Shtokavian dialect

Igre iz okoline Nisa

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• published: 04 Dec 2008
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Igre iz okoline Nisa. Torlakia is a geographical and historical region of the Balkan peninsula in southeastern Europe. Its boundaries have changed considerably over time, but nowadays the region is considered to include parts of five Balkan countries: Serbia, the Republic of Macedonia, Bulgaria, Romania, as well as Kosovo. It covers approximately 60,000 square kilometres and has a population of 4 million. Torlakian dialect or Torlak is a name given to the group of South Slavic dialects of southeastern Serbia (southern Kosovo - Prizren), northeastern Macedonia (Kratovo-Kumanovo), western Bulgaria (Belogradchik-Godech-Tran-Breznik), which is intermediate between Serbian, Bulgarian and Macedonian. Some linguists classify it as an Old-Shtokavian dialect of Serbian or a fourth dialect of Serbo-Croatian (along with Shtokavian, Chakavian, and Kajkavian). Other linguists classify it as a western Bulgarian dialect, in which case it is called Transitional. Torlakian is not standardized, and its subdialects significantly vary in some features. Speakers of the dialectal group are primarily ethnic Serbs, Bulgarians, and Macedonians. There are also smaller ethnic communities of Krashovani in Romania (who mostly identify as Croats), and Gorani in southern Kosovo. Most Serbian (like Pavle Ivić, Asim Peco) and Croatian linguists (like Milan Rešetar and Dalibor Brozović) classify Torlakian as an Old-Shtokavian dialect, referring to it as Prizren-Timok dialect. Serbian linguist Pavle Ivić argues that some Bulgarian dialects have more similarities to Serbian rather than vice versa, maintaining that the Prizren-Timok dialect is a fully Serbian vernacular, also stressing that the so-called Transitional Bulgarian dialects and the Shopi idiom have in some cases more Western South Slavic elements than Eastern. Torlakian dialects appear where Macedonian/Bulgarian blend into Serbian. Basic Torlakian vocabulary shares most of its Slavic roots with Serbian, Bulgarian, and Macedonian, but also over time borrowed a number of words from Aromanian, Greek, Turkish, and Albanian in the Gora region of the Šar mountains. Also, it preserved many words which in the "major" languages became archaisms or changed meaning. Like other features, vocabulary is inconsistent across subdialects: for example, a "Krashovan" need not necessarily understand a "Goranac". The varieties spoken in the Slavic countries has been heavily influenced by the standardized national language, particularly when a new word or concept was introduced. The only exception is a form of Torlakian spoken in Romania, which escaped the influence of a standardized language which has existed in Serbia since a state was created after the defeat of the Ottoman Empire. The Slavs indigenous to the region are called Krašovani (Krashovans), and are a mixture of original settler Slavs and later settlers from Timočka Krajina (eastern Serbia). Macedonian and Bulgarian are the only two modern Slavic languages that lost virtually the entire noun case system, with nearly all nouns spoken in the surviving nominative case. This is also true of the Torlakian dialect. In the northwest, the instrumental case merges into the genitive case, and the locative and genitive cases merge into the nominative case. Further south, all inflections disappear and meaning is determined solely by prepositions. According to one theory, the name Torlak derived from the South Slavic word "tor" ("sheepfold" in English), referring to the fact that Torlaks in the past were mainly shepherds by occupation. Some scientists describe the Torlaks as a distinct ethnographic group. The Torlaks are also sometimes classified to be a part of the Shopi population and vice versa. In the 19th century, there were no exact border between Torlak and Shopi settlements. According to some authors during the Ottoman rule, the majority of native Torlakian Slavic population did not have national consciousness in ethnic sense. Therefore, both, Serbs and Bulgarians, considered local Slavs as part of their own people, while local population was also divided between sympathy for Bulgarians and Serbs. Igre iz okoline Nisa, Nis, Medosevac, Vrezina, Komren, Durlan, Leskovac, Vranje, Pirot, Prokuplje, Lebane, Bojnik, Vlasotince, Zaplanje, Luznica, Vucje, Pukovac, Gadzin han, Vladicin han, Svrljig, Knjazevac, Bujanovac, Surdulica, Bela palanka, torlacki, prizrensko-timocki, Bora Stankovic, Stevan Sremac, Torlakia, Balkan, Europe, Serbia, Kosovo, Prizren, Macedonia, Kratovo, Kumanovo, Bulgaria, Belogradchik, Tran, Breznik, Serbian, Bulgarian, Torlak, Shop, Timok, dance, horon,