This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2009)

A slice of pumpernickel bread

Pumpernickel is a very heavy, slightly sweet rye bread traditionally made with coarsely ground rye. It is often made with a combination of rye flour and whole rye berries. At one time it was traditional peasant fare, but largely during the 20th century various forms have become popular items of delicatessen.

Overview[link]

Pumpernickel has been long associated with the Westphalia region of Germany. The first written mention of the black bread of Westphalia was in 1450. Although it is not known whether this, and other early references, refer to precisely the bread that came to be known as pumpernickel, there has long been something different about Westphalian rye bread that elicited comment. The defining characteristics of Westphalian pumpernickel are coarse rye flour—rye meal—and a very long baking period. The long slow baking is what gives pumpernickel its characteristic dark colour. The bread can emerge from the oven deep brown, even black. Like most all-rye breads, pumpernickel is traditionally made with a sourdough starter; the acid preserves the bread structure by counteracting the highly active rye amylases. That method is sometimes augmented or replaced in commercial baking by adding citric acid or lactic acid along with commercial yeast.^[1]

A slice of Polish malt colored pumpernickel

Traditional German pumpernickel contains no colouring agents, instead relying on the Maillard reaction to produce its characteristic deep brown colour, sweet, dark chocolate, coffee flavor, and earthy aroma (however, it is not uncommon to use darkly toasted bread from a previous batch as a colouring agent). Loaves produced in this manner require 16 to 24 hours of baking in a low temperature (about 250°F or 120°C), steam-filled oven. The bread is usually baked in long narrow pans that include a lid. Like the French pain de mie, Westphalian pumpernickel has little or no crust. It is very similar to rye Vollkornbrot, a dense rye bread with large amounts of whole grains added.

True German pumpernickel is produced primarily in Germany, though versions of it are sometimes made by specialty bakers outside its homeland. German pumpernickel is often sold sliced in small packets. It is usually found in markets aimed at an upscale clientele, because German pumpernickel is often paired with caviar, smoked salmon, sturgeon, and other expensive products on a hors d'oeuvres tray. Because of its association with expensive hors d'oeuvres, it can be found in upscale groceries throughout Europe as well as the United States and Canada.

North American pumpernickel[link]

A separate pumpernickel tradition has developed in North America, where the loaf color approximates the dark color of traditional German pumpernickel by adding molasses, coffee, cocoa powder, or other darkening agents. In addition to colouring and flavour agents, North American bakers often add wheat flour (to provide gluten structure and increase rising) and commercial yeast to quicken the rise compared to a traditional sourdough. Because of the ways in which North American bakers have changed the original German recipe, and for economic reasons, they tend to eschew the long, slow baking characteristic of German pumpernickel. The result is a loaf that resembles commercial North American rye bread - a bread made with a mix of wheat and rye flour - but with darker colouring. Many bakers also add a significant amount of caraway seeds, providing an alternate flavour that is now characteristic of many North American commercial pumpernickel and light rye breads.

North American pumpernickel loaves are almost always baked without a baking pan, resulting in a rounded loaf. These breads do not have the dense crumb of an authentic German pumpernickel and have a rather different flavour profile derived from the added darkening agents and the shortened baking process.

Etymology[link]

The philologist Johann Christoph Adelung states that the word has an origin in the Germanic vernacular where Pumpen was a New High German synonym for being flatulent, and Nickel was a form of the name Nicholas, commonly associated with a goblin or devil (e.g. "Old Nick", a familiar name for Satan), or more generally for a malevolent spirit or demon. Hence, pumpernickel is described as the "devil's fart," a definition accepted by the Stopes International Language Database,^[2] the publisher Random House,^[3] and by some English language dictionaries, including the Merriam-Webster Dictionary.^[4] The American Heritage Dictionary adds "so named from being hard to digest." A variant of this explanation is also given by the German etymological dictionary "Kluge" that says the word pumpernickel is older than its usage for the particular type of bread, and may have been used as a mocking name for a person of unrefined manners ("farting nick") first. The change of meaning may have been caused by its use as a mocking expression for the (in the eyes of outsiders) unrefined rye bread produced by the Westphalian population.

The Oxford English Dictionary does not commit to any particular etymology for the word. It suggests it may mean a lout or booby, but also says "origin uncertain." The OED currently states the first use in English was in 1756.

An incorrect folk etymology involves Napoleon, who, while invading Germany, was served dark German rye bread. He wouldn't eat it and said "C'est pain pour Nicole!"... it was bread for his horse, Nicole.^[5] This story allegedly is a hoax perpetrated by a columnist and friends who, when challenged and confronted with evidence to the contrary, confessed to the fabrication.^[6] However the contrived "pain pour Nicole" etymology seems to be the most popular in English-speaking countries; it is retold by thousands of sites on the World Wide Web.

References[link]

See also[link]

• Rugbrød
• Schwarzbrot

External links[link]

• The Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary
• Large-batch recipe for a traditional German pumpernickel
• How to make an American Pumpernickel bread

Chris Howland in 2005
Occupation	Radio- and TV presenter, actor, singer, author
Years active	1948–present

John Christopher Howland (born 30 July 1928 in London) is a British radio and TV presenter^[1] who opened German radio programmes for English music. Hereby he has changed German radio broadcast which has been dominated by English music ever since.^[2]

Youth in England[link]

Chris Howland was raised in Southern England and became a professional beekeeper.^[3]

Radio career[link]

In 1948 he started working for the British Forces Broadcasting Service in Germany.^[4] The British programmes were an insider tip for German youths who would rather listen to British music than to the comparatively slow contemporary German pop music. So his popularity subsequently soon exceeded his actual target audience.^[5] On the other hand Chris Howland also got acquainted with German language. In 1952, when he already spoke German fluently, he was hired by a German broadcaster.^[6] Because of him British music prevails on German radio up to now.^[7] Still, when he debuted six years later as a singer^[8] , he did it in German and had two hits. But in 1959 he stopped doing radio shows and returned to England.

TV career[link]

On British TV Chris Howland had a show called Peoples and Places but he was not as popular as in Germany where the audiences loved his British accent.^[9] So after two years he continued his career in Germany.^[10] Here he got a show called Studio B .^[11] which featured pop stars in a new way that included a lot of humour. The show was broadcasted more than sixty times. Chris Howland's next coup was a version of Candid Camera for German TV.^[12]

Cinema career[link]

Since 1954 Chris Howland has acted in more than twenty films, including six European Karl May films. In 2007 he appeared in a parody on German Edgar Wallace feature films.^[13] He acted mainly in comedies which were carried out in a style quite alike the British Carry On films.

Accent as trademark[link]

Like the Dutch TV presenter, singer and actor Rudi Carrell and the American musician, actor and journalist Bill Ramsey (who also appeared as guest in Howland's show "Studio B"^[14]) he made his accent his trademark.^[15]

Recent activities[link]

Currently Chris Howland lives outside Cologne and works again as a radio presenter^[16] and appears occasionally as an actor or talker on TV. In 2009 he has published his memoirs Yes, Sir.^[17] The book was well received.^[18]

References[link]

1. ^ "Biography on his own homepage". http://www.teddymusic.eu/htmlsite/chrishowland_biographie.htm. 
2. ^ "German teenagers still prefer English pop music". http://www.goethe.de/ins/gb/lon/prj/pop/msc/en6106836.htm. 
3. ^ "One of many biographies on the internet". http://www.flickr.com/photos/truusbobjantoo/3135253762/. 
4. ^ "Working for BFBS while it was still called BFN". http://1.1.1.4/bmi/www.welt.de/multimedia/archive/00619/howland_1940er_radi_619280a.jpg. 
5. ^ "German TV about his career and his memoirs". http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YSvQyJAYn94. 
6. ^ "Interview with Chris Howland". http://www.gerwin.de/content.php?id=98. 
7. ^ "Description of Howland's career on www.ukgameshows.com". http://www.ukgameshows.com/ukgs/Chris_Howland. 
8. ^ "Chris Howland song on YouTube". http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jhyih0op9eg. 
9. ^ "Famous British accent". http://www.swr.de/swr4/bw/musik/-/id=258148/nid=258148/did=629338/1a61q19/index.html. 
10. ^ "Howland's time as TV presenter in the UK". http://www.chronoglide.com/WWWS_MiniPages/MPChrisHowland.html. 
11. ^ "Studio B on IMDb". http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0295799/. 
12. ^ "Joke with hidden cam". http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VoW5lOtWuDI. 
13. ^ "Nostalgic hommage to a classic feature film series". http://1.1.1.5/bmi/www.welt.de/multimedia/archive/00619/howland_2007_wixxer_619287a.jpg. 
14. ^ "American guests in "Studio B"". http://www.suite101.de/content/eine-homage-an-den-kuenstler-chris-howland-a67221. 
15. ^ "Howland on ZDF's homepage". http://mittagsmagazin.zdf.de/ZDFde/inhalt/23/0,1872,7607543,00.html. 
16. ^ Official page of his current radio show "Official homepage of his current radio show". http://www.wdr.de/radio/wdr4/programm/sendungen/spielereien_mit_schallplatten.html Official page of his current radio show. 
17. ^ "Description of his memoirs on his homepage". http://www.teddymusic.eu/htmlsite/chrishowland_aktuell.htm. 
18. ^ "Die Welt about his career and his memoirs". http://www.welt.de/kultur/article2259136/Chris-Howland-war-der-erste-Gastarbeiter.html. 

External links[link]

• Chris Howland at the Internet Movie Database
• Official homepage
• Official page of his current radio show