically referred to as "Video on Demand" but in the past, this term often referred to the ability to order TV-based Video on Demand programming, without having to first phone in your order to the network operator.

4. QVOD (Quasi Video on Demand) is the same as Near Video on Demand except that the programming only will be presented if a minimum number of subscribers sign up for it.

5. TVOD (Transactional Video on Demand) is the opposite of Subscription Video on Demand (SVOD). With Transactional VOD the customer pays for each individual video on demand program. Secure TVOD authenticates to the video server to verify payment and authorize based on IP address. Scale Engine Virtual Usher Ticket System authenticates for several TVOD distributors. With its opposite, SVOD, typically the subscriber pays a set amount, (often monthly) for a set amount of video on demand. Netflix is the world's largest SVOD distributor. Now-a-days most refer to Transactional VOD simply as "VOD".

6. FVOD (Free Video on Demand) is Video on Demand programming that a network operator makes available as part of a content package. FVOD can make it possible for subscribers to have unlimited access to movies/programming offered during a specific time period. The opposite would be Subscriber Video on Demand (SVOD) where a subscriber pays a standard fee for programming that may have no, or limited advertisements. OnDemand is a UK based company owned by the On Demand Group which offers FVOD through Inview Technology; their product Inview Inside is Royalty Free.

Catch up TV[link]

Catch up TV (or Replay TV) is a term used to describe VOD in which TV shows are available for a period of days after the original broadcast.

Examples of available services[link]

Australia[link]

Australia's five major networks all offer such a service:

• ABC via its iView service.
• SBS via its website player.
• Seven Network via its Plus7 service.
• Nine Network via its FixPlay service.
• Network Ten via its website.
• Telstra BigPond via its BigPond Movies & BigPond Video services.

United Kingdom[link]

• BBC via BBC iPlayer^[7]
• ITV via ITV Player
• Channel 4 via 4oD)
• Channel 5 via Demand 5
• Sky via Sky Go, Sky Anytime and Sky Anytime+

Republic of Ireland[link]

• RTÉ via its RTÉ Player^[8]
• TV3 via its 3Player
• TG4 via its TG4 Player
• Sky via Sky Go and Sky Anytime

France[link]

• M6
• canal+
• pluzz

Spain[link]

• Canal +
• Digital +

Sweden[link]

• SVT via SVT Play
• TV4 Group programming via TV4 Play
• Kanal 5 and Kanal 9 via Kanal 5 Play
• Viasat programming via Viaplay

Italy[link]

• MTV via its On Demand^[9]
• Mediaset Premium via its Premium Play^[10]

United States and Canada[link]

The networks FOX, CBS, NBC and ABC all have similar sites, as do the Canadian networks Global, CTV, and CBC.

Brazil[link]

• Rede Globo via Globo TV
• Globosat via Globo TV and Muu
  • Telecine via Telecine On Demand and Telecine Play
• Sky via Sky On Demand and Sky Online
• NET via NOW

India[link]

Tata Sky DTH servies launched VOD services in India for TATA Sky+ HD subscribers commencing from 5 December 2011. Its slogan is - “Watch what you want, when you want”

See also[link]

• Comparison of video services
• IPTV
• iTVmediaPlayer
• Music on demand
• nPVR
• Triple play
• Vodcast
• Hulu
• Clicker.com
• SeeSaw (defunct)
• BlinkBox
• YouTube
• Sky Anytime+
• Scale Engine
• Netflix
• Tank Top TV

Notes[link]

References[link]

• Marriott, Michel (2007-08-06). "Nothing to Watch on TV? Streaming Video Appeals to Niche Audiences". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/06/business/media/06stream.html. Retrieved 2008-04-01. 
• "Google entering video-on-demand business". CNET News. 2006-01-06. http://news.com.com/2100-1025_3-6021998.html. Retrieved 2008-04-01. 
• "On-demand media: Re-inventing the retail business model". Screen Digest. March 2008. Archived from the original on 2008-03-18. http://web.archive.org/web/20080318150733/http://www.screendigest.com/reports/08ondemandmedia/readmore/view.html. Retrieved 2008-04-01. 
• "Pioneer Optical Disc Expertise Advances On-Demand DVD Entertainment". Reuters. 2008-01-06. http://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS52307+06-Jan-2008+BW20080106. Retrieved 2008-04-01. 
• Lotz, Amanda D. (2007) “The Television Will Be Revolutionized”. New York, NY: New York City University Press. p. 59
• McGregor, Michael A., Driscoll, Paul D., McDowell, Walter (2010) “Head’s Broadcasting in America: A Survey of Electronic Media”. Boston, Massachusetts: Allyn & Bacon p. 47-48
• "The Video on Demand Business Index". http://www.itvdictionary.com/vod.html. Retrieved 2011-04-27. 

This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references. (January 2012)

Vint Cerf
Vint Cerf in Vilnius, September 2010.
Born	(1943-06-23) June 23, 1943 (age 69) New Haven, Connecticut
Residence	USA
Citizenship	United States of America
Fields	Computer science
Institutions	IBM,[1] UCLA,[1] Stanford University,[1] DARPA,[1] MCI,[1][2] CNRI,[1] Google[3]
Alma mater	Stanford University, UCLA
Known for	TCP/IP Internet Society
Notable awards	National Medal of Technology Presidential Medal of Freedom Turing Award

Vinton Gray "Vint" Cerf^[1] (/ˈsɜrf/; born June 23, 1943) is an American computer scientist, who is recognized as one of^[4] "the fathers of the Internet",^[5] sharing this title with American computer scientist Bob Kahn.^[6][7] His contributions have been acknowledged and lauded, repeatedly, with honorary degrees and awards that include the National Medal of Technology,^[1] the Turing Award,^[8] the Presidential Medal of Freedom,^[9] and membership in the National Academy of Engineering.

In the early days, Cerf was a program manager for the United States Department of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) funding various groups to develop TCP/IP technology. When the Internet began to transition to a commercial opportunity during the late 1980s,^{[citation needed]} Cerf moved to MCI where he was instrumental in the development of the first commercial email system (MCI Mail) connected to the Internet.

Vinton Cerf was instrumental in the funding and formation of ICANN from the start. Cerf waited in the wings for a year before he stepped forward to join the ICANN Board. Eventually he became the Chairman of ICANN. Cerf was elected as the president of the Association for Computing Machinery in May 2012^[10].

Cerf also went to Van Nuys High School along with Jon Postel and Steve Crocker; he wrote the former's obituary. Both were also instrumental in the creation of the Internet as we know it (see articles).

Life and career[link]

Cerf was born in New Haven, Connecticut, the son of Muriel (née Gray), a homemaker, and Vinton Thurston Cerf, an aerospace executive.^[11][12] Cerf's first job after obtaining his B.S. degree in Mathematics from Stanford University was at IBM, where he worked for less than two years as a systems engineer supporting QUIKTRAN.^[1] He left IBM to attend graduate school at UCLA where he earned his M.S. degree in 1970 and his PhD degree in 1972.^[13] During his graduate student years, he studied under Professor Gerald Estrin, worked in Professor Leonard Kleinrock's data packet networking group that connected the first two nodes of the ARPANet,^[14] the predecessor^[14] to the Internet, and "contributed to a host-to-host protocol" for the ARPANet.^[15] While at UCLA, he also met Robert E. Kahn, who was working on the ARPANet hardware architecture.^[15] After receiving his doctorate, Cerf became an assistant professor at Stanford University from 1972–1976, where he conducted research on packet network interconnection protocols and co-designed the DoD TCP/IP protocol suite with Kahn.^[15] Cerf then moved to DARPA in 1976, where he stayed until 1982.

Cerf playing Spacewar! on the Computer History Museum's PDP-1, ICANN meeting, 2007.

As vice president of MCI Digital Information Services from 1982–1986, Cerf led the engineering of MCI Mail, the first commercial email service to be connected to the Internet. Cerf rejoined MCI during 1994 and served as Senior Vice President of Technology Strategy. In this role, he helped to guide corporate strategy development from a technical perspective. Previously, he served as MCI's senior vice president of Architecture and Technology, leading a team of architects and engineers to design advanced networking frameworks, including Internet-based solutions for delivering a combination of data, information, voice and video services for business and consumer use.

In 1992 he co-founded, with Bob Kahn the Internet Society to provide leadership in Internet related standards, education and policy.

During 1997, Cerf joined the Board of Trustees of Gallaudet University, a university for the education of the deaf and hard-of-hearing.^[16] Cerf himself is hard of hearing.^[17]

Cerf has worked for Google as a Vice President and Chief Internet Evangelist since September 2005.^[3] In this function he has become well known for his predictions on how technology will affect future society, encompassing such areas as artificial intelligence, environmentalism, the advent of IPv6 and the transformation of the television industry and its delivery model.^[18]

Since 2010, Cerf has served as a Commissioner for the Broadband Commission for Digital Development, a UN body which aims to make broadband internet technologies more widely available.

Cerf joined the board of the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) in 1999, and served until the end of 2007.^[19]

Cerf was a member of the Bulgarian President Georgi Parvanov's IT Advisory Council (from March 2002 till January 2012). He is also a member of the Advisory Board of Eurasia Group, the political risk consultancy.^[20]

Cerf is also working on the Interplanetary Internet, together with NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. It will be a new standard to communicate from planet to planet, using radio/laser communications that are tolerant of signal degradation.^[21]

On February 7, 2006, Cerf testified before the U.S. Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation's Hearing on “Network Neutrality”.^[22] Speaking as Google's Chief Internet Evangelist, Cerf noted that nearly half of all consumers lacked meaningful choice in broadband providers and expressed concerns that without network neutrality government regulation, broadband providers would be able to use their dominance to limit options for consumers and charge companies like Google for their use of band width.^[23]

Cerf currently serves on the board of advisors of Scientists and Engineers for America, an organization focused on promoting sound science in American government.^[24] He also serves on the advisory council of CRDF Global.

Cerf is on the board of trustees of ARIN, the Regional Internet Registry (RIR) of IP addresses for United States, Canada, and part of the Caribbean.^[25]

Cerf is on the board of directors of StopBadware, a non-profit anti-malware organization that Google has supported since its inception as a project at Harvard University's Berkman Center for Internet & Society.^[26][27]

Cerf is on the board of advisors of The Hyperwords Company Ltd of the UK, which works to make the web more usefully interactive and which has produced the free Firefox Add-On called 'Hyperwords'.^[28]

During 2008 Cerf chaired the IDNAbis working group of the IETF.^[29]

Cerf was a major contender to be designated the nation's first Chief Technology Officer by President Barack Obama.^[30]

Cerf is the co-chair of Campus Party Silicon Valley, the US edition of one of the largest technology festivals in the world, along with Al Gore and Tim Berners-Lee.^[31]

On May 24, 2012, the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) announced that Cerf was elected to the 2 year term post of President beginning July 1, 2012.^[32]

Awards and honors[link]

Cerf and Bob E. Kahn being awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President George W. Bush

Cerf has received a number of honorary degrees, including doctorates, from the University of the Balearic Islands, ETHZ in Zurich, Switzerland, Capitol College, Gettysburg College, George Mason University, Marymount University, University of Pisa, University of Rovira and Virgili (Tarragona, Spain), Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Luleå University of Technology (Sweden), University of Twente (Netherlands), Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Brooklyn Polytechnic, UPCT (University of Cartagena, Spain), Royal Roads University (Canada) and Polytechnic University of Madrid.

Further awards include:

• Edward A. Dickson Alumnus of the Year Award from UCLA^[33]
• Prince of Asturias award for science and technology
• Fellow of the IEEE, 1988, "for contributions and leadership in the design, development, and application of internet protocols"
• Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery, 1994, for "vision and leadership in the design, implementation, evolution, and dissemination of the TCP/IP computer communication protocol suite"
• Yuri Rubinsky Memorial Award, 1996
• SIGCOMM Award for "contributions to the Internet [spanning] more than 25 years, from development of the fundamental TCP/IP protocols".^[34]
• Certificate of Merit from The Franklin Institute, in 1996.
• In December 1997 he, along with his partner Robert E. Kahn, was presented with the National Medal of Technology by President Bill Clinton, "for creating and sustaining development of Internet Protocols and continuing to provide leadership in the emerging industry of internetworking."^[35]
• He received the Living Legend Medal from the Library of Congress in April 2000
• He was inducted as a Fellow of the Computer History Museum in November 2000
• Cerf was selected as a Fellow of the Association for Women in Science (AWIS) in 2000
• Cerf and Kahn were the winners of the Turing Award for 2004,^[8] for their "pioneering work on internetworking, including .. the Internet's basic communications protocols .. and for inspired leadership in networking."^[36]
• In November 2005, Vinton Cerf and Kahn were awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President George W. Bush for their contributions to the creation of the Internet.^[9]
• He and Robert Kahn were inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in May 2006
• Vinton Cerf was awarded the St. Cyril and Methodius in the Coat of Arms Order in July 2006^[37]
• Vinton Cerf and Robert Kahn were each inducted as an Honorary Fellow of the Society for Technical Communication (STC) in May 2006
• He and Robert Kahn were awarded the Japan Prize in January 2008.^[38]
• Cerf was inducted into the Worshipful Company of Information Technologists and given the Freedom of the City of London in April 2008.
• Dr. Cerf was awarded an honorary membership in the Yale Political Union after keynoting a lively debate on the subject "Resolved: Online Communities are Real Communities." The motion passed.^[39]
• In celebration of the five year-anniversary of YouTube he was selected as a guest curator by the site, and chose the six videos on YouTube he found most memorable.^[40]
• In May 2011, he was awarded an HPI Fellowship as “[...]a tribute to his work for a new medium which influenced the everyday life of our society like no other one.”^[41]
• In September 2011 he was made a distinguished fellow of British Computer Society, in recognition of his outstanding contribution and service to the advancement of computing.^[42]
• 2012 Internet Hall of Fame^[43]

Partial bibliography[link]

Cerf speaking at the National Library of New Zealand.

Cerf at 2007 Los Angeles ICANN meeting.

Author[link]

• Zero Text Length EOF Message (RFC 13, August 1969)
• IMP-IMP and HOST-HOST Control Links (RFC 18, September 1969)
• ASCII format for network interchange (RFC 20, October 1969)
• Host-host control message formats (RFC 22, October 1969)
• Data transfer protocols (RFC 163, May 1971)
• PARRY encounters the DOCTOR (RFC 439, January 1973)
• 'Twas the night before start-up (RFC 968, December 1985)
• Report of the second Ad Hoc Network Management Review Group, RFC 1109, August 1989
• Internet Activities Board, RFC 1120, September 1989
• Thoughts on the National Research and Education Network, RFC 1167, July 1990
• Networks, Scientific American Special Issue on Communications, Computers, and Networks, September, 1991
• Guidelines for Internet Measurement Activities, October 1991
• A VIEW FROM THE 21ST CENTURY, RFC 1607, April 1, 1994
• An Agreement between the Internet Society and Sun Microsystems, Inc. in the Matter of ONC RPC and XDR Protocols, RFC 1790, April 1995
• I REMEMBER IANA, RFC 2468, October 17, 1998
• Memo from the Consortium for Slow Commotion Research (CSCR, RFC 1217, April 1, 1999
• The Internet is for Everyone, RFC 3271, April 2002

Co-author[link]

• Vinton Cerf, Robert Kahn, A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication (IEEE Transactions on Communications, May 1974)
• Vinton Cerf, Y. Dalal, C. Sunshine, Specification of Internet Transmission Control Program (RFC 675, December 1974)
• Vinton Cerf, Jon Postel, Mail transition plan (RFC 771, September 1980)
• Vinton Cerf, K.L. Mills Explaining the role of GOSIP, RFC 1169, August 1990
• Clark, Chapin, Cerf, Braden, Hobby, Towards the Future Internet Architecture, RFC 1287, December 1991
• Vinton Cerf et al., A Strategic Plan for Deploying an Internet X.500 Directory Service, RFC 1430, February 1993
• Vinton Cerf & Bob Kahn, Al Gore and the Internet, 2000-09-28^[44]
• Vinton Cerf et al., Internet Radio Communication System July 9, 2002, U.S. Patent 6,418,138
• Vinton Cerf et al., System for Distributed Task Execution June 3, 2003, U.S. Patent 6,574,628
• Vinton Cerf et al., Delay-Tolerant Networking Architecture (Informational Status), RFC 4838, April 2007

Notes and references[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Vint Cerf

• A Protocol For Packet Network Intercommunication The IEEE paper Cerf co-wrote with Bob Kahn that describes TCP.
• Oral history interview with Vinton G. Cerf. Charles Babbage Institute University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Cerf describes his involvement with the ARPA network, including his work for the Network Measurement Center at UCLA, and his relationships with Bolt Beranek and Newman, Robert Kahn, Lawrence Roberts, and the Network Working Group. Aso discusses development of the TCP/IP protocol, IPTO funding at Stanford University, his decision in 1976 to become a program manager for networking projects at IPTO, and the military use of IPTO networking projects.
• Vint Cerf video lecture "Mobile and the Interplanetary Internet (Bundle Protocol on Earth and beyond)" at Aarhus University, Denmark
• Vint Cerf video lecture "The Internet in 2035"
• Vint Cerf video interview on the evolution of the Internet
• Vint Cerf audio interview on The History of the Internet: Part I – Past – 16 minutes. Precursors & origins of the Internet
• Vint Cerf audio interview on The History of the Internet: Part II – Present – 18 minutes. Internet Neutrality, Cloud Computing, Open Source / Collaboration
• Vint Cerf audio interview on The History of the Internet: Part III – Future – 12 minutes. NASA's Interplanetary Internet, Speech & Gestural Interfaces, Quantum Entanglement
• Internet Pioneers – Vint Cerf
• ICANNWiki on Vint Cerf
• Vint Cerf on "Freedom of the Internet", 45 mins., official web stream of presentation for Hungarian "TV University", March 2007
• DeafLife features on Vint Cerf, November 1997
• Vint Cerf lecture "Tracking the Internet into the 21st century" for the Worshipful Company of Information Technologists at City University London in April 2008.
• Vint Cerf on the future of the internet
• Vinton Cerf on IPv6, video keynote for the German IPv6 summit 2008
• Vinton Cerf Headline PTC's PTC'09 Conference January 2009. Video:Part 1 Part 2 Part 3
• One hour radio interview about Google and the future of the internet on Entitled Opinions with Robert P. Harrison
• Archive of 'Cerf's Up' webpages while at MCI, Inc..
• Keynote Speaker at Internet Librarian 2009, October 2009
• Tracking the Internet into the 21st century discussion with Larry Smarr at University of California San Diego, April 2007
• Video of interview What’s Next with the Internet at Churchill Club, January 2010
• Keeping the Net Healthy discussion with Paul Mockapetris, Esther Dyson, and Bruce McConnell at The Commonwealth Club, October 2010
• Father Knows Best, An in depth interview with Vint Cerf on Innovation, Part 1, July 2011
• Father Knows Best, An in depth interview with Vint Cerf on Innovation, Part 2, July 2011
• Thought Economics Interviews Vint Cerf Interview with Vint Cerf on the role of the Internet in Society, November 2011

v t e Telecommunications (general) History Beacons Broadcasting Communications satellites Computer networks Drums Electrical telegraphs Fax Heliographs Hydraulic telegraphs Internet Mass media Mobile phones Optical telegraphy Photophones Radio Radiotelephones Telegraphy Telephones The Telephone Cases Television Undersea telegraph lines Videophones Pioneers Edwin Howard Armstrong John Logie Baird Alexander Graham Bell Tim Berners-Lee Jagadish Chandra Bose Vint Cerf Claude Chappe Lee De Forest Philo Farnsworth Reginald Fessenden Elisha Gray Guglielmo Marconi Alexander Stepanovich Popov Johann Philipp Reis Nikola Tesla Alfred Vail Charles Wheatstone Vladimir K. Zworykin Media Coaxial cable Free-space optical Optical fiber Radio waves Telephone lines Terrestrial microwave Networks ARPANET BITNET Ethernet FidoNet ISDN Internet Local area Mobile NGN Packet switched Public Switched Telephone Radio Television Telex Wide area World Wide Web Wireless Geographic v t e Telecommunications in Africa Sovereign states Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe States with limited recognition Azawad Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Dependencies and other territories Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla / Plazas de soberanía (Spain) Madeira (Portugal) Mayotte / Réunion (France) Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom) Western Sahara v t e Telecommunications in Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Burma (Myanmar) Cambodia People's Republic of China Cyprus East Timor (Timor-Leste) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Nagorno-Karabakh Northern Cyprus Palestine Republic of China (Taiwan) South Ossetia Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Hong Kong Macau v t e Telecommunications in Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales States with limited recognition Abkhazia Kosovo Nagorno-Karabakh Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies and other territories Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Jersey Isle of Man Svalbard Other entities European Union v t e Telecommunications in North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Navassa Island Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands v t e Telecommunications in Oceania Sovereign states Australia East Timor (Timor-Leste) Fiji Indonesia Kiribati Marshall Islands Federated States of Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Dependencies and other territories American Samoa Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Cook Islands Easter Island French Polynesia Guam Hawaii New Caledonia Niue Norfolk Island Northern Mariana Islands Pitcairn Islands Tokelau Wallis and Futuna v t e Telecommunications in South America Sovereign states Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Dependencies and other territories Aruba Bonaire Curaçao Falkland Islands French Guiana South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands