Nur Jahan

Thursday, 03 January 2013

Noor Jahan - (Ghazal) - Hamari Sanson Mein Aaj Tak Woh

badnam na karna nur jahan pakistani song - masud

Nurjahan Nurjahan - Nazrul Geeti by Manas Kumar Das

menu not mera mod bane nur jahan pakistani song

tut gaie mere yadi pakistani song nur jahan

Noor Jahan Show Tribute to a Legend Part 1

Noor Jahan sings Kalam-e-Iqbal Live on PTV - Har lehza hai Momin ki nai shaan

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Achabal Gardens
Achabal Gardens, "the places of the princes", is a small Mughal garden located at the southeastern end of the Kashmir Valley in the town of Achabal, Anantnag district, India. Located near the Himalayan Mountains, the site may have been a Hindu sacred site known as "Akkshavala" previously.
It was built about 1620 by Mughal Empire Emperor Jahangir's wife, Nur Jahan, called the "greatest garden lovers of them all." The garden was rebuilt on smaller scale by Gulab Singh and is now a public garden.
A main feature of the garden is a waterfall that enters into a pool of water.

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Afghanistan
Afghanistan ⁱ/æfˈɡænɨstæn/ (Persian/Pashto: افغانستان, Afġānistān), officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located in the centre of Asia, forming part of South Asia, Central Asia, and Greater Middle East, it is also considered to be part of a broader West Asia. With a population of about 29 million, it has an area of 647,500 km² (250,001 sq mi), making it the 42nd most populous and 41st largest nation in the world. It is bordered by Pakistan in the south and the east, Iran in the west, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan in the north, and China in the far northeast.
Afghanistan has been an ancient focal point of the Silk Road and human migration. Archaeologists have found evidence of human habitation from as far back as 50,000 BC. Urban civilization may have begun in the area as early as 3,000 to 2,000 BC. Sitting at an important geostrategic location that connects the Middle East with Central Asia and the Indian subcontinent, the land has been home to various peoples through the ages and witnessed many military campaigns, notably by Alexander the Great, Genghis Khan, and in modern era Western forces. The land also served as a source from which the Greco-Bactrians, Kushans, Saffarids, Ghaznavids, Ghorids, Timurids, Mughals and many others have risen to form major empires.

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Agra
Agra (ⁱ/ˈɑːɡrə/; Hindi: आगरा, Urdu: آ گرہ), the erstwhile capital of Hindustan, is a city on the banks of the river Yamuna in the northern state of Uttar Pradesh, India, 363 kilometres (226 mi) west of state capital, Lucknow and 200 kilometres (124 mi) south of the national capital New Delhi. With a population of 1,686,976 (2010 est.), it is one of the most populous cities in Uttar Pradesh and the 19th most populous in India. Because 80 percent of the city's sewage flows into Yamuna River, it is 20th most polluted city in India. Agra can also refer to the administrative district that has its headquarters in Agra city.
The city finds mention in the epic Mahābhārata where it was called Agrevaṇa, or 'the border of the forest'. Legend ascribes the founding of the city to Rājā Badal Singh, a Sikarwar Rajput king (circa 1475), whose fort, Badalgarh, stood on or near the site of the present Fort. However, the 11th century Persian poet Mas'ūd Sa'd Salmān writes of a desperate assault on the fortress of Agra, then held by the Shāhī King Jayapala, by Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni. Sultan Sikandar Lodī was the first to move his capital from Delhi to Agra in the year 1506; he died in 1517 and his son Ibrāhīm Lodī remained in power there for nine more years, finally being defeated at the Battle of Panipat in 1526. It achieved fame as the capital of the Mughal emperors from 1526 to 1658 and remains a major tourist destination because of its many splendid Mughal-era buildings, most notably the Tāj Mahal, Agra Fort and Fatehpūr Sikrī, all three of which are UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

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Agra Fort
Agra Fort, is a monument, (Hindi: आगरा का किला, Urdu: آگرہ قلعہ) is a UNESCO World Heritage site located in Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India. It is about 2.5 km northwest of its more famous sister monument, the Taj Mahal. The fort can be more accurately described as a walled city. After Panipat, Mughals captured the fort and a vast treasure - which included a diamond that was later named as the Koh-i-Noor diamond - was seized. Babur stayed in the fort in the palace of Ibrahim. He built a baoli (step well) in it. Humayun was crowned here in 1530. Humayun was defeated in Bilgram in 1540. Sher Shah held the fort for five years. The Mughals defeated the Hindu King Hemu finally at the Second Battle of Panipat in 1556.

It was originally a brick fort, held by the Hindu Sikarwar Rajputs. It was mentioned for the first time in 1080 AD when a Ghaznavide force captured it. Sikandar Lodi (1488–1517) was the first Sultan of Delhi who shifted to Agra and lived in the fort. He governed the country from here and Agra assumed the importance of the second capital. He died in the fort in 1517 and his son, Ibrahim Lodi, held it for nine years until he was defeated and killed at Panipat in 1526. Several palaces, wells and a mosque were built by him in the fort during his period.

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Bardhaman
Bardhaman or Burdwan (also Barddhaman; Bengali: বর্ধমান Bôrdhoman), is a city of West Bengal state in eastern India. It is the headquarters of Bardhaman District.
Bardhaman has been a district capital(D.C.) since the time of Mughal Empire. Later on it became a district headquarters of British India. Burdwan is an alternative name for the city, which remains in use since the British period.
The origin of this name dates back to the 6th century BCE and is ascribed to Vardhaman Swami or Mahavira (599-527 BCE), the 24th Tirthankara of Jainism, who spent some time in Astikagrama, according to the Jain scripture of Kalpasutra. This place was renamed as Vardhamana in his honour.
The region has an average elevation of 40 metres (131 ft). The city is situated 1100 km from New Delhi and a little less than 100 km north-west of Kolkata on the Grand Trunk Road (NH-2) and Eastern Railway. The chief rivers are the Damodar and the Banka.
The origin of this name dates back to 4000 BCE and is ascribed to Vardhamanswami or Mahavira, the 24th Tirthankara in Jainism, who spent some time in Astikagrama, according to the Jain scripture of Kalpasutra. This place was renamed as Vardhamana in his honour.

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Battle of Plassey
Coordinates: 23°48′N 88°15′E / 23.80°N 88.25°E / 23.80; 88.25
The Battle of Plassey (Bengali: পলাশীর যুদ্ধ, Pôlashir Juddho), 23 June 1757, was a decisive British East India Company victory over the Nawab of Bengal and his French allies, establishing Company rule in South Asia which expanded over much of the Indies for the next hundred years. The battle took place at Palashi, Bengal (Plassey is the anglicised version of Palashi), on the river banks of the Bhagirathi River, about 150 km north of Calcutta, near Murshidabad, then capital of undivided Bengal. The belligerents were Siraj-ud-daulah, the last independent Nawab of Bengal, and the British East India Company.
The battle was preceded by the attack on British controlled Calcutta by Siraj-ud-daulah and the Black Hole incident. The British sent reinforcements under Colonel Robert Clive and Admiral Charles Watson from Madras to Bengal, and recaptured Calcutta. Clive then seized the initiative to capture the French fort of Chandernagar. Tensions and suspicions between Siraj-ud-daulah and the British culminated in the Battle of Plassey. The battle was waged during the Seven Years' War (1756–63) and, in a mirror of their European rivalry, the French East India Company sent a small contingent to fight against the British. Siraj-ud-Daulah had a numerically superior force and made his stand at Plassey. The British, worried about being outnumbered, formed a conspiracy with Siraj-ud-Daulah's demoted army chief Mir Jafar, along with others such as Yar Lutuf Khan, Jagat Seths (Mahtab Chand and Swarup Chand), Omichund and Rai Durlabh. Mir Jafar, Rai Durlabh and Yar Lutuf Khan thus assembled their troops near the battlefield but made no move to actually join the battle. Siraj-ud-Daulah's army was defeated by roughly 3,000 soldiers of Col. Robert Clive, owing to the flight of Siraj-ud-daulah from the battlefield and the inactivity of the conspirators.

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Battle of Surat
Battle of Surat was a land battle that took place on January 5, 1664 near the city of Surat, Gujarat, India between Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj and Inayat Khan, a Mughal captain. The Marathas defeated the small Mughal force.
The battle is known for strategic movement of cavalry by Shivaji through enemy's terrain covering almost a distance of 300 km.
Shaista Khan was in Maharashtra for more than three years, the financial condition of the state was dire. So to improve his finances, Shivaji planned to attack Surat, a key Mughal power centre, and a wealthy port town which generated a million rupees in taxes.
The defences of the city were poor, as the local Subedar, Inayat Khan appointed by Aurangzeb appointed only 1000 men at arms in his service, this error led to the massacre of innocent civilians by the Maratha. After sacking the Mughal garrison Shivaji attacked the port of Surat and set the local shipping industry ablaze.
Shivaji was assisted by notable commanders along with cavalry of 8000 or more.

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Bibi Ka Maqbara
Bibi Ka Maqbara (Urdu: بیبی كا مقبرا, Hindi, Marathi: बीबी का मकबरा) is a maqbara built by the Mughal Prince Azam Shah, in the late 17th century as a loving tribute to his mother, Rabia Durrani (the first wife of the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb). The comparison to the Taj Mahal has resulted in a general ignorance of the monument. This monument is also called the Dakkhani Taj (Taj of the Deccan).
The monument's name translates literally to 'Tomb of the Lady', but has earned the nickname 'poor man’s Taj' because it was originally planned to rival the Taj Mahal (but was prevented from doing so due to budgetary constraints—Aurangzeb gave Azam Shah Rs. 7,00,000 only for the construction, where Taj Mahal cost 32 million Rupees approximately).
It is situated in Aurangabad, Maharashtra. The tomb in itself represents the transition from the ostentatious architecture of Akbar and Shah Jahan to the simple architecture of the later Mughals.
In the form of a hexagon and angles are ornamented with minarets. Bibi-ka-maqbara was built in 1660 by Aurangzeb's son, Azam Shah, as a loving tribute to his mother, Dilras Bano Begam. In 1720, Nizam-ul-Mulk Asif Jah, a distinguished General of Aurangzeb with the intention of founding his own dynasty in the Deccan, arrived at Aurangabad and made it his capital. He paid a visit to Delhi in 1723, but returned in 1724. Nizam Ali Khan Asaf Jah II transferred his capital from Aurangabad to Hyderabad in 1763.[3]

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Chawk Mosque
The Chawk Mosque in Dhaka, Bangladesh, is located in the Chowk Bazaar area of the old town of Dhaka, south of the current city centre. It was originally built mostly likely during the rule of the Mughals in the 17th century and may be the earliest dated mosque in Bengal built on a high vaulted foundation. Today the original building design has been lost through multiple renovations and extensions. The original roof with three domed mosques has been demolished.
Its construction has been dated to 1676, as noted by an inscription in the Persian language over a doorway. The inscription attributes the project to Subahdar Shaista Khan.

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Fatehpur Sikri
'Fatehpur Sikri' (Hindi: फ़तेहपुर सीकरी, Urdu: فتحپور سیکری) is a city and a municipal board in Agra district in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India. Built near the much older Sikri, the historical city of Bharat, as it was first named Sikrigarh, was constructed by Sikriwal Rajput Rajas Last Emperor Maharana Sangram Singh beginning in 1500. At Seventh attack of Akbar Sikriwal Rajput left Palace after that Sikrigarh was named Fateh(victory)pur Sikri.There was a temple of Sikriwal Rajputs Kuldevi(Named Chamad Devi)In front of Lal Darwaja of Sikrigarh(at present Fatehpur Sikri).After victory on sikrigarh Akber served as the capital from 1571 to 1585. He was named Salim to honour the saint and would later rule the empire as Emperor Jahangir. Here after the second birthday of Jahangir in 1571, Akbar then 28 years old, decided to shift his capital from Agra to the Sikri ridge, to honor Salim Chishti, and commenced the construction of a planned walled city which took the next fifteen years in planning and construction of a series royal palaces, harem, courts, a mosque, private quarters and other utility buildings. He named the city, Fatehabad, with Fateh, a word of Arabic origin in Persian, meaning "victory", it was later called Fatehpur Sikri. It is at Fatehpur Sikri that the legends of Akbar and his famed courtiers, the nine jewels or Navaratnas, were born . One of them, musician and singer Tansen is said to have performed on an island in the middle of the pool Anup Talao. Built during the 16th century, the Fatehpur Sikri is one of the best preserved collection of Mughal architecture in India.

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Hyderabad State
The Hyderābād state pronunciation (help·info) was located in the south-central region of the Indian subcontinent, and was ruled, from 1724 until 1948, by a hereditary Nizam. Throughout its history it was a Muslim-ruled state. The capital city was Hyderabad.
The region became part of the Mughal Empire in the 1680s. When the empire began to weaken in the 18th century, a Mughal official, Asif Jah, defeated a rival Mughal governor's attempt to seize control of the empire's southern provinces, declaring himself Nizam-al-Mulk of Hyderabad in 1724. The Mughal emperor, under renewed attack from the Marathas, was unable to prevent it.
Nizam's Dominions in the 18th century extended from Aurangabad and Berar in the north to Tiruchirapally in the south, encompassing the entire area of 'Circars' (later annexed by French and British forces), and parts of today's Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. The areas in what is now Tamil Nadu were administered by the Nawab of the Carnatic, who acknowledged the Nizam's suzerainity. However, with the death of the first Nizam and the arrival of foreign forces, the dominions gradually lost their coastal territories.

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India
India (ⁱ/ˈɪndiə/), officially the Republic of India (Bhārat Gaṇarājya), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the south-west, and the Bay of Bengal on the south-east, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west;China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north-east; and Burma and Bangladesh to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives; in addition, India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia.
Home to the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation and a region of historic trade routes and vast empires, the Indian subcontinent was identified with its commercial and cultural wealth for much of its long history. Four of the world's major religions—Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism—originated here, whereas Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived in the 1st millennium CE and also helped shape the region's diverse culture. Gradually annexed by and brought under the administration of the British East India Company from the early 18th century and administered directly by the United Kingdom from the mid-19th century, India became an independent nation in 1947 after a struggle for independence that was marked by non-violent resistance led by Mahatma Gandhi.

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Iran
Coordinates: 32°N 53°E / 32°N 53°E / 32; 53
Iran (ⁱ/ɪˈrɑːn/ or /aɪˈræn/;Persian: ایران‎ [ʔiˈɾɒn] ( listen)), officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (Persian: جمهوری اسلامی ایران‎ Jomhuri-ye Eslāmi-ye Irān), is a country in Southern and Western Asia. The name "Iran", which in Persian means "Land of the Aryans", has been in use natively since the Sassanian era. It came into use internationally in 1935, before which the country was known to the Western world as Persia ( /ˈpɜrʒə/ or /ˈpɜrʃə/). Both "Persia" and "Iran" are used interchangeably in cultural contexts; however, "Iran" is the name used officially in political contexts.
The 18th-largest country in the world in terms of area at 1,648,195 km² (636,372 sq mi), Iran has a population of around 79 million. It is a country of particular geopolitical significance owing to its location in the Middle East and central Eurasia. Iran is bordered on the north by Armenia, Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan. As Iran is a littoral state of the Caspian Sea, which is an inland sea, Kazakhstan and Russia are also Iran's direct neighbors to the north. Iran is bordered on the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan, on the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, on the west by Iraq and on the northwest by Turkey. Tehran is the capital, the country's largest city and the political, cultural, commercial and industrial center of the nation. Iran is a regional power, and holds an important position in international energy security and world economy as a result of its large reserves of petroleum and natural gas. Iran has the second largest proven natural gas reserves in the world and the fourth largest proven petroleum reserves.

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Kandahar
Kandahar, occasionally Candahar, or Qandahar, (Pashto: کندهار Kandahār) is the second largest city in Afghanistan, with a population of about 512,200 as of 2011. It is the capital of Kandahar Province, located in the south of the country at about 1,005 m (3,297 feet) above sea level. The Arghandab River runs along the west of the city.
Kandahar is the original and most culturally significant city of the Pashtuns and has always been their traditional seat of power. It is a major trading center for sheep, wool, cotton, silk, felt, food grains, fresh and dried fruit, and tobacco. The region produces fine fruits, especially pomegranates and grapes, and the city has plants for canning, drying, and packing fruit. Kandahar has an international airport and extensive road links with Farah and Herat to the west, Kabul and Peshawar to the northeast, Tarinkot to the north, and Quetta in neighboring Balochistan (Pakistan) to the south.
The region around Kandahar is one of the oldest known human settlements. Alexander the Great is said to have laid-out the foundation of what is now Old Kandahar in the 4th century BC and gave it the Ancient Greek name Αλεξάνδρεια Aραχωσίας (Alexandria of Arachosia). Many empires have long fought over the city due to its strategic location along the trade routes of southern, central and western Asia. In 1709, Mirwais Hotak made the region an independent kingdom and turned Kandahar into the first capital of the Hotaki dynasty. In 1747, Ahmad Shah Durrani, founder of the last Afghan empire, made it the capital of modern Afghanistan.

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Kashmir
Kashmir (Balti, Gojri, Poonchi/Chibhali, Dogri: कश्मीर; Kashmiri: कॅशीर, کٔشِیر; Ladakhi: ཀཤམིར; Uyghur: كەشمىر; Shina: کشمیر) is the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent. Until the mid-19th century, the term Kashmir geographically denoted only the valley between the Great Himalayas and the Pir Panjal mountain range. Today Kashmir denotes a larger area that includes the Indian-administered state of Jammu and Kashmir (the Kashmir valley, Jammu and Ladakh), the Pakistani-administered Gilgit–Baltistan and the Azad Kashmir provinces, and the Chinese-administered regions of Aksai Chin and Trans-Karakoram Tract.
In the first half of the first millennium, the Kashmir region became an important center of Hinduism and later of Buddhism; later still, in the ninth century, Kashmir Shaivism arose. In 1349, Shah Mir became the first Muslim ruler of Kashmir and inaugurated the Salatin-i-Kashmir or Swati dynasty. For the next five centuries, Muslim monarchs ruled Kashmir, including the Mughals, who ruled from 1526 until 1751, then the Afghan Durrani Empire that ruled from 1747 until 1820. That year, the Sikhs under Ranjit Singh, annexed Kashmir. In 1846, upon the purchase of the region from the British under the Treaty of Amritsar, the Dogras—under Gulab Singh—became the new rulers. Dogra Rule, under the paramountcy (or tutelage) of the British Crown, lasted until 1947, when the former princely state became a disputed territory, now administered by three countries: India, Pakistan, and the People's Republic of China.

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Lahore
Lahore (Punjabi: لہور, Urdu: لاہور) is the capital of the Pakistani province of Punjab and the second largest city in the country. With a rich history dating back over a millennium, Lahore is a main cultural centre of Pakistan. One of the most densely populated cities in the world, Lahore remains an economic, political, transportation, entertainment, and educational hub.
Lahore successively served as regional capital of the empires of the Shahi kingdoms in the 11th century, the Ghaznavids in the 12th century, the Ghurid State in the 12th and 13th centuries the Mughal Empire in the 16th century, the Sikh expansion in the early 19th century, and it was the capital of the Punjab region under the British Raj in the mid 19th and early 20th century. The traditional capital of Punjab for a thousand years, Lahore was the cultural center of the northern Indian subcontinent which extends from the eastern banks of the Indus River to New Delhi. Mughal structures such as the Badshahi Mosque, the Lahore Fort, Shalimar Gardens, and the mausolea of Jehangir and Nur Jehan are tourist attractions. Lahore is also home to many British colonial structures built in the Indo-Saracenic style, such as the Lahore High Court, the General Post Office, Lahore Museum and many older universities including the University of the Punjab. The Lahore Zoo, thought to be the fourth oldest in the world, is also situated here.

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Lahore Fort
Coordinates: 31°35′25″N 74°18′35″E / 31.59028°N 74.30972°E / 31.59028; 74.30972
The Lahore Fort, locally referred to as Shahi Qila (Punjabi, Urdu: شاہی قلعہ) is citadel of the city of Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. It is located in the northwestern corner of the Walled City of Lahore. The trapezoidal composition is spread over 20 hectares.
Origins of the fort go as far back as antiquity, however, the existing base structure was built during the reign of Mughal Emperor Akbar between 1556–1605 and was regularly upgraded by subsequent Mughal, Sikh and British rulers.It has two gates one is known as Alamgiri Gate build by Emperor Aurangzeb which opens towards Badshahi Mosque and other older one known as Maseeti (Punjabi language word means of Masjid) or Masjidi Gate which open towards Masti Gate Area of Walled City and was built by Emperor Akbar. Currently Alamgiri Gate is used as the principal entrance while Masti Gate is permanently closed .The fort manifests the rich traditions of Mughal architecture. Some of the famous sites inside the fort include: Sheesh Mahal, Alamgiri Gate, Naulakha pavilion, and Moti Masjid. In 1981, the fort was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site along with the Shalimar Gardens (Lahore).

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Lalbagh Fort
Coordinates: 23°43.16′N 90°23.26′E / 23.71933°N 90.38767°E / 23.71933; 90.38767
Lalbagh Fort (Bengali: লালবাগ দূর্গ) (also known as "Fort Aurangabad") is an incomplete Mughal palace fortress at the Buriganga River in the southwestern part of Dhaka, Bangladesh. Construction was commenced in 1678 by Prince Muhammad Azam during his 15-month long vice-royalty of Bengal, but before the work could complete, he was recalled by Aurangzeb. His successor, Shaista Khan, did not complete the work, though he stayed in Dhaka up to 1688. His daughter Iran Dukht nicknamed Pari Bibi (Fairy Lady) died here in 1684 and this led him to consider the fort to be ominous.
Lalbagh Fort is also the witness of the revolt of the native soldiers against the British during the Great Rebellion of 1857. As in the Red Fort in India, they were defeated by the force led by the East India Company. They and the soldiers who fled from Meerat were hanged to death at the Victoria Park. In 1858 the declaration of Queen Victoria of taking over the administrative control of India from the Company was read out at the Victoria park, latter renamed Bahadur Shah Park after the name of the last Mughal Emperor who led that greatest rebellion against then British empire.

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Mughal Empire
The Mughal Empire, Shahan-e-Gurkhani, Shahan-e-Mughal, Sultanate-e-Mughliya, Daulat-e-Mughliya (Persian: شاهان گورکانی‎ Shāhān-e Gūrkānī; Urdu: مغلیہ سلطنت; self-designation: گوركانى Gūrkānī ),‎ or Mogul (also Moghul) Empire in traditional English usage, was an imperial power from the Indian Subcontinent. The Mughal emperors were direct descendants of Genghis Khan through Chagatai Khan and Timur. The Mughal Empire began in 1526; at the height of their power in the late 17th and early 18th centuries, they controlled most of the Indian Subcontinent—extending from Bengal in the east to Balochistan in the west, Kashmir in the north to the Kaveri basin in the south. According to "Babur-Nama", Kazakh tribal aristocracy along with number of other Turkic soldiers participated actively in the campaign of Babur, which made great influence over the development of Mughal Empire. Its population at that time has been estimated as between 110 and 150 million, over a territory of more than 3.2 million square kilometres (1.2 million square miles).

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Nurmahal
NurMahal or Noor Mahal (In Punjabi- ਨੂਰਮਹਿਲ) (In Hindi- नूरमहल )(31 06’N 75 36’ E) is a city and a municipal council in Jalandhar district in the Indian State of Punjab. It is a small town located near the Lohian Khas-Nakodar -Ludhiana line in Punjab. This town is also connected with its sister towns of Phillaur and Nakodar by a road which goes side by side with the railway lines. Nurmahal is situated 13 km from Nakodar, 33 km from Jalandhar.
Nurmahal was built on a place where an ancient town, called Kot Kahlur, was located which was proven by the bricks and many coins found beneath the soil of this town. It is believed that the ancient city was abandoned or destroyed around 1300 for an unknown reason. Maharaja Jassa Singh Ahluwalia Took This City Under His Control.
Nurmahal is named after Noor Jahan, the wife of Mughal emperor Jahangir (1605–1627) as she was brought up here, and is thought to have spent her childhood here. The town then came under the rule of Talwan Rajputs and Ahluwalia Sikhs before the East India Company gained control.

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Pakistan
Pakistan (ⁱ/ˈpækɨstæn/ or ⁱ/pɑːkiˈstɑːn/; Urdu: پاکستان) (Urdu pronunciation: [paːkɪˈst̪aːn] ( listen)), officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan (Urdu: اسلامی جمہوریۂ پاکستان), is a sovereign country in South Asia. It sits at the crossroads of the strategically important regions of South Asia, Central Asia and the Middle East. It has a 1,046-kilometre (650 mi) coastline along the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman in the south and is bordered by India to the east, Afghanistan to the west and north, Iran to the southwest and China in the far northeast. It is separated from Tajikistan by Afghanistan's narrow Wakhan Corridor in the north, and it shares a marine border with Oman.
The territory of modern Pakistan was the site of several ancient cultures, including the Neolithic Mehrgarh and the Bronze Age Indus Valley Civilisation, and has undergone invasions or settlements by Hindu, Persian, Indo-Greek, Islamic, Turco-Mongol, Afghan and Sikh cultures. Thus the area has been ruled by numerous empires and dynasties, including the Indian Mauryan Empire, the Persian Achaemenid Empire, the Arab Umayyad Caliphate, the Mongol Empire, the Mughal Empire, the Durrani Empire, the Sikh Empire and the British Empire. As a result of the Pakistan Movement led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah and India's struggle for independence, Pakistan was created in 1947 as an independent nation for Muslims from the regions in the east and west of India where there was a Muslim majority. Initially a dominion, Pakistan adopted a new constitution in 1956, becoming an Islamic republic. A civil war in 1971 resulted in the secession of East Pakistan as the new country of Bangladesh.

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Red Fort
Coordinates: 28°39′21″N 77°14′25″E / 28.65583°N 77.24028°E / 28.65583; 77.24028
The Red Fort (Hindi: लाल क़िला, Urdu: لال قلعہ, usually transcribed into English as Lal Qil'ah or Lal Qila) is a 17th century fort complex constructed by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan in the walled city of Old Delhi (in present day Delhi, India) that served as the residence of the Mughal Emperors. It also served as the capital of the Mughals until 1857, when Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar was exiled by the British Indian government. It was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2007. It covers a total area of about 254.67 acres. Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan, started construction of the red fort in 1638 and work was completed in 1648 (10 years). The Red Fort was originally referred to as "Qila-i-Mubarak" (the blessed fort), because it was the residence of the royal family . The layout of the Red Fort was organised to retain and integrate this site with the Salimgarh Fort. The fortress palace was an important focal point of the medieval city of Shahjahanabad. The planning and aesthetics of the Red Fort represent the zenith of Mughal creativity which prevailed during the reign of Emperor Shah Jahan. This Fort has had many developments added on after its construction by Emperor Shahjahan. The significant phases of development were under Aurangzeb and later Mughal rulers. Important physical changes were carried out in the overall settings of the site after the Indian Mutiny in 1857. After Independence, the site experienced a few changes in terms of addition/alteration to the structures. During the British period the Fort was mainly used as a cantonment and even after Independence, a significant part of the Fort remained under the control of the Indian Army until the year 2003. The Red Fort is an attraction for tourists from around the world.

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Taj Mahal
The Taj Mahal ( /ˈtɑːdʒ/ or /ˈtɑːʒ məˈhɑːl/;Hindi: ताज महल, from Persian/Urdu: تاج محل "crown of palaces", pronounced [ˈt̪aːdʒ mɛˈɦɛl]; also "the Taj") is a white marble mausoleum located in Agra, India. It was built by Mughal emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his third wife, Mumtaz Mahal. The Taj Mahal is widely recognized as "the jewel of Muslim art in India and one of the universally admired masterpieces of the world's heritage.It coveres area about 221 hectare (552 Acres) which include 38 hectare taj mahal and 183 hectare taj protected forest are."
Taj Mahal is the finest example of Mughal architecture, a style that combines elements from Persian, Turkish and Indian architectural styles.
In 1983, the Taj Mahal became a UNESCO World Heritage Site. While the white domed marble mausoleum is the most familiar component of the Taj Mahal, it is actually an integrated complex of structures. The construction began around 1632 and was completed around 1653, employing thousands of artisans and craftsmen. The construction of the Taj Mahal was entrusted to a board of architects under imperial supervision, including Abd ul-Karim Ma'mur Khan, Makramat Khan, and Ustad Ahmad Lahauri. Lahauri is generally considered to be the principal designer.

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Tehran
Tehran ( pronunciation (help·info)) (Persian: تهران‎ Tehrān; pronounced [tehˈɾɒːn]), sometimes spelled Teheran, is the capital of Iran and Tehran Province. With an estimated population of 8,429,807; it is also Iran's largest urban area and city, the largest city in Western Asia, one of the largest in Southern Asia, and the 19th-largest city globally.
In the 20th century, Tehran was subject to mass-migration of people from all around Iran. The city is home to many historic mosques, churches, synagogues and Zoroastrian fire temples. Contemporary Tehran is a modern city featuring many structures, of which the Azadi (Freedom) Tower and the Milad Tower have come to be symbols of Tehran itself. In 2008 Tehran was the least expensive capital in the world and the second-least expensive city globally based on the cost-of-living index presenting the best value for money in the world. Globally it stands 19th by city population, 56th by the size of its GDP and 29th by the population of its metropolitan area. Throughout Iran's history, the capital city has been relocated many times, with Tehran being the 32nd national capital of Iran. Persian is the city's native tongue, with roughly 98% of the population able to speak and understand it. The majority of people in Tehran identify themselves as Persians. In pre-Islamic and early Islamic times, Tehran was called Ray (which in the Avesta occurs in the form of Ragha)^{[citation needed]}.

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Wazir Khan Mosque
The Wazir Khan Mosque (Punjabi/Urdu: مسجد وزیر خان Masjid Wazīr Khān) in Lahore, Pakistan, is famous for its extensive faience tile work. It has been described as 'a mole on the cheek of Lahore'. It was built in seven years, starting around 1634–1635 AD, during the reign of the Mughal Emperor Shah Jehan. It was built by Hakim Shaikh Ilm-ud-din Ansari, a native of Chiniot, who rose to be the court physician to Shah Jahan and a governor of Lahore. He was commonly known as Wazir Khan, a popular title bestowed upon him (the word Wazir means 'minister' in Urdu). The mosque is inside the Inner City and is easiest accessed from Delhi Gate.
Within the inner courtyard of the mosque lies the subterranean tomb of Syed Muhammad Ishaq, known as Miran Badshah, a divine from Iran who settled in Lahore during the time of the Tughluq dynasty. The tomb, therefore, predates the mosque.
Wazir Khan Mosque, 1866 water colour by William Carpenter
tWazir Khan Mosque, February 1895 by William Henry Jackson
thumb|Pigeons flying over the mosque]]

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Yazd
Yazd (pronounced /jæzd/) (Persian: یزد‎, also Romanized as Yezd) is the capital of Yazd Province in Iran, and a centre of Zoroastrian culture. The city is located 270 km southeast of Isfahan. At the 2006 census, the population was 423,006, in 114,716 families.
Because of generations of adaptations to its desert surroundings, Yazd is an architecturally unique city. It is also known in Iran for the high quality of its handicrafts, especially silk weaving, and its sweet shops.
Yazd with the area of 131,551 km²^{[citation needed]} is situated at an oasis where the Dasht-e Kavir desert and the Dasht-e Lut desert meet, the city is sometimes called "the bride of the Kavir" because of its location, in a valley between Shir Kuh, the tallest mountain in the region at 4075 m. above sea level, and Kharaneq. The city itself is located at 1203 m. above sea-level, and covers 16,000 km².
According to the administrative division rules, the Yazd province is divided into 10 districts, each includes at least one town and a number of villages. These districts are: Abarkuh, Ardakan, Bafq, Khatam, Maybod, Mehriz, Tabas, Sadough, Taft and Yazd.

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Ahmad Shah Bahadur
Ahmad Shah Bahadur (1725–1775) was born to Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah. He succeeded his father to the throne as the 13th Mughal Emperor of India in 1748 at the age of 22. When Ahmed Shah came to power the rule of the Mughal Empire was collapsing, furthermore his administrative weaknesses eventually led to the rise of the usurping Imad-ul-Mulk. During the reign of his father the city of Delhi (the Mughal capital) had been plundered and much of northern India had been ransacked by the invading army of Nadir Shah.
Ahmed Shah inherited a much weakened Mughal state and after ruling unsuccessfully for 6 years, he was deposed by the Vizier Imad-ul-Mulk in 1754 and later blinded along with his mother. He spent the remaining years of his life in prison and died of natural causes in January 1775. His son Jahan Shah IV temporarily rose to power in 1788 and was handpicked by the renegade eunuch Ghulam Qadir.
Prince Ahmad was born in 1725 to the Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah after the being pillaged by Nadir Shah the empire began to decline. As a young Prince Ahmad developed a weakness for women, though this was restricted under his father's supervision. Prince Ahmad is also known to have been an illiterate and never took part in military training. he was strongly supported by his mother Qudsiyya Begum, who began to manipulate the imperial court due to grief of Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah and his inability to consolidate the Mughal Empire.

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Akbar
Jalal-ud-Din Muhammad Akbar (Persian: جلال الدین محمد اکبر ‎ - Jalāl ud-Dīn Muḥammad Akbar), also known as Shahanshah Akbar-e-Azam or Akbar the Great (14 October 1542 – 27 October 1605), was the third Mughal Emperor. He was of Timurid descent; the son of Emperor Humayun, and the grandson of the Mughal Emperor Zaheeruddin Muhammad Babur, the ruler who founded the Mughal dynasty in India. At the end of his reign in 1605 the Mughal empire covered most of northern and central India. He is most appreciated for having a liberal outlook on all faiths and beliefs and during his era, culture and art reached a zenith as compared to his predecessors.
Akbar was 13 years old when he ascended the Mughal throne in Delhi (February 1556), following the death of his father Humayun. During his reign, he eliminated military threats from the powerful Pashtun descendants of Sher Shah Suri, and at the Second Battle of Panipat he decisively defeated the newly self-declared Hindu king Hemu. It took him nearly two more decades to consolidate his power and bring all the parts of northern and central India into his direct realm. He influenced the whole of the Indian Subcontinent as he ruled a greater part of it as an emperor. As an emperor, Akbar solidified his rule by pursuing diplomacy with the powerful Hindu Rajput caste, and by marrying Rajput princesses.

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Akbar Shah II
Akbar Shah II (1760–1837 CE), also known as Mirza Akbar, was the second-to-last of the Mughal emperors of India. He held the title from 1806 to 1837. He was the second son of Shah Alam II and the father of Bahadur Shah Zafar II.
Akbar had little real power due to the increasing British control of India through the East India Company. Shortly before his death he sent Ram Mohan Roy as an ambassador to Britain. During his regime, in 1835, the East India Company (EIC) discontinued calling itself the lieutenant of the Mughal Emperor and issuing coins in his name. The Persian lines in the Company's coins to this effect were deleted.
His grave lies, next to the dargah of 13th century, Sufi saint, Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki at Mehrauli, in a marble enclosure, along with that of Bahadur Shah I (also known as Shah Alam I) and Shah Alam II.
Prince Akbar was born on 22 April 1760 to Emperor Shah Alam II at Mukundpur, Rewa, while his father was in exile. On 2 May 1781, at the Red Fort, the prince was made Crown Prince with the title of Wali Ahd Bahadur, after the death of his elder brother. When the renegade eunuch Ghulam Qadir captured Delhi, the young Prince Mirza Akbar was forced to nautch dance together along with other Mughal princes and princesses. He witnessed how the members of the imperial Mughal family were humiliated, as well as starved. When Jahan Shah IV fled, Mirza Akbar was titular Emperor with the title of Akbar Shah II, and was to remain acting emperor even after the reinstation of his father Shah Alam II, till December 1788.

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Alamgir II
Aziz-ud-din Alamgir II (عالمگير ۲) (1759 - 1699) was the Mughal Emperor of India from 3 June 1754 to 29 November 1759. He was the son of Jahandar Shah.
Aziz-ud-Din, the second son of Jahandar Shah, was raised to the throne by Imad-ul-Mulk after he deposed Ahmad Shah Bahadur in 1754. On ascending the throne, he took the title of Alamgir and tried to follow the approach of Aurangzeb Alamgir. At the time of his accession to throne he was an old man of 55 years. He had no experience of administration and warfare as he had spent most of his life in jail. He was a weak ruler, with all powers vested in the hand of his Wazir, Ghazi-ud-Din Imad-ul-Mulk. In 1756, Ahmad Shah Abdali invaded India once again and captured Delhi and plundered Mathura. Marathas became more powerful because of their collaboration with Imad-ul-Mulk, and dominated the whole of northern India. This was the peak of Maratha expansion, which caused great trouble for the Mughal Empire, already weak with no strong ruler.
The relations between Alamgir II and the usurping Vizier, Imad-ul-Mulk, by this time had gotten worse. Alamgir II was murdered by Imad-ul-Mulk and the Maratha leader Sadashivrao Bhau. Alamgir II's son Ali Gauhar escaped persecution from Delhi, while Shah Jahan III was placed on the throne.

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Aurangzeb
Abul Muzaffar Muhiu 'd-Din Muhammad Aurangzeb (Persian/Urdu: ابلمظفر محىالدين محمداورنگزيب, Hindi: अबुल मुज़फ्फर मुहिउद्दीन मुहम्मद औरंगज़ेब आलमगीर) (4 November [O.S. 25 October] 1618 – 3 March [O.S. 20 February] 1707), is more popularly known as Aurangzeb, or by his chosen imperial title Alamgir ("Conquerer of the World"), he was the sixth Mughal Emperor, whose reign lasted for 49 years, from 1658 until his death in 1707.
Aurangzeb was a notable expansionist and was also among the wealthiest of the previous Mughal rulers with an annual yearly tribute of £38,624,680 (in the year 1690), during his lifetime victories in the south expanded the Mughal Empire to more than 1.25 million square miles, he ruled over more than 150 million subjects, constituting nearly one fourth of the world's population.
Aurangzeb was born the third son and sixth child of Shah Jahan and Mumtaz Mahal (Arjumand Bāno Begam) in Dahod on the way to Ujjain. Aurangzeb was born when Shah Jahan was a governor of Gujarat suba. In June 1626, after an unsuccessful rebellion by his father, Aurangzeb and his brother Dara Shikoh were kept as hostages under Nur Jahan at there grandfather Jahangir's Lahore court. On 26 February 1628, Shah Jahan was officially declared the Mughal Emperor, and then Aurangzeb returned to Agra fort to live with his parents and Since then Aurangzeb received his formal education in Arabic and Persian. His daily allowance were fixed to 500, while he spent his allowance in religious education and the study of history, he accused his brothers of alcoholism and womanizing.

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Babur
Zahir-ud-din Muhammad Babur (February 14, 1483 – December 26, 1530; sometimes also spelt Baber or Babar) was a conqueror from Central Asia who, following a series of setbacks, finally succeeded in laying the basis for the Mughal dynasty in the Indian Subcontinent and became the first Mughal emperor. He was a direct descendant of Timur through his father, and a descendant also of Genghis Khan through his mother. Babur identified his lineage as Timurid and Chaghatay-Turkic. He was greatly influenced by Persian culture and this affected both his own actions and those of his successors, giving rise to a significant expansion of the Persianate ethos in the Indian subcontinent.
Ẓahīr ad-Dīn Muḥammad (Persian: ﻇﻬﻴﺮﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ محمد‎, also known by his royal titles as al-ṣultānu 'l-ʿazam wa 'l-ḫāqān al-mukkarram bādshāh-e ġāzī), is more commonly known by his nickname, Bābur (بابر).
According to Stephen Frederic Dale, the name Babur is derived from the Persian word babr, meaning "tiger", a word that repeatedly appears in Firdawsī's Shāhnāma and had also been borrowed by the Turkic languages of Central Asia. This thesis is supported by the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, explaining that the Turko-Mongol name Timur underwent a similar evolution, from the Sanskrit word cimara ("iron") via a modified version *čimr to the final Turkicized version timür, with -ür replacing -r due to the Turkish vowel harmony (hence babr → babür).^{[citation needed]}

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Bahadur Shah I
Bahadur Shah (Persian: بہادر شاه‎ Bahādur Shāh) (14 October 1643, Burhanpur–27 February 1712, Lahore) was a Mughal Emperor, who ruled India from 1707 to 1712. His original name was Qutb ud-Din Muhammad Mu'azzam later titled as Shah Alam by his father. He took the throne name Bahadur Shah in 1707. His name Bahādur means "brave" & "hero" in Turko-Mongol languages. Reigning just five years, he was an old man of 63 when he came to power. He made settlements with the Marathas, tranquilized the Rajputs, and became friendly with the Sikhs in the Punjab. He was travelling throughout his reign and only came to rest in Lahore in the last few months of his life.
Muazzam, the third son of the emperor Aurangzeb through Nawab Bai Begum Saheba, the daughter of Raja of Rajauri (Jarral Rajput), was born in Burhanpur in 1643. In his father's lifetime, Muazzam was deputed governor of the northwest territories by Aurangzeb. His province included those parts of the Punjab where the Sikh faith was blossoming. As governor, Muazzam relaxed the enforcement of Aurangzeb's severe edicts, and an uneasy calm prevailed in the province for a brief time. In fact, he maintained a friendly relationship with the second last Sikh spiritual leader, Guru Gobind Singh. When Muazzam was challenging his brothers for the Mughal throne, Guru Gobind Singh provided military assistance to the liberal prince. He was also the patron of the poet Jafar Zattalli.

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Bahadur Shah II
Bahadur Shah II (Urdu: بہادر شاہ دوم), born Abu Zafar Sirajuddin Muhammad Bahadur Shah Zafar (Urdu: ابو ظفر سِراجُ الْدین محمد بُہادر شاہ ظفر), on October 1775 – died November 7, 1862) was the last Mughal emperor and a member of the Timurid Dynasty. Zafar was the son of Akbar Shah II and Lalbai, who was a Hindu Rajput, and became Mughal Emperor when his father died on September 28, 1837. He was widely known as Bahadur Shah Zafar. He used Zafar, a part of his name, meaning “victory”, as a nom de plume (takhallus) as an Urdu poet and wrote many Urdu ghazals under it. After his involvement in the Indian Rebellion of 1857 the British tried and then exiled him from Delhi.
Zafar's father, Akbar Shah II, ruled over a rapidly disintegrating empire between 1806 to 1837. It was during his time that the East India Company dispensed with the illusion of ruling in the name of the Mughal monarch and removed his name from the Persian texts that appeared on the coins struck by the company in the areas under their control.

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Baji Rao I
Shrimant Baji Rao Balaji Bhat (Marathi: श्रीमंत बाजीराव बल्लाळ बाळाजी भट) (August 18, 1700 – April 28, 1740), also known as Baji Rao I, was a noted general who served as Peshwa (Prime Minister) to the fourth Maratha Chhatrapati (Emperor) Shahu from 1720 until Baji Rao's death. He is also known as Thorale (Marathi for Elder) Baji Rao. He was also popular with the nickname 'Rau' (in Marathi 'राऊ').
Born a Maratha guardian he took up leading his troops. He is credited with expanding the Maratha Empire especially in north to help reach its zenith during his son's reign twenty years after his death. Baji Rao is thus acknowledged as the most famous of the nine Peshwas.
Baji Rao was the son of the first Bhat family Peshwa, Balaji Vishwanath. At the age of 20, he was appointed by Chhattrapati Shahu as Peshwa upon the death of his father, keeping aside all other claimants. It is quite clear from this appointment that Shahu recognized his talent even as a boy and positioned him as Peshwa. Bajirao was popular with his soldiers and even today his name is an honorable one.

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Banda Singh Bahadur
Banda Singh Bahadur (Punjabi: ਬੰਦਾ ਸਿੰਘ ਬਹਾਦਰ)(1670–1716) aka Laxman Das was a Sikh Military Commander and martyr. He became part of struggle against the Mughal Empire in the early 18th century, after meeting Guru Gobind Singh. Guru Gobind Singh gave him the new name of Banda Singh Bahadur. He is best known for the sack of the Mughal provincial capital, Sirhind, and is revered as one of the most hallowed martyrs of the Khalsa.
His agrarian uprising against the Mughal administration in Punjab was a critical event in the development of the Dal Khalsa and the Sikh Misls, which eventually led to Ranjit Singh capturing Lahore in 1799 and establishing the Sikh Kingdom of the Punjab^{[citation needed]}.
After establishing his authority in Punjab, Banda Singh Bahadur abolished the zamindari system, and granted property rights to the tillers of the land^{[citation needed]}.
There are different views regarding origin of Banda Singh Bahadur:

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Gokula
Gokula (Hindi: गोकुला) or Gokul Singh (Hindi: गोकुल सिंह) (died 1670 AD) was a Jat chieftain of Sinsini village in Bharatpur district (Hindi: भरतपुर) in Rajasthan, India. Later, he became a chieftain of Tilpat in Haryana. His father's name was Madu. Madu had four sons namely, Sindhuraj, Ola, Jhaman and Saman. The second son Ola later became famous as Gokula. Gokula provided leadership to the Jat peasants who challenged the Imperial power. Gokula inspired the Jats to fight the Mughals.
The first serious outbreak of anti-imperial reaction took place among the Jats of Mathura district Uttar Pradesh, where the imperial faujdar 'Abdun-Nabi', had oppressed them greatly. In 1669 the sturdy Jat peasantry rose under a leader, Gokula, Zamindar of Tilpat, killed the faujdar, but the freedom of the district could not be maintained for more than a year, and they were suppressed by the deceitful methods implemented under the command of Hasan Ali Khan, the new faujdar of Mathura aided personally by Mughal tyrant Aurangzeb. The Lion-heart Gokula was put to death.

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Guru Gobind Singh
Guru Gobind Singh Ji (born: Gobind Rai) (Punjabi: ਗੁਰੂ ਗੋਬਿੰਦ ਸਿੰਘ [ɡʊɾu ɡobɪnd sɪ́ŋɡ], Marathi: गुरु गोबिंद सिंघ; 22 December 1666 - 7 October 1708) is the Tenth of Eleven Sikh Guru Ji'. Born in Patna, Bihar in India, He was also a Warrior, Poet and Philosopher. He succeeded His Father Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib Ji as the Leader of Sikhs at a young age of nine. He contributed much to Sikhism; notable was His contribution to the continual formalisation of the faith which the First Sikh Guru Ji Guru Nanak Dev Ji had founded, as a religion, in the 15th century. Guru Gobind Singh transformed Sikhs into Khalsa (pure) in 1699.
Gobind Singh was born to Guru Tegh Bahadur, the ninth Sikh guru, and Mata Gujri in Patna. He was born while his father was on a tour of a neighbouring state Assam, spreading God's word. He learned Persian and Sanskrit when he was a child and was also trained to become a warrior.
Gobind Singh married three times and had four children. He was married off to Mata Jito in 1677, when he was only 11-years-old. They had three children together Zorawar Singh, Jujhar Singh and Fateh Singh. He married Mata Sundari in 1684, and the couple had one child, Sahibzada Ajit Singh. His third wife was Mata Sahib Dewan.

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Guru Hargobind
Guru Hargobind Sahib, (Punjabi: ਗੁਰੂ ਹਰਿ ਗੋਬਿੰਦ ਸਾਹਿਬ [ɡʊru həɾɡobɪnd sɑhɪb]) also Saccha Badshah (ਸੱਚਾ ਪਾਦਸ਼ਾਹ "True Emperor") (19 June 1595–2 March 1644) was the sixth of the Sikh gurus and became Guru on 25 May 1606 following in the footsteps of his father Guru Arjan Dev. He was not, perhaps, more than eleven at his father's execution. Before ascension, he nominated Guru Har Rai, his grandson as the next Guru of the Sikhs.
From the very beginning he was the deadly enemy of the Mughal Empire.
He put on two swords: one indicated his spiritual authority and the other his temporal authority. He built the Akal Takht, the Throne of the Almighty. Guru Hargobind ji excelled in matters of state and his Darbar (Court) was noted for its splendour. The arming and training of some of his devoted followers began, the Guru came to possess seven hundred horses and his Risaldari (army) grew to three hundred horsemen and sixty gunners in the due course of time. Additionally, five hundred men from the Majha area of the Punjab were recruited as infantry. Guru Hargobind built a fortress at Amritsar called Lohgarh “Fortress of steel”. He had his own flag and war-drum which was beaten twice a day.

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Hemu
Samrat Hem Chandra Vikramaditya, Hemu Vikramaditya, Raja Vikramaditya or simply Hemu (Hindi: सम्राट हेम चंद्र विक्रमादित्य) (1501–5 November 1556) was a Hindu emperor of India during the sixteenth century AD. This was one of the crucial periods in Indian history, when the Mughals and Afghans were desperately vying for power.
The son of a Hindu priest, who later became a food seller, and a vendor of saltpetre at Rewari, Hemu rose to become Chief of Army and Prime Minister of Adil Shah Suri of the Suri Dynasty. He fought Afghan rebels across North India from the Punjab to Bengal and the Mughal forces of Akbar and Humayun in Agra and Delhi, winning 22 battles continuously, without a single setback.
Hem Chandra acceded to the throne of Delhi on 7 October 1556, assuming the title of "Vikramaditya" that had been earlier adopted by many Hindu kings since the Vedic times. His Rajyabhishek (coronation) as Samrat was held at Purana Quila in Delhi. Hemu re-established the Hindu rule (albeit for a short duration) in North India, after over 350 years of Muslim rule. Some historians say that this rule was on the pattern of a strong Hindu state prevailing in South India for more than three centuries, known as 'Vijaynagar Empire'. Hemu struck coins bearing his title.

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Henry Every
Henry Every, also Evory or Avery, (23 August 1659 – after 1696), sometimes erroneously given as John Avery, was an English pirate who operated in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans in the mid-1690s. He likely used several aliases throughout his career, including Henry Bridgeman, and was known as Long Ben to his crewmen and associates. Dubbed "The Arch Pirate" and "The King of Pirates" by contemporaries, Every was the most notorious pirate of his time; he earned his infamy by becoming one of the few major pirate captains to retire with his loot without being arrested or killed in battle, and also for being the perpetrator of what has been called the most profitable pirate raid in history. Although Every's career as a pirate lasted only two years, his exploits captured the public's imagination, inspired others to take up piracy, and spawned numerous works of literature.
Every was born in England's West Country, but little else is known about his early life. He served in the Royal Navy from 1689 to 1690, likely participating in several battles of the Nine Years' War (1688–1697). Following his discharge from the navy, Every began slave trading along Africa's Slave Coast. In 1693, he was again employed as a mariner, this time as first mate aboard the warship Charles II, which had been commissioned by England's ally, Charles II of Spain (the ship's namesake), to prey on French vessels in the West Indies. After leaving London in August 1693, the Charles II anchored in the northern Spanish harbor of Corunna, where other vessels were assembling for the expedition. The crew grew discontent as Madrid failed to deliver a letter of marque and the Charles II's owners failed to pay their wages. On the evening of 7 May 1694, the restless sailors mutinied. With the Charles II renamed the Fancy and Every elected as the new captain, the Fancy sailed south en route to the Indian Ocean, soon plundering five ships off the West African coast.

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Humayun
Nasir ud-din Muhammad Humayun (Persian: نصیر الدین محمد همایون‎; full title: Al-Sultan al-'Azam wal Khaqan al-Mukarram, Jam-i-Sultanat-i-haqiqi wa Majazi, Sayyid al-Salatin, Abu'l Muzaffar Nasir ud-din Muhammad Humayun Padshah Ghazi, Zillu'llah; OS 7 March 1508 – OS 17 January 1556) was the second Mughal Emperor who ruled present day Afghanistan, Pakistan, and parts of northern India from 1530–1540 and again from 1555–1556. Like his father, Babur, he lost his kingdom early, but with Persian aid, he eventually regained an even larger one. On the eve of his death in 1556, the Mughal empire spanned almost one million square kilometers.
He succeeded his father in India in 1530, while his half-brother Kamran Mirza, who was to become a rather bitter rival, obtained the sovereignty of Kabul and Lahore, the more northern parts of their father's empire. He originally ascended the throne at the age of 22 and was somewhat inexperienced when he came to power.
Humayun lost Mughal territories to the Pashtun noble, Sher Shah Suri, and, with Persian aid, regained them 15 years later. Humayun's return from Persia, accompanied by a large retinue of Persian noblemen, signaled an important change in Mughal court culture, as the Central Asian origins of the dynasty were largely overshadowed by the influences of Persian art, architecture, language and literature and also there are many stone carved and Persian language In India from the time of Humayun also thousands of Persian manuscript in India.

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Ibrahim Lodi
Ibrahim Lodi (Pashto: ابراهیم لودي, Hindi: इब्राहिम लोधी) (b.? - April 21, 1526) was one of the rulers of the Lodi dynasty who became the last Sultan of the Delhi Sultanate in India. He was an Afghan (specifically of the Ghilzai tribe of Pashtuns) who ruled over much of northern India from 1517 to 1526, when he was defeated by Babur's army.
Lodi attained the throne upon the death of his father, Sikandar Lodi, but was not blessed with the same ruling capability. He faced a number of rebellions. The Mewar ruler Rana Sanga extended his empire right up to western Uttar Pradesh and threatened to attack Agra. There was rebellion in the East also. Lodi also displeased the nobility when he replaced old and senior commanders by younger ones who were loyal to him. He was feared and loathed by his subjects. His Afghan nobility eventually invited Babur to invade India.
Ibrahim died in the Battle of Panipat, where Babur's artillery and the desertion of many of Lodi's soldiers led to his downfall, despite superior troop numbers.

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Indu Sundaresan
Indu Sundaresan is an American author of Indian origins. She was born and raised in India as a daughter of an Indian Air Force pilot who died in a crash while on duty. The family then moved to Bangalore where she collected books eagerly. She then migrated to the United States for graduate studies at the University of Delaware in economics.
Her short fiction has appeared in The Vincent Brothers Review and on iVillage.com. She lives in the Seattle, Washington area. [1]
Her first novel The Twentieth Wife is about how a young widow named Mehrunissa, daughter of Persian refugees and wife of an Afghan commandwer, becomes Empress of the Mughal Empire under the name of Nur Jahan. Her second novel The Feast of Roses is the sequel to The Twentieth Wife. She is also the author of The Splendor of Silence, historical fiction set in a fictional Indian princely state just before Independence (1947).
Awards
She was awarded the Washington State Book Award for The Twentieth Wife in 2003.

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Jahandar Shah
Jahandar Shah (1661–1713) was a Mughal Emperor who ruled India for a brief period in 1712-1713. His title was Shahanshah-i-Ghazi Abu'l Fath Muiz-ud-Din Muhammad Jahandar Shah Sahib-i-Quran Padshah-i-Jahan (Khuld Aramgah).
Jahandar Shah was born on 10 May 1661, a son of the emperor Bahadur Shah I. Upon the death of their father on 27 February 1712, he and his brother Azim-ush-Shan both declared themselves emperor and conducted a struggle for the succession. Azim-us-Shan was killed on 17 March 1712 and Jahandar Shah was able to rule for a further eleven months. Before coming to the throne, Jahandar Shah had sailed around the Indian ocean, and had been a very prosperous trader, and was later appointed Subedar of Sindh. He was the father of three sons, including Aziz-ud-Din who reigned as Mughal emperor between 1754 and 1759.
His court was depraved. He was a mere puppet in the hands of his favourite wife, Lal Kunwar. Before her elevation to the position of Queen Consort, she was a mere dancing girl. Her children were promoted to the highest offices of the Empire. He was defeated in the battle at Agra on 10 January 1713 by Farrukhsiyar, his nephew and the second son of Azim-us-Shan, with the support of the Syed Brothers.

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Jahangir
|سلیم جهانگیر نورالدین}}}} Persian: نورالدین سلیم جهانگیر‎ Hindi: नूरुद्दीन सलीम जहांगीर) (full title: Al-Sultan al-'Azam wal Khaqan al-Mukarram, Khushru-i-Giti Panah, Abu'l-Fath Nur-ud-din Muhammad Jahangir Padshah Ghazi [Jannat-Makaani]) (20 September 1569 – 8 November 1627) was the ruler of the Mughal Empire from 1605 until his death. The name Jahangir is from Persian جهانگیر,meaning "Conqueror of the World". Nur-ud-din or Nur al-Din is an Arabic name that means " Light of the Faith". Born as Prince Muhammad Salim and nicknamed Sheykhu Baba, he was the third and eldest surviving son of Mogul Emperor Akbar. Akbar's twin sons, Hasan and Hussain, died in infancy. His mother was the Rajput Princess of Amber, Jodhabai(born Rajkumari Hira Kunwari, eldest daughter of Raja Bihar Mal or Bharmal, Raja of Amber, India). Jahangir was a child of many prayers.]
It is said to be by the blessing of Shaikh Salim Chishti (one of the revered sages of his times) that Akbar's first surviving child, the future Jahangir, was born. The child was named Salim after the dervish and was affectionately addressed by Akbar as Sheikhu Baba.

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Ladli Begum
Ladli Begum (born 1594) was the daughter of Nur Jahan (Mehrunnisa) and her first husband Sher Afghan, and was married to Mughal prince, Shahryar.
Ladli's father (Sher Afghan) was killed in 1607. Her mother later wed the Mughal Emperor Jehangir and took the name Nur Jahan. As the favourite wife of Jehangir, Nur Jahan used her great influence to arrange the marriage of Ladli with Shahryar, son of Jehangir by a different wife. Thus, Ladli came to wed her mother's stepson. It is said thar Nur Jahan (who was the de facto ruler during Jehangir's reign) used to support Shah Jahan as the successor to the throne due to his marriage to Mumtaz Mahal her niece started supporting Sharyar as the heir.
She had a daughter from Shahryar, Arzani Begum .

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Maharana Pratap
Maharana Pratap or Pratap Singh (May 24, 1540 – January 19, 1597) was a Hindu ruler of Mewar, a small region in north-western India in the present day state of Rajasthan. In popular Indian culture, Pratap is considered to exemplify the qualities like bravery and chivalry to which Rajputs aspire, especially in context of his opposition to the Akbar. The struggle between Rajput confederacy led by Pratap Singh, and the Mughal Empire under Akbar, has often been characterised in popular Hindutva culture as a struggle between Hindus and the 'invading' Muslims, much on the same lines as the struggle between Shivaji and Aurangzeb a little less than a century later. However, notably, unlike Shivaji, Pratap Singh has also symbolised the pride and prestige of upper caste Hindus in northern India, because of the obvious differences between their lineages - but this allegation have little truth because much of Pratap's own soldiery were recruited from among tribal people like Bhils and backward castes like Lohars, while his own upper caste contemporaries like Man Singh of Amber supported Mughals.

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Malik Ambar
Malik Ambar (1549–1626) was an Ethiopian born in Harar, sold as a child by his parents due to poverty. He eventually arrived in India, where he was educated and given opportunities, but he remained a slave. Nevertheless in time he created an independent army that had up to 1500 men. This army resided in the Deccan region and was hired by many local kings. He also founded the city of Aurangabad, Maharashtra on the site of a previous village. He eventually rose to become a very popular Prime Minister of the Ahmadnagar Sultanate, showing his administrative acumen in various fields. Malik is also regarded as a pioneer in Guerilla warfare in the Deccan region. He is credited with having carried out a systematic revenue settlement of major portions of the Deccan, which formed the basis for many subsequent settlements. He died in 1626. He is a figure of veneration to the Siddis of Gujarat. He humbled the might of the Mughals and Adil Shah of Bijapur and raised the falling status of the Nizam Shah.

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Mirza Ghiyas Beg
Mirza Ghiyas Beg (Persian: مرزا غياث بيگ‎) was an important official in the Mughal empire, whose children served as wives, mothers, and generals of the Mughal emperors.
Ghiyās Beg immigrated to India from Persia after the death of his father and his family's fall from grace. He was received by the Emperor Akbar, and quickly climbed his way through the intricate Mughal court, serving as a court official under Akbar and his son, Jahangir. Akbar conferred the title of I'timād-ud-Daulah (pillar of the state) on him.
He was an important official the rule of the Mughal Emperor Jahangir, and served as the Diwan of the Empire, the chief treasurer, and he was given the title 'I'timād-ud-Daulah' (Persian: اعتماد الدوله‎), which means 'Pillar of the State'. His daughter, Mehrunissa (Nūr Jahān) married Jahāngīr in 1611, and his son Abdul Hasan Asaf Khan served as a general to Jahangir.
He was also the grandfather of Mumtaz Mahal (originally named Arjumand Bano, daughter of Abdul Hasan Asaf Khan), the wife of the emperor Shah Jahan, responsible for the building of the Taj Mahal. Jahangir was succeeded by his son Shah Jahan, and Abdul Hasan served as one of Shah Jahan's closest advisors. Shah Jahan married Abdul Hasan's daughter Arjumand Banu Begum, Mumtāz Mahal, who was the mother of his four sons, including his successor Aurangzeb. Shah Jahan built the Taj Mahal to serve as Mumtaz Mahal's tomb.

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Muhammad Shah
Shahanshah Nasir-ud-Din Muhammad Shah, Abu Al-Fatah Nasir-ud-Din Roshan Akhtar Muhammad Shah (محمد شاه) (1748 – 1702) also known as Roshan Akhtar, was the Mughal emperor between 1719 and 1748. He was son of Khujista Akhtar, the fourth son of Bahadur Shah I. Ascending the throne at 17 with the help of the Sayyid Brothers, he later got rid of them with the help of Asaf Jah I. Muhammad Shah was a great patron of the arts, including musical, cultural and administrative developments, his pen-name was Sada Rangila ("ever joyous").
Roshan Akhtar was born in 1702 in Ghazna (in modern day Afghanistan) to Prince Khujista Akhtar, during the reign of the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb. In the year 1707, his grandfather Bahadur Shah I had defeated and eliminated his own brother Muhammad Azam Shah on 19 June 1707 at the Battle of Jajau, during another war of succession that followed after the death of his aged grandfather Bahadur Shah I his father was killed, and the 12-year-old prince and his mother were imprisoned by his uncle Jahandar Shah but spared from death. Handsome and quick to learn, his mother took good care of his education, while his father had enhanced his administrative abilities. Since the overthrow of Farrukhsiyar in 1719 many Mughal Emperors briefly ascended to the throne, but the Sayyid Brothers eventually chose 17-years-old Roshan Akhtar to become the new Mughal Emperor.

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Muhammad Sharif
Mian Muhammad Sharif (1920 – October 2004) (Punjabi, Urdu: محمد شریف) was a Pakistani industrialist and father of former Prime Minister of Pakistan, Nawaz Sharif and the chief minister of the Punjab province, Shahbaz Sharif.
Sharif was born Mian Muhammad Sharif in Amritsar (now in India) in 1920. His family is traced to Shopian in the Kashmir valley. In 1947, after Pakistan's independence, Sharif immigrated to Pakistan. Although it is also said that they belong to Lohar (Blacksmiths family) of Punjab and that they present themselves as Kashmiris to get vote of Kashmiri's living in Lahore. Another point is that Mian is used in names of Aryan's, so this also contradicts with their real background, whether they are Aryan or Kashmiri or Lohar.
Sharif was involved in politics through his sons, Nawaz Sharif who was Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif, and Shahbaz Sharif, who was chief minister of Punjab province of Pakistan. He insisted on many policies that were followed by his sons. Muhammad Rafiq Tarar, who was a good friend of Muhammad Sharif was appointed as the President of Pakistan by Nawaz Sharif on recommendation of his father.

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Mumtaz Mahal
Mumtaz Mahal (April 1593 – 17 June 1631) (Persian, Urdu: ممتاز محل [mumˈt̪aːz mɛˈɦɛl]; meaning "the chosen one of the palace") born as Arjumand Banu Begum was a Mughal Empress and chief consort of emperor Shah Jahan. The UNESCO World Heritage Site Taj Mahal, Agra was constructed by her husband as her final resting place.
Arjumand Banu Begum was born in Agra into a family of Persian nobility, as a daughter of Abdul Hasan Asaf Khan, making her a niece (and later daughter-in-law) of Empress Nur Jehan, the wife of the emperor Jahangir. Arjumand Banu Begum was married at the age of 19, on 10 May 1612, to Prince Khurram, known as Shah Jahan, who conferred upon her the title "Mumtaz Mahal". Though betrothed to Shah Jahan in 1607, she ultimately became his third wife, in 1612, and was his favorite. She died in Burhanpur in the Deccan (now in Madhya Pradesh) during the birth of their fourteenth child, a daughter named Gauhara Begum.
Mumtaz Mahal mothered fourteen children by Shah Jahan, including Aurangzeb, Shah Jahan's successor, the Imperial Prince Dara Shukoh the heir apparent anointed by Shah Jahan and Jahanara Begum, the Imperial Princess.

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Nader Shah
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}} Nāder Shāh Afshār (Persian: نادر شاه افشار‎; also known as Nāder Qoli Beg - نادر قلی بیگ or Tahmāsp Qoli Khān - تهماسپ قلی خان) (November, 1688 or August 6, 1698 – June 19, 1747) ruled as Shah of Iran (1736–47) and was the founder of the Afsharid dynasty. Because of his military genius, some historians have described him as the Napoleon of Persia or the Second Alexander. Nader Shah was a member of the Turkic Afshar tribe of northern Persia, which had supplied military power to the Safavid state since the time of Shah Ismail I.
Nader rose to power during a period of anarchy in Iran after a rebellion by the Hotaki Afghans had overthrown the weak Persian Shah Sultan Husayn, and both the Ottomans and the Russians had seized Persian territory for themselves. Nader reunited the Persian realm and removed the invaders. He became so powerful that he decided to depose the last members of the Safavid dynasty, which had ruled Iran for over 200 years, and become shah himself in 1736. His numerous campaigns throughout the Naderian Wars created a great empire that encompassed what is now part of or including Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, India, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Russia, Oman and the Persian Gulf but his military spending had a ruinous effect on the Persian economy.

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Nawab of Awadh
The Nawab of Awadh is the title of rulers who governed the state of Awadh in India in the 18th and 19th century. The Nawabs of Awadh originated from Persia.
As the Moghul power declined and the emperors lost their paramountcy and they became first the puppets and then the prisoners of their feudatories, so Awadh grew stronger and more independent. Its capital city was Faizabad.
Of all the Muslim states and dependencies of the Mughal empire, Awadh had the newest royal family. They were descended from a Persian adventurer called Sa'adat Khan, originally from the city of Nishapur. There were many Khurasanis in the service of the Mughals, mostly soldiers, and if successful, they could hope for rich rewards. Burhan ul Mulk Sa'adat Khan proved to be amongst the most successful of this group. In 1732, he was made governor of the province of Awadh. His original title was Nazim, which means Governor, but soon he was made Nawab. In 1740, the Nawab was called Wazir or vizier, which means Chief Minister, and thereafter he was known as the Nawab Wazir. In practice, from Sa'adat Khan onwards, the titles had been hereditary, though in theory they were in the gift of the Mughal emperor, to whom allegiance was paid. A nazar, or token tribute, was sent each year to Delhi, and members of the imperial family were treated with great deference; two of them actually lived in Lucknow after 1819, and were treated with great courtesy.

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Nur Jahan
Begum Nur Jahan (Persian, Urdu: نور جہاں) (alternative spelling Noor Jahan, Nur Jehan, Nor Jahan, etc.) (1577–17 December 1645), also known as Mehr-un-Nisaa, was an Empress of the Mughal Dynasty that ruled much of the Indian subcontinent. She is an aunt of Empress Mumtaz Mahal, Emperor Shah Jahan's wife for whom the Taj Mahal was made.
Begum Nur Jahan was the twentieth and favourite wife of Mughal Emperor Jahangir, who was her second husband - and the most famous Empress of the Mughal Empire. The story of the couple's infatuation for each other and the relationship that abided between them is the stuff of many (often apocryphal) legends. She remains historically significant for the sheer amount of imperial authority she wielded - the true "power behind the throne," as Jehangir was battling serious addictions to alcohol and opium throughout her reign - and is known as one of the most powerful women who ruled India with an iron fist.

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Rana Sanga
Maharana Sangram Singh (commonly known as Rana Sanga) (April 12, 1484 – March 17, 1528)
Sangram Singh who was popularly known as Rana Sanga was younger son of Rana Raimal of Mewar who succeed Rana Kumbha. He is famous for his daring military exploits and vast conquests across Western India in early sixteenth century.
A war of succession followed last days and death of Raimal – his sons jockeyed for power and in civil war that followed, all princes were killed except Sanga who had much earlier left for Malwa where he lived for a while incognito as a cattleherd. Rajput sardars of Mewar who found out Sanga, invited him to become Rana as there was no one left for throne. Thus Sanga became Rana in 1509.
By war and diplomacy, he united all warring principalities of Rajasthan under his leadership – a remarkable feat when one consider the fact that no once could attain this after death of Prithviraj Chauhan in late 12th century AD.
Once he brought whole of Rajasthan under his control, he made his move on Malwa – Malwa ruled by Mehmod Khilji was torn by dissensions – Mehmod was wary of overgrown power of his Rajput wazir Medini Rai and his followers and so Mehmod who lacked personal strength to deal with Medini Rai asked for help from Ibrahim Lodi of Delhi and Bahadur Shah of Gujarat. Medini Rai on his part requested Rana Sanga to come to his aid.

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Sadashivrao Bhau
Sadashiv Rao Bhau (August 4, 1730 – January 14, 1761) was son of Chimaji Appa and Rakhmabai, and the nephew of Peshwa Baji Rao I. He served as the Sarsenapati (commander-in-chief) of the Maratha army at the third battle of Panipat. He died fighting at the third battle of Panipat.
Sadashivrao, born in Saswad near Pune, was the son of Baji Rao's brother Chimaji Appa. His mother Rakhmabai died when he was barely a month old.His father died when he was 10. He was cared by his grandmother Radhabai his aunt Kashibai. He was very bright from early years. He was educated in Satara. His tutor was shrewd Ramchandrababa Shenvi. Though Nanasaheb became Peshwa, he stayed in Satara.
His first military achievement was in 1746 in Carnatic region, with Mahadjipant Purandare and Sakharam Bappu as his political advisers. He had conquered from the Nawab of Savanur and subsequently annexed the cities of Kittur, Parasgad, Gokak, Yadwad, Bagalkot, Badami, Navalgund, Umbal, Giri, Torgal, Haliyal, Harihar and basavapatna. He crushed the revolt of Yamaji Shivdev.

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Sambhaji
Shrimant Maharajadhiraj Chhatrapati Sambhaji Shivaji Raje Bhosle (14 May 1657 – 11 March 1689) was the eldest son and successor of Emperor Chhatrapati Shivaji, the founder of the Maratha empire and his first Empress consort Sayeebai.
Sambhaji was born at Purandar fort. He was 17 years old when his father Shivaji was crowned in 1674.He lost his mother Saibai who was Shivaji's favourite wife at the age of 2.Since then he was under the care of his grandmother. His grandmother and mentor Jijabai died in the same year of the coronation of Shivaji. Sambhaji was taken as security by Mughal Sardar Mirza Raja Jayasingh until he receives all forts of agreement which Shivaji Maharaj did with him to stop his attack on Maratha kingdom under his control. Sambhaji was 9 years old at that time.
In a marriage of political alliance, Sambhaji was married to Jivubai, renamed (as per Maratha custom) Yesubai, daughter of Pilajirao Shirke who came to service of Shivaji Maharaj after defeat of a powerful Deshmukh he was serving.Thus giving Shivaji access to the Konkan coastal belt.

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Shah Alam II
Shah Alam II (1728–1806 CE), also known as Ali Gauhar, was the eighteenth Mughal Emperor, he escaped to Allahabad in December 1759, he was later nominated as the emperor by Ahmad Shah Durrani after the Third Battle of Panipat, when he was in Bihar region.
Though he was nominated as the Mughal Emperor, he did not venture to proceed to Delhi for 12 years until 1772, when he was installed as the puppet ruler on the Mughal throne by Mahadji Sindhia of the Maratha Empire, receiving in return the title of deputy Naib Vakil-ul-Mutlak or vice-regent of the Empire and that of Vakil-ul-Mutlak being at his request conferred on the Peshwa, Shah Alam II also gave Mahadji the title of Amir-ul-Amara(head of the amirs).
Throughout his life, Shah Alam II remained a puppet in the hands of the Marathas and the British. In 1788, Ghulam Qadir, grandson of the Rohilla Leaders Najib-ud-Daulah ransacked the Mughal palace. The floors of the houses of the grandees in the city were dug out. The princesses were turned out and their jewellery was snatched by Ghulam Qadir. Ghulam Qadir also blinded Shah Aalam and deposed him and put Bidar Bakhat on the Mughal Throne. However, the Marathas brought out Shah Aalam from his captivity and restored him to the throne. Ghulam Qadir was defeated and hanged by the Marathas. In 1803, the British captured Delhi after the Second Anglo-Maratha War and Shah Alam II became a pensioner of the British East India Company..

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Shah Jahan
Shah Jahan(also spelled Shah Jehan, Shahjehan,(Urdu: شاه ‌جہاں, Persian: شاه جهان) (January 5, 1592–January 22, 1666), (full title: Shahanshah Al-Sultan al-'Azam wal Khaqan al-Mukarram, Malik-ul-Sultanat, Ala Hazrat Abu'l-Muzaffar Shahab ud-din Muhammad Shah Jahan I, Sahib-i-Qiran-i-Sani, Padshah Ghazi Zillu'llah, Firdaus-Ashiyani, Shahanshah—E--Sultanant Ul Hindiya Wal Mughaliya) was the emperor of the Mughal Empire in South Asia from 1628 until 1658. The name Shah Jahan comes from Persian meaning "Ruler of Everywhere". He was the fifth Mughal emperor after Babur, Humayun, Akbar, and Jahangir. While young, he was favourite of his legendary grandfather, Akbar the Great. Shah Jahan was a direct descendant of Genghis Khan through Timur and was the heir of the Mughal Empire of Babur, he is also alleged to have been a descendant of Charlemagne.
At a young age, he was chosen as successor to the Mughal throne after the death of Emperor Jahangir. He succeeded to the throne upon his father's death in 1627. He is considered to be one of the greatest Mughals, and his reign has been called the Golden Age of the Mughals and one of the most prosperous ages of Indian civilization. Like Akbar, he was eager to expand his vast empire. In 1658, he fell ill and was confined by his son Emperor Aurangzeb in the Agra Fort until his death in 1666.

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Shah Jahan III
Shah Jahan III (شاه جہان ۳) also known as Muhi-ul-millat was Mughal Emperor briefly. He was the son of Muhi-us-sunnat, the eldest son of Muhammad Kam Baksh who was the youngest son of Aurangzeb. He was placed on the Mughal throne in December 1759 by Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung III but subsequently deposed by the Afghan confederation (Rohillas and Ahmad Shah Abdali) and Nawab of Oudh Shuja-ud-Daula in 1760 in recognition of Shah Alam II as the rightful heir to the throne who was in exile at Allahabad.
After Sadashivrao Bhau and Imad-ul-Mulk conspicuously murdered Alamgir II. They then personally chose Shah Jahan III as the new Mughal Emperor and Sadashivrao Bhau then began a campaign of plundering the Jewels and ornaments of the Mughal imperial court, he also defaced mosques, tombs and shrines that the Mughals had built in Agra and Delhi, he then desecrated the imperial Moti Masjid and looted its exquisite jeweled decorations into booty for the ravaging Marathas. Sadashivrao Bhau's domination over the Mughal Empire had a profound impact on the divided and degenerative Muslim aristocracy and hierarchy, many began to look up to Ahmad Shah Durrani as their savior.

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Sher Shah Suri
Sher Shah Suri (1486 – May 22, 1545) (Pashto: فريد خان شیر شاہ سوری - Šīr Šāh Sūrī, Bengali: শের শাহ সুরি), birth name Farid Khan, also known as Sher Khan (The Lion King), was the founder of the Muslim Sur Empire in northern India, with its capital at Delhi. An Afghan (Pathan) by origin, he rebelled against the Mughals and took control of India in 1540 until an accidental death in 1545 when Islam Shah Suri became his successor. He first served as a private before rising to become a commander in the Mughal Army under Babur and then as the governor of Bihar. In 1537, when Babur's son Humayun was elsewhere on an expedition, Sher Khan, power hungry turned on his true master and overran the state of Bengal and established the Sur Empire. A brilliant strategist, Sher Shah proved himself a gifted administrator as well as an able general. His reorganization of the empire laid the foundations for the later Mughal emperors, notably Akbar the Great, son of Humayun.
During his five year rule from 1540 to 1545, he set up a new template for civic and military administration, issued the first Rupee and re-organised the postal system of India. He further developed Humayun's Dina-panah city and named it Shergarh and revived the historical city of Pataliputra as Patna which had been in decline since the 7th century CE. He is also famously remembered for killing a fully grown tiger with his bare hands in a jungle of Bihar.

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Shivaji
Shivaji Bhosale ([ʃiʋaˑɟiˑ bʱoˑs(ə)leˑ]; 19 February 1630 – 3 April 1680), with the royal title Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, was a Maratha sovereign who founded the Maratha Empire, which, at its peak, covered much of the Indian subcontinent, encompassing a territory of over 2.8 million km². Shivaji as an aristocrat of the Bhosle clan led a resistance to free the Maratha people from the Sultanate of Bijapur and the Mughal Empire and established a Hindavi Swarajya ("self-rule of Hindu people"). He created an independent Maratha kingdom with Raigad as its capital. He was crowned as Chhatrapati ("sovereign") of the Maratha empire in 1674.
He established a competent and progressive civil rule with the help of a well-regulated and disciplined military and well-structured administrative organizations. He also innovated rules of military engagement, pioneering the "Shiva sutra" or ganimi kava (guerrilla tactics), which leveraged strategic factors like geography, speed, surprise and focused pinpoint attacks to defeat his larger and more powerful enemies From a small contingent of 2,000 soldiers inherited from his father, he created a formidable force of 100,000 soldiers. He built and restored forts located strategically on land & sea for secure lands and coastline. He revived ancient Hindu political tradition & court conventions, and promoted Marathi and Sanskrit in court and administration usage. He is well known for his strong religious and warrior code of ethics and exemplary character. He was recognized as a great national hero during Indian Independence movement.

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Suraj Mal
Maharaja Suraj Mal (1707–1763) (Devanagari:महाराजा सूरज मल) was ruler of Bharatpur in Rajasthan in India. He has been described by a contemporary historian as "the Plato of the Jat people" and by a modern writer as the "Jat Ulysses", because of his political sagacity, steady intellect and clear vision.
Surajmal was born on February 1707 in Bharatpur, India. He was eldest son of Jat Emperor of Bharatpur, Maharaja Badan Singh, and his wife Rani Devki of Jat family from Kama.
He had 14 Queens, out of which 6 have been authentically told to us by Fransoo. He enumerates them as below :
From his four wives, he left five sons: Jawar Singh, Ratan Singh, Nawal Singh, Ranjit Singh and Nahar Singh. The first two were born of a lady, popularly reputed to have been a Rajputni, possibly of Gaurua clan, the third was son of a Malin mother, the last two, Ranjit Singh and Nahar Singh were born of his own Jat tribe.But the mother of none of these enjoyed the particular affection of the King, who loved most dearly his masculine and barren wife, the famous queen Maharani Kishori. Jawahar Singh was fortunate enough to be adopted by this lady, whose influence and affection shielded the rebellious youth from the worst effects on the wrath of his father.For various political reasons, Suraj Mal also had 24 mistresses each from a different cast, so as to gain popularity within a cast.

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Tahmasp I
Tahmasp or Tahmasb I (Persian: شاه تهماسب یکم‎) (February 22, 1514 – May 14, 1576) was an influential Shah of Iran, who enjoyed the longest reign of any member of the Safavid dynasty. He was the son of Ismail I and Shah-Begi Khanum (known under the title Tajlu Khanum) of the Turcoman Mawsillu tribe.
During his childhood he was weak and came under the control of the Qizilbash, Turkic tribesmen who formed the backbone of Safavid power. The Qizilbash leaders fought among themselves for the right to be regents over Tahmasp. Upon adulthood, however, Tahmasp was able to reassert the power of the Shah and control the tribesmen.
His reign was marked by foreign threats, primarily from the Ottomans and the Uzbeks. In 1555, however, he regularized relations with the Empire through the Peace of Amasya. This peace lasted for 30 years, until it was broken in the time of Shah Mohammed Khodabanda.
He is also known for the reception he gave to the fugitive Mughal Emperor Humayun which is depicted in a painting on the walls of the Safavid palace of Chehel Sotoon. Humayun's return from Persia, accompanied by a large retinue of Persian noblemen and soldiers, signaled an important change in Mughal court culture, as the Central Asian origins of the dynasty were largely overshadowed by the influences of Persian art, architecture, language and literature.

wn.com/Tahmasp_I
Wikipedia Persondata
wn.com/Wikipedia_Persondata

Noor Jahan - (Ghazal) - Hamari Sanson Mein Aaj Tak Woh

She is still alive in her songs....

published: 03 Jan 2008

author: loyalandloving

badnam na karna nur jahan pakistani song - masud

ittadi.webs.com...

published: 03 Oct 2010

author: MEEDHApabna

Nurjahan Nurjahan - Nazrul Geeti by Manas Kumar Das

...

published: 20 Apr 2011

author: Dipanjan Das

Review: Nur Jahan by Acacia Label

The beautiful Nur Jahan shalwar kameez is available here: www.acacialabel.com The headchai...

published: 06 Jul 2012

author: makeuphijabs

mere di day nur jahan pakistan song

ittadi.webs.com...

published: 03 Oct 2010

author: MEEDHApabna

Nur Jahan - ma warawai watan ta zama

Singer - Nur Jahan of Jalalabad...

published: 29 Oct 2010

author: DaPashtoSazAwaz

menu not mera mod bane nur jahan pakistani song

ittadi.webs.com...

published: 03 Oct 2010

author: MEEDHApabna

Nurjahan by Shyamal Mitra

Nazrul Geeti...

published: 25 May 2011

author: efface1

tut gaie mere yadi pakistani song nur jahan

ittadi.webs.com...

published: 03 Oct 2010

author: MEEDHApabna

Noor Jahan Show Tribute to a Legend Part 1

Noor Jahan Pakistan Pakistani singer Queen Malka Nur Jahan Tarannum...

published: 19 Jul 2008

author: hxm2196

Noor Jahan sings Kalam-e-Iqbal Live on PTV - Har lehza hai Momin ki nai shaan

Har lehza hai monin ki nai shaan nai aan Guftaar main kirdaar main Allah ki burhaan Momin ...

published: 01 Apr 2009

author: Dunddli

nurjahan song MR

Monitors Retreat, Tuni, India...

published: 11 Aug 2009

author: rajalanka

dil dharakne ka sabab yaad aaya noor jahan

ghazal poet..................nasir kazmi singer...............noor jahan di dharakne ka sa...

published: 19 Jan 2012

author: Prhanggher pakhtunkhwa

Nurjahan Soyabean Oil ft. Joya Ahsan

A half Stop Down production Agency: Drik Direction: Amitabh Reza DoP: Deepti Associate Dir...

published: 11 Jun 2011

author: TheEntertainmentBD

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photo: AP / Ng Han Guan

North Korean leader Kim Jong Un attends a ceremony to reopen the Kumsusan Palace of the Sun in Pyongyang, North Korea, on Monday, Dec. 17, 2012.

North Korea's leader calls for peace with South in New Year's speech

Pittsburgh Post-Gazette

02 Jan 2013

SEOUL -- In a domestically televised New Year's Day speech, North Korean supreme leader Kim Jong Un said he wanted to "remove confrontation" on this divided peninsula and called on "anti-reunification forces" in South Korea to cease their hostility toward the North. The lengthy address, which laid out the national goals for 2013, marked Mr ... Mr. Kim on Tuesday asked for a detente -- but with prerequisites that the conservative Ms ... ....(size: 3.2Kb)

photo: AP / Emanuel Ekra

An Ivory Coast troop stands next to the belongings of people involved in a deadly stampede in Abidjan, Ivory Coast, Tuesday, Jan. 1 2013.

Stampede after fireworks kills 61 in Ivory Coast

The Guardian

01 Jan 2013

INZA BAKAYOKO. Associated Press= ABIDJAN, Ivory Coast (AP) — A crowd stampeded after leaving a New Year's fireworks show early Tuesday in Ivory Coast's commercial center, killing 61 people — many of them youths — and injuring more than 200, rescue workers said. The death toll was expected to rise, the officials said ... Issa Sako of the fire department rescue team.....(size: 8.1Kb)

photo: AP / Felicia Fonseca

File - Ram Herder, 89, is shown on May 22, 2008 in his Sanders, Ariz. home that was provided by the federal government as part of a massive relocation project to move Navajos from land Congress said belonged to the Hopi Tribe.

A New Year's Resolution: An Apology Day?

WorldNews.com

01 Jan 2013

Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. For good reason Mark Charles, a member of the Navajo Nation, is deeply offended that buried on page 45 of the 2010 Defense Appropriation Act (after pages on the maintenance and operation of the United States Military) is an "official" apology to Native American People ... political leaders and officials find it extremely difficult in expressing remorse for past mistakes ... Escorted by the U.S....(size: 5.6Kb)

photo: AP / Mohammad Hannon

A Syrian refugee speaks to his family through a hole in their tent in Zaatari Syrian refugee camp, near the Syrian border in Mafraq, Jordan, Tuesday, Dec. 25, 2012.

UN lifts Syria death toll over 60,000

NZ Herald

02 Jan 2013

The United Nations has estimated that more than 60,000 people have been killed in Syria's 21-month-old uprising against authoritarian rule, a toll one-third higher than what anti-regime activists had counted. The UN human rights chief called the toll "truly shocking". Opposition activist groups had been estimating the death toll at more than 45,000 and this was the first time that the UN estimate was higher ... 30, 2012 ... - AP. ....(size: 6.3Kb)

photo: AP / Abdullah Al-Yasin

In this Saturday, Dec. 29, 2012 photo, Free Syrian Army fighters fire at enemy positions during heavy clashes with government forces, in the Salaheddine district in Aleppo, Syria.

Syria starts 2013 with aerial strikes and clashes

The Star

01 Jan 2013

BEIRUT (Reuters) - Syrians woke on New Year's Day to countrywide aerial bombardment, while President Bashar al-Assad's forces and rebels fighting to topple him clashed on the outskirts of the capital. Free Syrian Army fighters and civilians search for bodies under rubble after an air strike by a fighter jet loyal to Syrian President Bashar al-Assad in Aleppo's al-Marja district December 31, 2012. REUTERS/Muzaffar Salman (SYRIA - Tags ... ....(size: 4.9Kb)

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In the city

Deccan Herald

27 Dec 2012

Drama. Remembering Ghalib. Ghalib was a gifted letter-writer; light-hearted, simple, direct, intimate and conversational. Some of his letters are personal introspections and reflect painful memories and anguished moments of his life ... It shows how his life undergoes ups and downs, successes and failures ... Venue ... Time. 7pm ... 7pm ... The works are women centric as the entire empire revolved around women like Jodha Bai, Nur Jahan, Mumtaz or Jahan Ara....(size: 12.0Kb)

Recriminations take glitter off Kauto Star's farewell Christmas party

Belfast Telegraph

13 Dec 2012

Physically and emotionally, Boxing Day at the races is a release valve ... This time, however, the big meeting at Kempton instead threatens to bring simmering irritations to a head, with years of stifled animosity finally exploding in some orgy of home truths ... But it will be to late then ... Next best ... Nur Jahan (David Lanigan) Proved in need of her debut at Lingfield last week, caught flat-footed before cottoning on and running into midfield....(size: 7.8Kb)

Recriminations take the glitter off Kauto's farewell Christmas party

The Independent

12 Dec 2012

Jahan backed to make winning debut

Sporting Life

07 Dec 2012

12.20 Lingfield Nur Jahan 13/8 from 9/2. Backed as if a good thing this morning, Nur Jahan is now a strong favourite making her debut in what looks a weak fillies' maiden. An expensive yearling, it is obviously hoped this well-related filly goes in at the first time of asking, and with strong opposition thin on the ground, few would bet against ... ....(size: 1.7Kb)

photo: WN / Imran Nissar

A kashmiri muslim boy ride bicycle near maple trees during autumn in Srinagar on November 11, 2012. Trees are changing colours while the days become shorter as winter approaches in the Kashmiri summer capital of Srinagar.

Time to revisit Kashmir?

The Guardian

13 Nov 2012

Last week the Foreign Office lifted advice against travel to parts of Jammu and Kashmir. A welcome move, says Ed Douglas, who has visited the area twice since 2009, once with his family. Winter on Dal Lake in Srinagar, Kashmir. Photograph. Farooq Khan/EPA ... In a way, the FCO's decision has validated our stance." ... The kids loved people watching in the dreamy Shalimar Gardens, which Jahangir Khan built for his wife Nur Jahan in 1619 ... ....(size: 6.0Kb)

Of days old and older

The Hindu

21 Oct 2012

The chowk was designed by Shah Jahan after the Mina Bazar of the Agra Fort, though some may differ ... Shah Jahan, as Prince Khurram, had his first glimpse of Mumtaz Mahal (Arjumand Bano) at the bazaar in the Agra Fort. After that he persuaded his step-mother, Nur Jahan, to help him gain the object of his desire, who happened to be her niece, being the daughter of her brother, Asaf Khan....(size: 4.9Kb)

13 dead in Bangladesh storm

Newstrack India

11 Oct 2012

Tweet ... It uprooted trees that led to disruption of road traffic ... Three of the deceased were identified as 10-year-old Sharmin and 55-year-old Nur Jahan of Subarnachar, and 45-year-old Rajeshwari Das of Hatia ... Bangladesh ... ) .. ). ... . . . . . .. . . .. ....(size: 2.3Kb)

Indian cinema needs to create new icons: Muzaffar Ali

The Times of India

09 Oct 2012

And we are planning to host the Jahan-e-Khusrau festival (famous Sufi music festival) in Ahmedabad next year, as I feel a receptive city like Ahmedabad will give a thumbs up to a festival that talks about a world without boundaries and oneness of the human race." says Ali ... A life like hers certainly needs to be celebrated!" ... Also, there's a film on Jahangir and Nur Jahan on the radar, which is at an advanced level of scripting ... he feels....(size: 2.5Kb)

Elegant tombs, unkempt greens

The Hindu

22 Sep 2012

To prove that their amazing escapade in Kafiristan was true, Peachey shows Rudyard Kipling, who was seated in his Pioneer newspaper office in Allahabad, his friend Dravot’s head, still wearing the golden crown ... In his biography, Jahangir notes ... He was then transferred to the custody of Asaf Khan, brother of Nur Jahan and father-in-law of Prince Khurram (later Emperor Shah Jahan), the third son of Jahangir ... Keywords....(size: 5.5Kb)

Don't dump stocks of food processing companies in panic due to poor monsoon

The Times of India

03 Aug 2012

Before selling stocks of food processing companies in panic on back of deficient rainfall this year, investors have to analyse the impact of rainfall on the performance of the food processing companies. Here are three stocks whose performance has been so analysed. Ruchi Soya ... KRBL. KRBL is a leading rice miller and Basmati rice exporter. It sells Basmati rice under the brand names like India Gate, Taj Mahal, Doon and Nur Jahan ... REI Agro ... ....(size: 3.4Kb)

Actors turn singers: Marketing gimmick or real talent?

IBN Live

14 Jul 2012

New Delhi. The young Sydney based Bollywood fan was hopping mad. “Hey, I love Bollywood movies and rock with my favourite stars, but some things suck ... The 18 year old kid had just seen and heard Farhan, Hrithik and Abhay in ZNMD (Senorita) and… lost it ... Interestingly, this aspect seldom happens with the heroines and no real effort seems to be initiated towards reviving the era of the singing heroines like Nur Jahan and Suraya ... ....(size: 6.2Kb)

Book review: Empire of The Moghul: The Tainted Throne

DNA India

17 Jun 2012

Book. Empire of The Moghul. The Tainted Throne. Author. Alex Rutherford. Publisher. Hachette. Pages. 438. Price. Rs599 ... But Khusrau's forces are no match for his father's ... Like book three, The Tainted Throne too deals with the relationship between emperor and crown prince, who in this case is Khurram (the future Shah Jahan) ... Mehrunissa, better known as Nur Jahan, is fascinating ... As we know, Shah Jahan proved to be a capable ruler ... ....(size: 3.2Kb)

Down Memory Lane — The future as history

The Hindu

27 May 2012

The month of Kwar comes after the monsoon and thereby hangs a tale. A former priest of the Nathdwara temple came to Delhi some decades ago from Udaipur and among those who happened to meet him was this scribe's father, who heard from him a strange tale ... The only habitation there was the palace of Mirza Raja Jai Singh of Amber ... Amar Singh was killed after he had slain Salahat Khan, Nur Jahan's cousin at the Court of Shah Jahan in 1644 ... ....(size: 4.6Kb)

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Begum Nur Jahan
Mughal Empress

Spouse	Sher Afghan Quli Khan Jahangir
Issue
Mehr-Un-Nisaa
House	Timurid
Father	Mirza Ghias Beg
Mother	Asmat Begum
Born	1577 Kandahar, Mughal Empire
Died	17 December 1645 Lahore, Mughal Empire
Burial	Shahdara Bagh, Lahore
Religion	Shia Islam

Begum Nur Jahan (Persian, Urdu: نور جہاں) (alternative spelling Noor Jahan, Nur Jehan, Nor Jahan, etc.) (1577–17 December 1645), also known as Mehr-un-Nisaa, was an Empress of the Mughal Dynasty that ruled much of the Indian subcontinent. She is an aunt of Empress Mumtaz Mahal, Emperor Shah Jahan's wife for whom the Taj Mahal was made.

Begum Nur Jahan was the twentieth and favourite wife of Mughal Emperor Jahangir, who was her second husband - and the most famous Empress of the Mughal Empire. The story of the couple's infatuation for each other and the relationship that abided between them is the stuff of many (often apocryphal) legends. She remains historically significant for the sheer amount of imperial authority she wielded - the true "power behind the throne," as Jehangir was battling serious addictions to alcohol and opium throughout her reign - and is known as one of the most powerful women who ruled India with an iron fist.

1 Birth
2 Marriage with Sher Afghan
3 Marriage with Jahangir
4 Mughal empress
5 Death
6 Nur Jahan in Pop Culture
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links

Birth [link]

Kandahar (Candahar), Nur Jahan's place of birth, is now southern Afghanistan

Begum Nur Jahan was born in 1577 in Kandahar (now in Afghanistan) to traveling Persian, Mirza Ghiyas Beg from Tehran (now in Iran). Her Persian-born grandfather, who was in the service of Shah Tahmasp I, died in Yazd, laden with honours. His heirs, however, soon fell upon hard times. His son Mirza Ghias Beg (known as Itmad-ud-Daulah, "Pillar of the State", a title conferred on him by Akbar) travelled to South Asia with his family where he rose to become an administrative official in the Mughal court. For their journey, Ghias Beg and his wife, Asmat Begum, joined a caravan travelling southward under the leadership of a merchant noble named Malik Masud. While still in Persian territory, less than half the way to their destination, Ghias Beg's party was attacked by robbers and the family lost almost everything it owned. Left with only two mules, Ghias Beg, his expectant wife, their children, Muhammad Sharif, Abdul Hasan Asaf Khan, and one daughter, took turns riding on the backs of the animals. When the group reached Kandahar, Asmat Begum gave birth to her fourth child and second daughter, Mehr-un-Nisaa.

Marriage with Sher Afghan [link]

Mehr-Un-Nisaa was married to Sher Afghan Quli Khan when she was seventeen in 1594, the marriage arranged by Akbar. Sher Afghan was the governor of Burdwan, in Bengal. In 1605, Mehr-Un-Nisaa gave birth to a daughter, also called Mehr-Un-Nisaa (later at court she was named Ladli), Mehr-Un-Nisaa was the one and only child she ever had. In 1607, Sher Afghan Quli Khan was killed during a misunderstanding. During this time Sher Afgan Quli Khan had held the title of Sher Afgan, granted to him by Jahangir as Quli saved his life from an angry tigress. Also, during this time, Jahangir may have been asking Sher Afgan Quli Khan to give Mehr-Un-Nisaa to him, for his harem, although the truth of this is uncertain, as Jahangir married her in 1611, after she had been at court (see below) for four years.

Marriage with Jahangir [link]

The Mughal Emperor Jahangir and Prince Khurram with Nur Jahan.

The emperor Akbar died in 1605 and was succeeded by prince Salim, who took the regal name Jahangir. After her husband Sher Afghan (who was appointed as jagirdar of Bardhaman, a city in Bengal) was killed in 1607, Mehr-un-Nisaa became a lady-in-waiting to one of the Jahangir's stepmothers, Ruqayya Sultana Begum. Ruqayya was the most senior woman in the harem and had been Akbar's first and principal wife and was also the daughter of Mirza Hindal. The father of Mehr-un-Nisaa was, at that time, a diwan to an amir-ul-umra, decidedly not a very high post.

The year 1607 had not been particularly good for Mehr-un-Nisaa. Her family had fallen into disgrace. Her father, who had been holding important posts under Akbar and Jahangir, had succumbed to his only weakness, money, and had been charged with embezzlement. Moreover, due to possible involvement in the pro-Khusrau assassination attempt on Jahangir in 1607, two of Mehr-un-Nisaa's family members (one brother named Muhammad Sharif and her mother's cousin) were executed on the orders of the Emperor.

In March 1611, her fortune took a turn for the better. She met the emperor Jahangir at the palace meena bazaar during the spring festival Nowruz new year. Jahangir grew so infatuated by her beauty that he proposed immediately and they were married on May 25 of the same year becoming his twentieth wife.

Mughal empress [link]

Silver coins minted with Nur Jahan's name on it.

For Mehr-un-Nisaa's own immediate family, marriage to Jahangir became a great boon with several members receiving sizeable endowments and promotions as a result. This affection led to Nur Jahan wielding a great deal of actual power in affairs of state. The Mughal state gave absolute power to the emperor, and those who exercised influence over the emperor gained immense influence and prestige. Jahangir's addiction to opium and alcohol made it easier for Nur Jahan to exert her influence. For many years, she effectively wielded imperial power and was recognized as the real force behind the Mughal throne. She even gave audiences at her palace and the ministers consulted with her on most matters. Indeed, Jahangir even permitted coinage to be struck in her name, something that traditionally defined sovereignty.

Through Nur Jahan's influence, her family, including her brother Asaf Khan, consolidated their position at court. Asaf Khan was appointed grand Wazir (minister) to Jahangir, and his daughter Arjumand Banu Begum (later known as Mumtaz Mahal) was wed to Prince Khurram (the future Shah Jahan), the third son of Jahangir, born by the Rajput princess, Jagat Gosaini. Jahangir's eldest son Khusrau had rebelled against the Emperor and was blinded as a result. The second son, Parviz, was weak and addicted to alcohol. The fourth son was Prince Shahryar, born by a royal concubine. Khurram rebelled against his father and a war of succession broke out. Due to Khurram's intransigence, Nur Jahan shifted her support to his younger brother, Shahryar. She arranged the marriage of her own daughter Ladli Begum, born of her first marriage, to her stepson Shahryar.^[1] The two weddings ensured that one way or another, the influence of Nur Jahan's family would extend over the Mughal Empire for at least another generation.

Jahangir was captured by rebels in 1626 while he was on his way to Kashmir. Nur Jahan intervened to get her husband released. Jahangir was rescued but died on October 28, 1627. After Jahangir's death, Nur Jahan devoted some of her life to the making of perfume, particularly using falanja, an art form her mother had passed down.

Death [link]

Nur Jahan's Mausoleum in Shahdara Bagh, Lahore, Pakistan

When Jahangir died in 1628, Nur Jahan's brother Asaf Khan took the side of his son-in-law Khurrum against his sister. It was Khurram who became the new Mughal emperor under the regal name Shah Jahan. Nur Jahan was confined to a comfortable mansion for the rest of her life.

During this period, paid for and oversaw the construction of her father's mausoleum in Agra, known now as Itmad-Ud-Daulah's Tomb, and occasionally composed Persian poems under the assumed name of Makhfi.^[1]

Nur Jahan died in 17 December 1645 at age 68, and is buried at Shahdara Bagh in Lahore, Pakistan in a tomb she had built herself, near the tomb of Jahangir. Her brother Asaf Khan's tomb is also located nearby. The tomb attracts many visitors, both Pakistani and foreign, who come to enjoy pleasant walks in its beautiful gardens. All had been personally laid out and designed by Nur Jahan herself.

Nur Jahan in Pop Culture [link]

Novelist Indu Sundaresan has written two books revolving around the life of Nur Jahan, The Twentieth Wife and The Feast of the Roses
Nur Jahan's Daughter by Tanushree Podder also provides an insight into the life and journey of Nur Jahan from being a widow to the Empress and after, as seen from the perspective of her daughter.
Many poems have also been written on her life.

References [link]

^ ^a ^b Nur Jahan's power... Ain-i-Akbari, by Abul Fazl,Vol I, chpt. 305.

External links [link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Nur Jahan

v t e Mughal Empire

Emperors	Babur Humayun Akbar Jahangir Shah Jahan Aurangzeb Bahadur Shah I Jahandar Shah Furrukhsiyar Rafi Ul-Darjat Rafi Ud-Daulat Nikusiyar Muhammad Ibrahim Muhammad Shah Ahmad Shah Bahadur Alamgir II Shah Jahan III Shah Alam II Akbar Shah II Bahadur Shah II

Events	First battle of Panipat Battle of Khanwa Battle of Ghaghra Siege of Sambhal Second battle of Panipat Battle of Thanesar Siege of Chittorgarh Siege of Ranthambore Battle of Tukaroi Battle of Haldighati Battle of Supa (1596) Siege of Kandahar Battle of Rohilla (1621) Mughal-Safavid War Battle of Sironj (1631) Siege of Orchha Mughal–Safavid War Siege of Bidar Battle of Samugarh Battle of Khajwa Ahom–Mughal conflicts Battle of Poona (1663) Siege of Purandhar Battle of Surat Battle of Surat (1670) Battle of Samgamner (1679) Siege of Bijapur Siege of Golconda Siege of Raigarh (1689) Siege of Jinji Siege of Satara Siege of Parligarh Siege of Panhala (1701) Siege of Torna (1704) Siege of Wagingera Battle of Ratanpur (1706) Battle of Jajau Battle of Sirhind (1710) Battle of Rahon (1710) Battle of Patgram Siege of Gurdaspur Battle of Hasanpur Battle of Ratanpur (1720) Battle of Shakarkhelda Battle of Palkhed Battle of Amjhera Siege of Ujjain Battle of Dabhoi Battle of Riwas Siege of Bhopal First Battle of Delhi Battle of Karnal Battle of Damalcherry Siege of Trichinopoly (1741) Siege of Trichinopoly (1743) Battle of Burdwan Carnatic Wars Battle of Adyar Battle of Manipur Battle of Ambur Battle of Sikandarabad Battle of Arcot Battle of Plassey Battle of Sindkhed (1757) Battle of Patna Battle of Sirpur Battle of Birpur Battle of Siwan Battle of Sikandarabad (1760) Third battle of Panipat Battle of Murshidabad Battle of Gherain Battle of Oondwa Nullah Battle of Rakshasbhuvan Battle of Buxar Battle of Pollilur Battle of Gajendragad Battle of Tunga (1787) Battle of Patan (1790) Siege of Rohtas (1795) Siege of Seringapatam (1799) Battle of Badli-ki-Serai Siege of Delhi Battle of Najafgarh Battle of Agra Battle of Chinhat

Architecture	Taj Mahal Fatehpur Sikri Humayun's Tomb Red Fort Shahjahan Mosque Lahore Fort Jahangiri Mahal Lalbagh Fort Akbar's Tomb Agra Fort Jahangir Mahal Lalbagh Fort Chawk Mosque Shalimar Gardens Achabal Gardens Jahangir's Tomb Bibi Ka Maqbara Badshahi Mosque Shahi Bridge Shah Jahan Mosque, Thatta Sheesh Mahal (Lahore) Suneri Mosque Wazir Khan Mosque more

Adversaries	Ibrahim Lodi Rana Sanga Sher Shah Suri Hemu Maharana Pratap Malik Ambar Guru Hargobind Banda Singh Gokula Shivaji Sambhaji Sir Josiah Child Guru Gobind Singh Jassa Singh Ahluwalia Henry Every Sadashivrao Bhau Nadir Shah Hector Munro Suraj Mal Baji Rao I

Successor states	Marathas Durranis Hotakis Mysore Sikhs Bengal Awadh Hyderabad Carnatic Rajputs Jats Bangash Pathans Rohilkhand

Persondata
Name	Jahan, Nur
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	1577
Place of birth	Kandahar, Mughal Empire
Date of death	1645
Place of death	Lahore, Mughal Empire

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File:Shyamal Mitra.jpg

Shyamal Mitra

Shyamal Mitra (14th January, 1929 - 15th November, 1987) was a Bengali singer, composer and producer. Along with Hemanta Mukherjee and Manna Dey, he was the most notable musician of the golden era of Bengali music industry. His baritone voice reflected a range of emotions. Beside recording a huge number of popular Bengali basic songs, he also worked as playback singer in more than hundred Bengali movies and directed music in more that fifty Bengali films. He also sang in various other Indian languages, like Hindi, Assamese and Oriya.

1 Early Life
2 Journey as Musician
3 Shyamal Mitra as Music Composer
4 Shyamal Mitra as Playback Singer
5 References
6 External links

Early Life [link]

Shyamal Mitra was born in Naihati, a city near Kolkata, India. His father, Dr. Sadhan Kumar Mitra, was a reputed doctor over there. The father wanted his son to follow his foot steps and to become a doctor, but the son was very keen about music and always inspired by his mother and the local singer Mrinal Kanti Ghosh. People associated with the I.P.T.A. movement used to visit Sadhan-babu's house and this gave the chance to yound Shyamal Mitra to come in contact with Salil Chowdhury. Young Shyamal Mitra and his youngest sister Reba used to sing “O Aalor Pathajatree” on the road for I.P.T.A.

Shyamal Mitra went to Hooghly Mohsin College for graduation degree. There he met Satinath Mukhopadhyay, another prominent exponent of Modern music. Satinath inspired him like anything. Then Shyamal Mitra came to Kolkata and met Sudhirlal Chackraborty. That was the turning point of his life. He started struggling till he got a chance to playback in "Sunandar Biye”, with Supriti Ghosh in 1949, and recorded his first basic songs from H.M.V. under the supervision of Sudhirlal Chackraborty. After the sad demise of Sudhirlal Chackraborty in 1952, he recorded “Smriti Tumi Bedonar”. That was the turning point and he never looked back after that. He became one of the leading singer and composer of the country.

Journey as Musician [link]

Shyamal Mitra started working both as singer and music composer for the Bengali music industry. During the fifties and early sixties he composed music for hit films like "Joy Maa Kali Boarding", "Jamalaye Jibonto Manush", "Bhranti Bilash". During this period he also worked as playback singer in many Bengali films.

In 1963, he produced a film called “Deya Nega” and that film was another milestone of his carrier. Then he produced more films like “Rajkanya", "Kheya", and "Ami Se O Sakha”. He was also the distributor & producer of “Nasimpur”.

Shyamal Mitra went to Mumbai in early fifties with Salil Chowdhury. He worked in 3 films “Musafer”, “Biraj Bou”, and “Naukri”. In 1973, he again went to Mumbai. He worked in Shakti Samanta’s films, like “Amanush”, “Ananda Ashram”, F.C.Mehra’s film “Bandi”, Basu Chatterjee’s films like "Safed Shooth”, “Mamta” etc. He came back to Kolkata again and created many hit tracks in both Bengali basic and film songs.

Shyamal Mitra got a long association with All India Radio. He also sang in the famous Mahisasura Mardini programme of All India Radio.

Beside modern Bengali song and film song, Shyamal Mitra worked with many other different forms of Bengali music like Rabindrasangeet, Nazrul Geeti, "Chotoder Gaan", and Atul Prasadi. As a music composer, he also worked in a Yatra Pala called "Bibi Anondomoyee".

As music composer, Shyamal Mitra worked with almost all the major artists like [[Hemanta Kumar Mukhopadhyay]], Tarun Bandyopadhyay, Dhananjay Bhattacharya, Pratima Bandyopadhyay, Sandhya Mukhopadhyay, Satinath Mukhopadhyay, Ila Basu, Supriti Ghosh, Gayatri Basu, Talat Mahmood.

As an actor, Shyamal Mitra, worked in couple of Bengali movies like Sharey Chuattar and Saapmochan.

Shyamal Mitra died in 15th Nov. 1987, leaving behind his wife Protima Mitra, son Saibal Mitra and Saikat Mitra, daughter Monobina.

Bengali audience will never forget his songs like "Gaane Bhubon Bhoriye Debe", "Amar Sopne Dekha Rajkonyya", "Ami Tomar Kachei Phire Ashbo", "Ke Jane Kobe Abar", "O Mon Kokhon Suru", "Tinti Montro Niye Jader Jibon", "O Shimul Bon", "Emono Din Ashte Pare", "Sediner Sona Jhora Sondha", "Naam Rakhechi Bonolata", "Ei Sundor Prithibi Chere", and many others.

Shyamal Mitra as Music Composer [link]

Film Name	Year
Lakh Taka	1953
Joy Maa Kali Boarding	1955
Jamalaye Jibonto Manush	1958
Deli Passenger	1958
Bhranti	1959
Sokher Chor	1960
Hashi Sudhu Hashi Noi	1963
Bhranti Bilash	1963
Deya Neya	1963
Saptarshi	1964
Trishna	1965
Rajkanya	1965
Kheya	1967
Hotath Dekha	1967
Gor Nashimpur	1968
Bibaha Bibhrat	1969
Duranta Charai	1969
Samantaral	1970
Padmagolap	1970
Pratibad	1971
Janani	1971
Jiban Jiggasha	1971
Bhanu Goyenda Jahar Assistant	1971
Andha Atit	1972
Banpalashir Padabali	1973
Chithi	1973
Amanush	1974
Phulu Thakurma	1975
Ami Se O Sokha	1975
Rajbangsha	1977
Ajashra Dhonnyobad	1977
Jaal Sanyashi	1977
Ananda Ashram	1977
Bandi	1978
Nishan	1978
Dhanraj Tamang	1978
Priyatama	1980
Khana Baraha	1981
Bandi Balaka	1981
Kalankini	1981
Maayer Ashirbaad	1982
Maatir Sorgo	1982
Songsarer Itikotha	1983
Kenaram Becharam	1986
Mohamilan	1987
Ekaki	1990

Shyamal Mitra as Playback Singer [link]

Film Name	Year
Sunandaar Biye	1951
Antaraal	1965
Aakashpradeep	1963
Asamaptaa	1956
Aabak Prithivi	1959
Onno Maati Onno Rong	1971
Angikaar	1966
Abhaya O Shrikanto	1965
Oshru Diye Lekha	1966
Agnisikha	1962
Andhar Surya	1969
Alo Andhare	1974
Bodhubaran	1967
Baaluchori	1968
Bhagya	1971
Bhagabaan ShriShriRamakrishna	1955
Bhanu Pelo Lottery	1958
Chutir Ghonta	1976
Deep Nebhe Nai	1964
Dashhu Mohan	1955
Dwiper Naam Tiarang	1963
Dersho Khokaar Kando	1959
Eaktaara	1957
E Johor Se Johor Noy	1959
Hangshamithun	1968
Cheenamukh / Kaantataar	1964
Kamallata	1969
Kaajal	1962
Kostipathar	1964
Kothin Maaya	1961
Keri Saheber Munshi	1961
Kono Eakdin	1960
Kichukhhon	1959
Krishnarjun	1982
Laalpathor	1964
Maahut Bondhure	1959
Maayar Songsaar	1962
Muktisnaan	1970
Mohalogno	1965
Maamlar Phol	1956
Noder Nimai	1960
Nirdharito Silpir Onuposthitite	1959
Nishipadma	1970
Nokol Sona	1973
Prostor Sakhhor	1967
Pandober Bonobaas	1966
Panna Hire Chuni	1969
Roktorekha	1968
Rajodrohi	1966
Raatbhor	1955
Ruposhi	1970
Saapmochon	1955
Sagarika	1956
SriKrishna Sudama	1955
Sindur	1957
Sashibabur Songsaar	1959
Silalipi	-
Sunobaranari	1960
Sohorer Itikotha	1960
Sona Boudi	1970
Saraswatir Protigga	-
Taa Hole	1964
Upohaar	1955
Utsorgo	1983
Mondomodhur	1981
Nishitrishna	1978
Aami Ratan	1979
Noya Michil	1972
Daabi	1974
Bonpalashir Podaboli	1972
Ogo Suncho	1957
Bonjotsna	1969
Sachimaar Songsaar	1971
Biraaj Bou	1972
Ekadoshi	-
Tir Bhanga Dheu	1977
Roktojoba	1985
Sare Chuattor	1953
G T Road	1979
Behula Lokhindor	1977
Bhagyalipi	1979
Dub De Mon Kali Bole	1979
Haashitukui Thaak	-
Sondhay Surya	-
Bhorer Kuasha	-
Baari Theke Paliye	1959
Mriter Morte Agomon	1959
Shakuntala	1971
Archana	1972
Chupi Chupi	-
Aapanjan	1968
Maatir Putul	-
Maa O Meye	1969
Raajpurush	1987
Prithibi Amare Chai	1957
Sei Chookh	1976
Omor Prem	-
Jibon Moron	1983
Surer Poroshe	1957
Punormilan	1957
Aparadhi	1988
Aamader Desh	-
Dui Bondhu	-

References [link]

^[1]

^ Shyamal Mitra, Aajkal, ISBN 978-81-7990-115-1

External links [link]

Persondata
Name	Mitra, Shyamal
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	14 January 1929
Place of birth	Naihati,24 Parganas
Date of death	15 November 1987
Place of death	Calcutta,West Bengal

This article about an Indian singer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

http://wn.com/Shyamal_Mitra

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Joya Ahsan (Bengali: জয়া আহসান) is a Bangladeshi model and actress.

1 Early life
2 Notable works
3 Honours
4 References
5 External links

Early life [link]

In her early age Bangladeshi Actress Joya was attracted to music and dancing. Although her father wanted her to be a service-holder, Joya was interested in building her career in music and drawing. Besides her studies, she took a diploma course in Rabindra Sangeet and also undertook training in classical music. Her passion about art also carried her along as she made a solo art exhibition of her own. She also opened a music school.she was born in 1972

According to Joya, Faisal, her husband, inspired her a lot after their marriage. Then she worked in Giashuddin Selim’s Shongshoy and it took her into the spotlight. She is now acting on the film 'Guerrilla' which is based on the famous ‘Nishiddho Loban’ by eminent poet-writer Syed Shamsul Haque. ^[1] There is a rumour that Faisal and Joya is now separated. but this in not true.Joya denied their separation many times. The news of their separation published in few dailies was baseless, as there was no concrete proof. And they didn't even talked to jaya and Faisal before making the story.

Recently, Joya Ahsan acted in Bangla movie named GUERILLA which brings her a huge popularity.

Notable works [link]

Filmography [link]

Guerrilla (2011)
Dubsatar (2010)
Bachelor (2003)

Honours [link]

After working in the teledramma Anechy Shurjer Hashi, she became the brand ambassador of the US Aids to help the women and children.^[2]

References [link]

^ "Joya to stay at Rangpur for one month to shoot ‘Guerrilla’". BdModel.Net | Latest News of Bangladeshi models and Celebrities.
^ Chutir Dine, Prothom Alo, April 8, 2006.

External links [link]

Joya Ahsan IMDb
Bangladeshi Actress Joya Ahsan
Joya to stay at Rangpur for one month to shoot 'Guerrilla'
Joya Ahsan Short Bio

Persondata
Name	Ahsan, Joya
Alternative names
Short description	Model, actress
Date of birth
Place of birth
Date of death
Place of death

http://wn.com/Joya_Ahsan

This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joya_Ahsan

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.

Naheed Niazi
Born	26 February 1941 (70 Years)
Origin	Punjab, Pakistan
Genres	Playback singing
Occupations	Singer
Years active	1958–Present

Naheed Niazi is a Pakistani playback singer. She started her singing career in late 1950s and her first hit was a duet with Ahmed Rushdi. She married with composer Muslehuddin who composed numerous hits for her. Soon after marriage they migrated to UK, which was a tremendous setback for Pakistani cinema. Both of them regularly made their appearance for the music program for children in the late 1960s.^[1] She is currently performing across the UK in a very successful sold out comeback tour.

References [link]

^ http://anisshakur.tripod.com/id72.html

Persondata
Name	Nahid Niazi Moslehuddin
Alternative names
Short description	Pakistani Female Singer
Date of birth	26 February 1941
Place of birth	Lahore, Pakistan
Date of death
Place of death

http://wn.com/Naheed_Niazi

This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naheed_Niazi

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.

Nur, Samzus Jahan Filmography

Make changes yourself !

Contents

Birth [link]

Marriage with Sher Afghan [link]

Marriage with Jahangir [link]

Mughal empress [link]

Death [link]

Nur Jahan in Pop Culture [link]

See also [link]

References [link]

Further reading [link]

External links [link]

http://wn.com/Nur_Jahan

Related pages:

http://fr.wn.com/Nûr Jahân

http://nl.wn.com/Nur Jahan

http://de.wn.com/Nur Jahan

http://es.wn.com/Nur Jehan

Contents

Early Life [link]

Journey as Musician [link]

Shyamal Mitra as Music Composer [link]

Shyamal Mitra as Playback Singer [link]

References [link]

External links [link]

http://wn.com/Shyamal_Mitra

Contents

Early life [link]

Notable works [link]

Filmography [link]

Drama Serials [link]

Ak porber Natok (One episode Drama)[link]

Honours [link]

References [link]

External links [link]

http://wn.com/Joya_Ahsan

References [link]

http://wn.com/Naheed_Niazi