{| align=right |- | |- | |- | |} Tyburn was a village in the county of Middlesex close to the current location of Marble Arch in present-day London. It took its name from the Tyburn or Teo Bourne 'boundary stream', a tributary of the River Thames which is now completely covered over between its source and its outfall into the Thames.

The name was almost universally used in literature to refer to the notorious and uniquely designed gallows, used for centuries as the primary location of the execution of London criminals.

History

The village was one of two manors of the parish of Marylebone, which was itself named after the stream, ''St Marylebone'' being a contraction of ''St Mary's church by the bourne''. Tyburn was recorded in the Domesday Book and stood approximately at the west end of what is now Oxford Street at the junction of two Roman roads. The predecessors of Oxford Street and Park Lane were roads leading to the village, then called Tyburn Road and Tyburn Lane respectively.

In the 1230s and 1240s the village of Tyburn was held by Gilbert de Sandford, the son of John de Sandford who had been the Chamberlain of Queen Eleanor. Eleanor had been the wife of King Henry II who encouraged her sons Henry and Richard to rebel against her husband, King Henry. In 1236 the city of London contracted with Sir Gilbert to draw water from Tyburn Springs, which he held, to serve as the source of the first piped water supply for the city. The water was supplied in lead pipes that ran from where Bond Street Station stands today, half a mile east of Hyde Park, down to the hamlet of Charing (Charing Cross), along Fleet Street and over the Fleet Bridge, climbing Ludgate Hill (by gravitational pressure) to a public conduit at Cheapside. Water was supplied for free to all comers.

Tyburn had significance from ancient times and was marked by a monument known as ''Oswulf's Stone'', which gave its name to the Ossulstone Hundred of Middlesex. The stone was covered over in 1851 when Marble Arch was moved to the area, but it was shortly afterwards unearthed and propped up against the Arch. It has not been seen since 1869.

Tyburn gallows

Executions took place at Tyburn until the late 18th century (with the prisoners processed from Newgate Prison in the City, via St Giles in the Fields and Oxford Street), after which they were carried out at Newgate itself and at Horsemonger Lane Gaol in Southwark.

The first recorded execution took place at a site next to the stream in 1196. William Fitz Osbern, the populist leader of the poor of London was cornered in the church of St Mary le Bow. He was dragged naked behind a horse to Tyburn, where he was hanged. In 1537, Henry VIII used Tyburn to execute the ringleaders of the Pilgrimage of Grace, including Nicholas Tempest, one of the northern leaders of the Pilgrimage and the King's own Bowbearer of the Forest of Bowland.

In 1571, the "Tyburn Tree" was erected near the modern Marble Arch. The "Tree" or "Triple Tree" was a novel form of gallows, comprising a horizontal wooden triangle supported by three legs (an arrangement known as a "three-legged mare" or "three-legged stool"). Several felons could thus be hanged at once, and so the gallows were used for mass executions, such as on 23 June 1649 when 24 prisoners – 23 men and one woman – were hanged simultaneously, having been conveyed there in eight carts.

The Tree stood in the middle of the roadway, providing a major landmark in west London and presenting a very obvious symbol of the law to travellers. After executions, the bodies would be buried nearby or in later times removed for dissection by anatomists.

The first victim of the "Tyburn Tree" was Dr John Story, a Roman Catholic who refused to recognize Elizabeth I. Among the more notable individuals suspended from the "Tree" in the following centuries were John Bradshaw, Henry Ireton and Oliver Cromwell, who were already dead but were disinterred and hanged at Tyburn in January 1661 on the orders of Charles II in an act of posthumous revenge for their part in the beheading of his father.

The executions were public spectacles and proved extremely popular, attracting crowds of thousands. The enterprising villagers of Tyburn erected large spectator stands so that as many as possible could see the hangings (for a fee). On one occasion, the stands collapsed, reportedly killing and injuring hundreds of people. This did not prove a deterrent, however, and the executions continued to be treated as public holidays, with London apprentices being given the day off for them. One such event was depicted by William Hogarth in his satirical print, ''The Idle 'Prentice Executed at Tyburn'' (1747).

Tyburn was commonly invoked in euphemisms for capital punishment – for instance, to "take a ride to Tyburn" (or simply "go west") was to go to one's hanging, "Lord of the Manor of Tyburn" was the public hangman, "dancing the Tyburn jig" was the act of being hanged, and so on. Convicts would be transported to the site in an open ox-cart from Newgate Prison. They were expected to put on a good show, wearing their finest clothes and going to their deaths with insouciance. The crowd would cheer a "good dying", but would jeer any displays of weakness on the part of the condemned.

On 19 April 1779, clergyman James Hackman was hanged there following his 7 April murder of courtesan and socialite Martha Ray, his former lover, and the mistress of John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich. The Tyburn gallows were last used on 3 November 1783, when John Austin, a highwayman, was hanged. The site of the gallows is now marked by three brass triangles mounted on the pavement on an island in the middle of Edgware Road at its junction with Bayswater Road. It is also commemorated by the Tyburn Convent, a Catholic convent dedicated to the memory of martyrs executed there and in other locations for the Catholic faith.

Tyburn today remains the point at which Watling Street, the modern A5 begins. It continues in straight sections to Holyhead. According to an 1850 publication, the site was at No. 49. Connaught Square.

Some notable executions at Tyburn (in chronological order)

{| class=wikitable !width=140| Name !!width=130| Date !! Cause |- | Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March ||align=right| 29 November 1330 || Accused of assuming royal power; hanged without trial. |- | Sir Humphrey Stafford of Grafton ||align=right| 8 July 1486 || Accused of siding with Richard III; hanged without trial on orders of Henry VII. |- | Michael An Gof & Thomas Flamank ||align=right| 27 June 1497 || Leaders of the 1st Cornish Rebellion of 1497. |- | Perkin Warbeck ||align=right| 23 November 1499 || Treason; pretender to the throne of Henry VII of England by passing himself off as Richard IV, the younger of the two Princes in the Tower. Leader of the 2nd Cornish Rebellion of 1497. |- | Elizabeth Barton "The Holy Maid of Kent" ||align=right| 20 April 1534 || Treason; a nun who unwisely prophesied that King Henry VIII would die within six months if he married Anne Boleyn. |- | John Houghton ||align=right| 4 May 1535 || Prior of the Charterhouse who refused to swear the oath condoning King Henry VIII's divorce of Catherine of Aragon. |- |Thomas FitzGerald, 10th Earl of Kildare ||align=right| 3 Feb 1537 || Rebel, renounced his allegiance to Henry VIII. At length, on the 3rd of February, 1537, the Earl, after imprisonment of sixteen months, and five of his uncles, of eleven months, were executed as traitors at Tyburn, being drawn, hung and quartered. The Irish Government, not satisfied with the arrest of the Earl alone wrote to Cromwell and was determined that the five uncles (James, Oliver, Richard, John and Walter) should be arrested also. ref. The Earls of Kildare and their Ancestors. By the Marquis of Kildare. Third addition 1858. The sole male representative to the Kildare Geraldines was then smuggled to safety by his tutor at the age of twelve. Gerald FitzGerald, 11th Earl of Kildare (1525–1585), also known as the "Wizard Earl". |- |Thomas Fiennes, 9th Baron Dacre ||align=right| 29 June 1541 || Lord Dacre was convicted of murder after being involved in the death of a gamekeeper whilst taking part in a poaching expedition on the lands of Sir Nicholas Pelham of Laughton. |- | Francis Dereham ||align=right| 10 December 1541 || A courtier of King Henry VIII who had an affair with his fifth wife, Queen Catherine Howard. Unusually, Culpeper was beheaded, a death normally reserved for the nobility, carried out at Tower Hill. Culpeper and Francis Dereham were both sentenced to be 'hanged, drawn and quartered' but Henry ordered that Culpeper's sentence be commuted to beheading on account of his previously good relationship with Henry. The unfortunate Dereham suffered the full sentence. |- | William Leech of Fulletby ||align=right| 8 May 1543 || A ringleader of the rebellion called the Pilgrimage of Grace in 1536, Leech escaped to Scotland. He murdered the Somerset Herald, Thomas Trahern, at Dunbar on 25 November 1542, causing an international incident, and was delivered for hanging in London. |- | Humphrey Arundell ||align=right| 27 January 1550 ||rowspan=1| Leader of the Cornish Rebellion against the English in 1549 - sometimes known as the Prayer Book Rebellion |- | Edmund Campion ||align=right| 1 December 1581 ||rowspan=8| Roman Catholic priests. |- | John Adams ||align=right rowspan=3| 8 October 1586 |- | Robert Dibdale |- | John Lowe |- | Robert Southwell ||align=right| 21 February 1595 |- | Philip Powel||align=right| 30 June 1646 |- | Peter Wright||align=right| 19 May 1651 |- | John Southworth ||align=right| 28 June 1654 |- | Oliver Cromwell ||align=right| 30 January 1661 || posthumous execution following exhumation of his body from Westminster Abbey. |- | Robert Hubert ||align=right| 28 September 1666 || Falsely confessed to starting the Great Fire of London. |- | Claude Duval ||align=right| 21 January 1670 || Highwayman. |- | Saint Oliver Plunkett ||align=right| 1 July 1681 || Archbishop of Armagh, Primate of All Ireland and martyr. |- |Jane Voss ||align=right| 19 December 1684 || Robbing on the highway, high treason, murder, and felony |- | William Chaloner ||align=right| 23 March 1699 || Notorious coiner and counterfeiter, convicted of high treason partly on evidence gathered by Isaac Newton |- | Jack Hall ||align=right| 1707 || A chimney-sweep, hanged for committing a burglary. There is a folk-song about him, which bears his name (and another song with the variant name of Sam Hall). |- | Jack Sheppard "Gentleman Jack" ||align=right| 16 November 1724 || Notorious thief and multiple escapee. |- | Jonathan Wild ||align=right| 24 May 1725 || Organized crime lord. |- | James MacLaine "The Gentleman Highwayman" ||align=right| 3 October 1750 || Highwayman. |- | Laurence Shirley, 4th Earl Ferrers ||align=right| 5 May 1760 || The last peer to be hanged for murder. |- | John Rann "Sixteen String Jack" ||align=right| 30 November 1774 || Highwayman |- | Rev. James Hackman ||align=right| 19 April 1779 || Hanged for the murder of Martha Ray, mistress of John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich. |- | John Austin ||align=right| 3 November 1783 || A highwayman, the last person to be executed at Tyburn. |}

See also

Carthusian Martyrs

References

Chronicle of Britain ISBN 1-872031-35-8

Category:Capital punishment in the United Kingdom Category:Districts of London Category:Execution sites Category:History of Westminster Category:16th-century Roman Catholic martyrs

bg:Тайбърн cy:Tyburn de:Tyburn es:Tyburn eo:Tyburn fr:Tyburn (village) it:Tyburn (Londra) he:טייברן nl:Tyburn ja:タイバーン no:Tyburn ru:Тайберн sv:Tyburn

name	Peter Ackroyd
birth date	October 05, 1949
birth place	East Acton, Middlesex, England
occupation	Author, Critic
nationality	British
period	Last half of the 20th century, beginning of the 21st century
genre	Biography, Drama, Essays, Fiction, Literary criticism, Non-fiction, Poetry, Short stories
subject	London and its inhabitants, English history and culture
website	}}

Peter Ackroyd CBE (born 5 October 1949, East Acton, Middlesex) is an English biographer, novelist and critic with a particular interest in the history and culture of London. For his novels about English history and culture and his biographies of, among others, Charles Dickens, T. S. Eliot and Sir Thomas More he won the Somerset Maugham Award and two Whitbread Awards. He was awarded a CBE in 2003.

Life and work

Peter Ackroyd was educated at St. Benedict's, Ealing and at Clare College, Cambridge, from which he graduated with a double first in English literature. In 1972, he was a Mellon Fellow at Yale University. The result of this fellowship was ''Notes for a New Culture'', written when Ackroyd was only 22 and eventually published in 1976. The title, an echo of T. S. Eliot's ''Notes Towards the Definition of Culture'' (1948), was an early indication of Ackroyd's penchant for exploring and reexamining the works of other London-based writers.

Ackroyd worked at ''The Spectator'' magazine between 1973 and 1977 and became joint managing editor in 1978. He worked as chief book reviewer for ''The Times'' and a regular broadcaster on radio. Since 1984 he is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature.

Ackroyd's literary career began with poetry, including such works as ''London Lickpenny'' (1973) and ''The Diversions of Purley'' (1987). In 1982 he published ''The Great Fire of London'', his first novel which is a reworking of Charles Dickens's novel ''Little Dorrit''. The novel set the stage for the long sequence of novels Ackroyd has produced since, all of which deal in some way with the complex interaction of time and space and what Ackroyd calls "the spirit of place". In his novels he often contrasts historical segments with segments set in the present-day (e.g. ''The Great Fire of London'', ''Hawksmoor'', ''The House of Doctor Dee''). Many of Ackroyd's novels play in London and deal with the ever changing, but at the same time stubbornly consistent nature of the city.

Often this theme is explored through the city's artists, especially its writers: Oscar Wilde in ''The Last Testament of Oscar Wilde'' (1983), a fake autobiography of Wilde; Nicholas Hawksmoor, Sir Christopher Wren and Sir John Vanbrugh in ''Hawksmoor'' (1985); Thomas Chatterton and George Meredith in ''Chatterton'' (1987); John Dee in ''The House of Dr Dee'' (1993); Dan Leno, Karl Marx, George Gissing and Thomas de Quincey in ''Dan Leno and the Limehouse Golem'' (1994); John Milton in ''Milton in America'' (1996); Charles Lamb in ''The Lambs of London''.

''Hawksmoor'', winner of both the Whitbread Novel Award and the Guardian Fiction Prize, was inspired by Iain Sinclair's poem 'Lud Heat' (1975), which speculated on a mystical power from the positioning of the six churches Nicholas Hawksmoor built. The novel gives Hawksmoor a Satanical motive for the siting of his buildings, and creates a modern namesake, a policeman investigating a series of murders. ''Chatterton'' (1987), a similarly layered novel explores plagiarism and forgery and was shortlisted for the Booker Prize.

One of Ackroyd's best known works, ''London: The Biography'', is an extensive and thorough discussion of London through the ages. In 1994 he was interviewed about the London Psychogeographical Association in an article for ''The Observer'' where he remarked:

:"I truly believe that there are certain people to whom or through whom the territory, the place, the past speaks . . . Just as it seems possible to me that a street or dwelling can materially affect the character and behaviour of the people who dwell in them, is it not also possible that within this city (London) and within its culture are patterns of sensibility or patterns of response which have persisted from the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries and perhaps even beyond?"

In the sequence ''London: The Biography'' (2000), ''Albion: The Origins of the English Imagination'' (2002), and ''Thames: Sacred River'' (2007), Ackroyd has produced works of what he considers historical sociology. These books trace themes in London and English culture from the ancient past to the present, drawing again on his favoured notion of almost spiritual lines of connection rooted in place and stretching across time.

His fascination with London literary and artistic figures is also displayed in the sequence of biographies he has produced of Ezra Pound (1980), T. S. Eliot (1984), Charles Dickens (1990), William Blake (1995), Thomas More (1998), Chaucer (2004), William Shakespeare (2005), and J. M. W. Turner. The city itself stands astride all these works, as it does in the fiction. Ackroyd was forced to think of new methods of biography writing in ''T. S. Eliot'' when he was told he couldn't quote extensively from Eliot's poetry and unpublished letters.

From 2003 to 2005, Ackroyd wrote a six-book non-fiction series (''Voyages Through Time''), intended for readers as young as eight, his first work for children. The critically acclaimed series ("Not just sound-bite snacks for short attention spans, but unfolding feasts that leave you with a sense of wonder", ''The Sunday Times'') is an extensive narrative of key periods in world history.

Works

Fiction

1971 ''Ouch''

1973 ''Lickpenny''

1982 ''The Great Fire of London''

1983 ''The Last Testament of Oscar Wilde''

1985 ''Hawksmoor''

1987 ''The Diversions of Purley and Other Poems''

1987 ''Chatterton''

1989 ''First Light''

1992 ''English Music''

1993 ''The House of Doctor Dee''

1994 ''Dan Leno and the Limehouse Golem'' (also published as ''The Trial of Elizabeth Cree'')

1996 ''Milton in America''

1999 ''The Plato Papers''

2000 ''The Mystery of Charles Dickens''

2003 ''The Clerkenwell Tales''

2004 ''The Lambs of London''

2006 ''The Fall of Troy''

2008 ''The Casebook of Victor Frankenstein''

2009 ''The Canterbury Tales – A Retelling''

Non-Fiction

1976 ''Notes for a New Culture: An Essay on Modernism''

1978 ''Country Life''

1979 ''Dressing Up: Transvestism and Drag, the History of an Obsession''

1980 ''Ezra Pound and His World''

1984 ''T. S. Eliot''

1987 ''Dickens' London: An Imaginative Vision''

1989 ''Ezra Pound and his World'' (1989)

1990 ''Dickens''

1991 ''Introduction to Dickens''

1995 ''Blake''

1998 ''The Life of Thomas More''

2000 ''London: The Biography''

2001 ''The Collection: Journalism, Reviews, Essays, Short Stories, Lectures''

2002 ''Dickens: Public Life and Private Passion''

2002 ''Albion: The Origins of the English Imagination''

2003 ''The Beginning''

2003 ''Illustrated London''

2004 ''Escape From Earth''

2004 ''Ancient Egypt''

2004 ''Chaucer''

2004 ''Shakespeare: A Biography''

2005 ''Ancient Greece''

2005 ''Ancient Rome''

2005 ''Turner''

2007 ''Thames: Sacred River''

2008 ''Coffee with Dickens'' (with Paul Schlicke)

2008 ''Newton''

2008 ''Poe: A Life Cut Short''

2009 ''Venice: Pure City''

2010 ''The English Ghost''

2011 ''London Under''

Television

2002 ''Dickens'' (BBC)

2004 ''London'' (BBC)

2006 ''The Romantics'' (BBC)

2007 ''London Visions'' (BBC)

2008 ''Peter Ackroyd's Thames'' (ITV)

2009 ''Peter Ackroyd's Venice'' (BBC)

Honours and Awards

1984 Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature

1984 Heinemann Award (joint winner) for ''T. S. Eliot''

1984 Somerset Maugham Award for ''The Last Testament of Oscar Wilde''

1984 Whitbread Biography Award for ''T. S. Eliot''

1985 Guardian Fiction Prize for ''Hawksmoor''

1985 Whitbread Novel Award for ''Hawksmoor''

1988 Booker Prize for Fiction-Nomination (shortlist) for ''Chatterton''

1998 James Tait Black Memorial Prize (for biography) for ''The Life of Thomas More''

2001 South Bank Show Annual Award for Literature for ''London: The Biography''

2003 British Book Awards Illustrated Book of the Year-Nomination (shortlist) for ''Illustrated London''

2003 CBE

2006 Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences

See also

List of children's non-fiction writers

References

External links

Detailed biography at contemporarywriters.com

Category:1949 births Category:Alumni of Clare College, Cambridge Category:Fellows of the Royal Society of Literature Category:English biographers Category:English children's writers Category:English historians Category:English novelists Category:English historical novelists Category:Commanders of the Order of the British Empire Category:Living people Category:Old Priorians Category:People from Acton, London Category:Psychogeographers Category:Chaucer scholars Category:Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences Category:Postmodern writers

bn:পিটার এক্‌রয়েড da:Peter Ackroyd de:Peter Ackroyd es:Peter Ackroyd fr:Peter Ackroyd la:Petrus Ackroyd no:Peter Ackroyd pl:Peter Ackroyd pt:Peter Ackroyd ru:Акройд, Питер sh:Peter Ackroyd fi:Peter Ackroyd sv:Peter Ackroyd (f. 1949)

Name	Saint Anne
Feast day	July 26 (Western calendar) and July 25 (Eastern calendar)
Venerated in	ChristianityIslamAglipayan Church
Birth place	c. 1st century B.C.E.
Titles	Mother of the Virgin, Mystic, Maternal Heroine, Woman of Amram
Attributes	Book, door, with Mary, Jesus or Joachim
Patronage	carpenters; childless people; equestrians; grandparents; homemakers/housewives; lace makers; lost articles; Fasnia(Tenerife); Mainar; Detroit; miners; mothers; moving house; old-clothes dealers; poverty; pregnancy; seamstresses; stablemen; sterility
Issues	}}

Saint Hanna (also Ann or Anna, from Hebrew Hannah חַנָּה, meaning "favor" or "grace") of David's house and line, was the mother of the Virgin Mary and grandmother of Jesus Christ according to Christian and Islamic tradition. English ''Anne'' is derived from Greek rendering of her Hebrew name Hannah. Mary's mother is not named in the canonical gospels or the Qur'an.

Church tradition

The story bears a similarity to that of the birth of Samuel, whose mother Hannah had also been childless. Although Hanna receives little attention in the Western church prior to the late 12th century, dedications to Hanna in the Eastern church occur as early as the 6th century. In the Eastern Orthodox Churches and Eastern Catholic Churches, she is revered as Hanna. In the Eastern Orthodox tradition, Hanna, is ascribed the title ''Forbear of God'', and both the Birth of Mary and the Dedication of Mary to the Temple are celebrated as two of the Twelve Great Feasts. The Dormition of Hanna is also a minor feast in the Eastern Church.

Islamic view of Anne

Anne (Arabic: ''Hannah'') is also a revered woman in Islam, and she is recognized as a highly spiritual woman and the mother of Mary. The daughter of Faqud, Hannah was childless until her old age. She saw a bird feeding its young while sitting in the shade of a tree, which made her want children of her own. She prayed for a child and eventually conceived. Her husband, known as Imran in the Qur'an, died before the child was born. Expecting the child to be male, Hannah vowed to dedicate him to isolation and the service in the Temple. However, Hannah bore a daughter instead, and she named her Mary. Her words after the birth of Mary reflect her status as a great mystic. Hannah wanted a son, but she realized that the daughter was God's gift to her.

Legends

Varying theologians have believed either that Joachim was Anne's only husband or that she was married thrice. Ancient belief, attested to by a sermon of St John Damascene, was that Anne married once. In late medieval times, legend held that Anne was married three times, first to Joachim, then to Clopas and finally to a man named Solomas and that each marriage produced one daughter: Mary, mother of Jesus, Mary of Clopas, and Mary Salomae, respectively. The sister of Saint Hanna was Sobe who was the mother of Saint Elizabeth.

Similarly, in the 4th century and then much later in the 15th century, a belief arose that Mary was born of Anne by virgin birth. Those believers included the 16th century mystic Valentine Weigel who claimed Anne conceived Mary by the power of the Holy Spirit. This belief was also condemned as an error by the Catholic Church in 1677. Instead, the Church teaches that Mary was conceived in the normal fashion, but that she was miraculously preserved from original sin in order to make her fit to bear Christ. The conception of Mary free from original sin is termed the Immaculate Conception—which is frequently confused with the Virgin Birth or Incarnation of Christ.

Ann in art

The iconographic subject of Joachim and Anne ''The Meeting at the Golden Gate'' fitted both views, and was a regular component of artistic cycles of the Life of the Virgin. The couple meet at the "Golden Gate" of Jerusalem and embrace. They are aware of Anne's pregnancy, of which they have been separately informed by an archangel. For those believing in the virgin birth of Mary, this moment stood for her conception, and the feast was celebrated on the same day as the Immaculate Conception. The Birth of Mary, the Presentation of Mary and the Marriage of the Virgin were usual components of cycles of the Life of the Virgin in which Anne is normally shown.

Anne is never shown as present at the Nativity of Christ, but is frequently shown with the infant Christ in various subjects. She is sometimes believed to be depicted in scenes of the Presentation of Jesus at the Temple and the Circumcision of Christ but in the former case this likely reflects a misidentification through confusion with Anna the Prophetess. Anne is described in Luke's Gospel as a holy widow who recognizes Jesus as the Messiah at his Presentation, along with Simeon the Righteous and both frequently appear in artistic depictions of the story. There was a tradition that Anne went (separately) to Egypt and rejoined the Holy Family after their Flight to Egypt. Anne is not seen with the adult Christ, so was regarded as having died during the youth of Jesus. Anne is also shown as the matriarch of the Holy Kinship, the extended family of Jesus, a popular subject in late medieval Germany. In modern devotions, Anne and her husband are invoked for protection for the unborn.

Patronage

Ann is the patron saint of the following places: Detroit, Michigan; Brittany, France; Castelbuono, Sicily, Italy; Quebec and the Mi'kmaq peoples of Canada; Fasnia; Adjuntas, Puerto Rico; Norwich, Connecticut; Santa Ana Pueblo; Santa Ana, El Salvador; Jucuarán, El Salvador; Seama, New Mexico; Taos, New Mexico; Chiclana de la Frontera, Spain; Marsaskala; Tudela, Navarre; Philippines, where the National Shine of St. Anne is in the poblacion of Hagonoy, Bulacan; Santana, São Paulo, Brazil; Saint Anne, Illinois; and places in Malaysia and South Vietnam. She is also the patron saint of horseback riders, housewives, grandmothers, cabinet makers, unmarried women, women in labor and miners.

Düren has been the main place of pilgrimage for Anne since 1506, when Pope Julius II decreed that her relics should be kept there.

Cities

The city of Santa Ana, California was named in her honour. Many schools and places of worship are named after St Anne, the most famous being a parish church and primary school in Caversham, Reading.

Gallery

See also

Anna (Bible)

Notes

References

External links

Saint Anne at Patron Saints Index

Brief American Catholic article on "Sts. Joachim and Ann"

"Anna, Grandmother of Jesus" by Claire Heartsong

Category:Mary (mother of Jesus) Category:Eastern Orthodox saints Category:Saints from the Holy Land Category:1st-century Christian female saints Category:Anglican saints Category:Angelic visionaries

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Name	Saint Anne Line
Birth date	1567
Death date	February 27, 1601
Feast day	30 August
Venerated in	Roman Catholic Church
Birth place	Essex
Death place	Tyburn
Titles	Forty Martyrs of England and Wales
Beatified date	15 December 1929
Beatified by	Pope Pius XI
Canonised date	25 October 1970
Canonised by	Pope Paul VI
Prayer	''"I am sentenced to die for harbouring a Catholic priest, and so far I am from repenting for having so done, that I wish, with all my soul, that where I have entertained one, I could have entertained a thousand."''}}

Saint Anne Line (1567 – 27 February 1601) was an English martyr who was executed during the reign of Elizabeth I for harbouring a priest. She was born in 1567, the second daughter of Heigham, Esq., of Essex, a strict Calvinist, and was, together with her brother William, disinherited for converting to Catholicism. Some time before 1586, she married Roger Line, a young Catholic who had been disinherited for the same reason. Roger Line and William Heigham were arrested together while attending Mass, and were imprisoned, fined, and finally banished. Roger Line went to Flanders, where he received a small allowance from the King of Spain, part of which he sent regularly to his wife until his death around 1594.

Around the same time, Father John Gerard, S.J. opened a house of refuge for hiding priests, and put the newly-widowed Anne Line in charge of it, despite her ill health. By 1597, this house had become insecure, so another was opened, and Anne Line was, again, placed in charge. On 2 February 1601, Fr. Francis Page was saying Mass in the house managed by Anne Line, when men arrived to arrest him. The priest managed to slip into a special hiding place, prepared by her and afterwards to escape, but she was arrested, along with two other laypeople.

She was tried at the Old Bailey on 26 February 1601. She was so weak that she was carried to the trial in a chair. She told the court that so far from regretting having concealed a priest, she only grieved that she "could not receive a thousand more." Sir John Popham, the judge, sentenced her to hang the next day at Tyburn.

Anne Line was hanged on 27 February 1601. She was executed immediately before two priests, Fr. Roger Filcock, and Fr. Mark Barkworth, though, as a woman, she was spared the disembowelling that they endured. At the scaffold she repeated what she had said at her trial, declaring loudly to the bystanders: ''"I am sentenced to die for harbouring a Catholic priest, and so far I am from repenting for having so done, that I wish, with all my soul, that where I have entertained one, I could have entertained a thousand."''

It has been argued (by John Finnis and others) that Shakespeare's poem ''The Phoenix and the Turtle'' was written shortly after her death to commemorate Anne and Roger Line and that it allegorically takes the form of a Catholic requiem for the couple.

Anne Line was beatified by Pope Pius XI on 15 December 1929. She was canonised by Pope Paul VI on 25 October 1970, as one of the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales. Her feast day, along with that of the other thirty-nine martyrs, is on 25 October. However, in certain Catholic dioceses of England & Wales, such as the Diocese of Leeds, she shares a feast day with fellow female martyr saints, Margaret Clitherow and Margaret Ward on 30 August.

Her name is sometimes misspelled as Ann Line.

Source

St. Anne Line at Catholic Encyclopedia

Category:1567 births Category:1601 deaths Category:English Roman Catholic saints Category:Female saints Category:Forty Martyrs of England and Wales Category:Converts to Roman Catholicism from Calvinism Category:English martyrs Category:People executed under the Tudors Category:16th-century women Category:17th-century women Category:16th-century English people Category:17th-century English people Category:Women of the Tudor period

RU St Anne line married roger line and had 8 kids

[[es:Ana Line pl:Anna Line ru:Лайн, Анна

name	Elmer Bernstein
background	non_performing_personnel
born	April 04, 1922New York City, New York, U.S.
died	August 18, 2004Ojai, California, U.S.
genre	Film scores
occupation	Composer, Conductor, Songwriter
years active	1951–2004
website	}}

Elmer Bernstein (April 4, 1922August 18, 2004) was an American composer and conductor best known for his many film scores. In a career which spanned fifty years, he composed music for hundreds of film and television productions. His most popular works include the scores to ''The Magnificent Seven'', ''The Ten Commandments'', ''The Great Escape'', ''To Kill a Mockingbird'', and ''Ghostbusters''.

Bernstein won an Oscar for his score to ''Thoroughly Modern Millie'' (1967) and was nominated for fourteen Oscars in total. He also won two Golden Globes and was nominated for two Grammy Awards.

Early life

Bernstein was born in New York City, the son of Selma (née Feinstein) and Edward Bernstein. He was not related to the celebrated composer and conductor Leonard Bernstein, but the two men were friends, and even shared a certain physical similarity. Within the world of professional music, they were distinguished from each other by the use of the nicknames ''Bernstein West'' (Elmer) and ''Bernstein East'' (Leonard).

During his childhood, Bernstein performed professionally as a dancer and an actor, in the latter case playing the part of Caliban in ''The Tempest'' on Broadway, and he also won several prizes for his painting. He gravitated toward music at the age of twelve, at which time he was given a scholarship in piano by Henriette Michelson, a Juilliard teacher who guided him throughout his entire career as a pianist. She took him to play some of his improvisations for composer Aaron Copland, who was encouraging and selected Israel Citkowitz as a teacher for the young boy. Bernstein's music has some stylistic similarities to Copland's music, most notably in his western scores, particularly sections of Big Jake, in the Gregory Peck film ''Amazing Grace and Chuck'', and in his spirited score for the 1958 film adaptation of Erskine Caldwell's novel ''God's Little Acre''.

Throughout his life, Bernstein demonstrated an enthusiasm for an even wider spectrum of the arts than his childhood interests would imply and, in 1959, when he was scoring ''The Story on Page One'', he considered becoming a novelist and asked the film's screenwriter, Clifford Odets, to give him lessons in writing fiction.

Career

Bernstein wrote the theme songs or other music for more than 200 films and TV shows, including ''The Magnificent Seven'', ''The Great Escape'', ''The Ten Commandments'' (1956), ''The Man with the Golden Arm'', ''To Kill a Mockingbird'', ''Robot Monster'', and the fanfare used in the National Geographic television specials. His theme for ''The Magnificent Seven'' is also familiar to television viewers, as it was used in commercials for Marlboro cigarettes. Bernstein also provided the score to many of the short films of Ray and Charles Eames.

Broadway

In addition to his film music, Bernstein wrote the scores for two Broadway musicals, ''How Now, Dow Jones'', with lyricist Carolyn Leigh, in 1967 and ''Merlin'', with lyricist Don Black, in 1983.

Politics

Along with many in Hollywood, Bernstein faced censure during the McCarthy era of the 1950s. He was "gray-listed" (not banned, but kept off major projects) due to sympathy with left-wing causes, and had to work on low-budget science fiction films such as ''Robot Monster'' and ''Cat-Women of the Moon''.

Comedies

John Landis grew up near Bernstein, and befriended him through his children. Years later, he requested Bernstein do the music for ''National Lampoon's Animal House'', over the studio's objections. He explained to Bernstein that he thought that Bernstein's score, playing it straight as if the comedic Delta frat characters were actual heroes, would emphasize the comedy further. Bernstein accepted the job, and it sparked a second wave in his career, where he continued to do high-profile comedies such as ''Ghostbusters'', ''Stripes'', and ''Airplane!'', as well as most of Landis's films for the next 15 years.

''Cape Fear''

When Martin Scorsese announced that he was re-making ''Cape Fear'', Bernstein adapted Bernard Herrmann's original score to the new film. Bernstein leapt at the opportunity to work with Scorsese, and to pay homage to Herrmann. Scorsese and Bernstein subsequently worked together on two more films, 1993's ''The Age of Innocence'' and ''Bringing Out the Dead'' (1999). Bernstein had previously conducted Herrman's original unused score for Alfred Hitchcock's 1966 ''Torn Curtain''.

Classical

Having studied composition under Aaron Copland, Roger Sessions and Stefan Wolpe, Bernstein also performed as a concert pianist between 1939 and 1950 and wrote numerous classical compositions, including three orchestral suites, two song cycles, various compositions for viola and piano and for solo piano, and a string quartet. As president of the Young Musicians Foundation, Bernstein became acquainted with classical guitarist Christopher Parkening and wrote a Concerto for Guitar and Orchestra, which Parkening recorded with the London Symphony Orchestra under Bernstein's baton for the Angel label in 1999. In addition, Bernstein was a professor at the University of Southern California's Thornton School of Music.

Awards

Over the course of his career, Bernstein won an Academy Award, an Emmy Award, and two Golden Globe Awards. In addition, he was nominated for the Tony Award three times and a Grammy Award five times.

He received 14 Academy Award nominations and was nominated at least once per decade from the 1950s until the 2000s, but his only win was for ''Thoroughly Modern Millie'' for Best Original Music Score. Bernstein was recognized by the Hollywood Foreign Press Association with Golden Globes for his scores for ''To Kill a Mockingbird'' and ''Hawaii''. In 1963, he won the Emmy for Excellence in Television for his score of the documentary ''The Making of The President 1960''. He is the recipient of Western Heritage Awards for ''The Magnificent Seven'' (1960) and ''The Hallelujah Trail'' (1965).

He received five Grammy Award nominations from the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences and garnered two Tony Award nominations for the Broadway musicals ''How Now Dow Jones'' and ''Merlin''.

Additional honors included Lifetime achievement awards from the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP), the Society for the Preservation of Film Music, the USA, Woodstock, Santa Barbara, Newport Beach and Flanders International Film Festivals and the Foundation for a Creative America.

In 1996, Bernstein was honored with a star on Hollywood Boulevard. In 1999, he received an Honorary Doctorate of Music from Five Towns College in New York and was honored by the American Film Institute in Los Angeles. Bernstein again was honored by ASCAP with its marquee Founders Award in 2001 and with the NARAS Governors Award in June 2004.

His scores for ''The Magnificent Seven'' and ''To Kill a Mockingbird'' were ranked by the American Film Institute as the eighth and seventeenth greatest American film scores of all time, respectively, on the list of AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores. Bernstein, Bernard Herrmann, Max Steiner, and Jerry Goldsmith are the only composers to have two scores listed, and are therefore in second place for the most scores on the list, behind John Williams, who has three. Other Bernstein scores for the following the films were nominated for the list:

''The Age of Innocence'' (1993)

''Far from Heaven'' (2002)

''The Great Escape'' (1963)

''Hawaii'' (1966)

''The Man with the Golden Arm'' (1955)

''Summer and Smoke'' (1961)

''Sweet Smell of Success'' (1957)

''The Ten Commandments'' (1956)

''Walk on the Wild Side'' (1962)

Death

Bernstein died of cancer in his sleep at his home in Ojai, California, on August 18, 2004.

Filmography

''Sudden Fear'' (1952)

''Cat-Women of the Moon'' (1953)

''Robot Monster'' (1953)

''The Man with the Golden Arm'' (1955) (Academy Award Nomination, Best Original Score)

''Gunsmoke'' (1955) TV series

''The Ten Commandments'' (1956)

''Men in War'' (1957)

''The Tin Star'' (1957)

''Sweet Smell of Success'' (1957)

''God's Little Acre'' (1958)

''The Buccaneer (1958 film)''

''Kings Go Forth'' (1958)

''The Miracle'' (1959)

''Johnny Staccato'' (1959) (TV)

''Riverboat (TV series)'' (1959) (TV)

''The Magnificent Seven'' (1960) (Academy Award Nomination, Best Original Score)

''The Rat Race'' (1960)

''The Story on Page One'' (1960)

''The Comancheros'' (1961)

''By Love Possessed'' (1961)

''The Young Doctors'' (1961)

''Summer and Smoke'' (1961) (Academy Award Nomination, Best Original Score)

''To Kill a Mockingbird'' (1962) (Academy Award Nomination, Best Original Score) (Golden Globe Winner)

''Walk on the Wild Side'' (1962) (Academy Award Nomination, Best Song "Walk on the Wild Side")

''A Girl Named Tamiko'' (1962)

''Birdman of Alcatraz'' (1962)

''Kings of the Sun'' (1963)

''The Caretakers'' (1963)

''The Making of the President, 1960'' (1963) (Emmy Award Winner)

''The Great Escape'' (1963)

''Hud'' (1963)

''The Carpetbaggers'' (1964)

''The World of Henry Orient'' (1964)

''The Sons of Katie Elder'' (1965)

''The Hallelujah Trail'' (1965)

''Baby the Rain Must Fall'' (1965)

''Return of the Seven'' (1966) (Academy Award Nomination, Best Original Score)

''National Geographic Specials|Voyage of the Brigantine Yankee'' (1966) TV series

''Hawaii'' (1966)

''The Silencers'' (1966)

''National Geographic Specials|Yankee Sails Across Europe'' (1967) TV series

''Thoroughly Modern Millie'' (1967) (Academy Award Winner, Best Original Score)

''The Scalphunters'' (1968)

''I Love You, Alice B. Toklas'' (1968)

''Powers of Ten'' (1968) (short documentary, rereleased in 1977)

''The Gypsy Moths'' (1969)

''The Bridge at Remagen'' (1969)

''Guns of the Magnificent Seven'' (1969)

''True Grit'' (1969) (Academy Award Nomination, Best Song "True Grit")

''The Liberation of L.B. Jones'' (1970)

''Cannon for Cordoba'' (1970)

''A Walk in the Spring Rain'' (1970)

''Big Jake'' (1971)

''Doctors' Wives'' (1971)

''See No Evil'' (1971)

''The Rookies'' (1972) (TV)

''The Amazing Mr. Blunden'' (1972)

''The Magnificent Seven Ride!'' (1972)

''Cahill U.S. Marshal'' (1973)

''Gold'' (1974) (Academy Award Nomination, Best Song "Wherever Love Takes Me")

''McQ'' (1974)

''Deadly Honeymoon'' (1974)

''The Trial of Billy Jack'' (1974)

''Ellery Queen'' (1975) TV series

''Mr Quilp'' (1975)

''Report to the Commissioner'' (1975)

''Once an Eagle'' (1976) TV miniseries (theme)

''Captains and the Kings'' (1976) TV miniseries (Emmy Nomination)

''From Noon Till Three'' (1976)

''The Incredible Sarah'' (1976)

''The Shootist'' (1976)

''Slap Shot'' (1977)

''Casey's Shadow'' (rejected) (1978)

''National Lampoon's Animal House'' (1978)

''Billy Jack Goes to Washington'' (1978)

''Bloodbrothers'' (1978)

''Zulu Dawn'' (1979)

''The Great Santini'' (1979)

''Meatballs'' (1979)

''Airplane!'' (1980)

''Trust Me'' (1980)

''The Blues Brothers'' (1980)

''Saturn 3'' (1980)

''Heavy Metal'' (1981)

''Honky Tonk Freeway'' (1981)

''Going Ape'' (1981)

''The Chosen'' (1981)

''An American Werewolf in London'' (1981)

''Stripes'' (1981)

''Genocide'' (1982)

''Five Days One Summer'' (1982)

''Airplane II: The Sequel'' (Themes) (1982)

''Thriller'' (1983) (music video)

''Class'' (1983)

''Trading Places'' (1983) (Academy Award Nomination, Best Original Score)

''Spacehunter: Adventures in the Forbidden Zone'' (1983)

''Prince Jack'' (1984)

''Marie Ward - Zwischen Galgen und Glorie'' (1984)

''Bolero'' (1984)

''Ghostbusters'' (1984)

''The Black Cauldron'' (1985) Disney Animation

''The Journey of Natty Gann'' (rejected) (1985)

''Spies Like Us'' (1985)

''¡Three Amigos!'' (1986)

''Legal Eagles'' (1986)

''Leonard Part 6'' (1987)

''Amazing Grace and Chuck'' (1987)

''Funny Farm'' (1988)

''The Good Mother'' (1988)

''Da'' (1988)

''Stars and Bars'' (rejected) (1988)

''A Night in the Life of Jimmy Reardon'' (rejected) (1988)

''My Left Foot'' (1989)

''Trust Me'' (rejected) (1989)

''Slipstream'' (1989)

''Murder in Mississippi'' (rejected) (1990)

''The Field'' (1990)

''The Grifters'' (1990)

''Cape Fear'' (adaptation) (1991)

''Rambling Rose'' (1991)

''A Rage in Harlem'' (1991)

''Oscar'' (1991)

''A River Runs Through It'' (rejected) (1992)

''Mad Dog and Glory'' (1993)

''The Age of Innocence'' (1993) (Academy Award Nomination, Best Original Score)

''Lost in Yonkers'' (1993)

''The Cemetery Club'' (1993)

''The Good Son'' (1993)

''I Love Trouble'' (rejected) (1994)

''Devil in a Blue Dress'' (1995)

''Search and Destroy'' (1995)

''Canadian Bacon'' (1995)

''Frankie Starlight'' (1995)

''Bulletproof'' (1996)

''Last Man Standing'' (rejected) (1996)

''The Scarlet Letter'' (rejected) (1997)

''Buddy'' (1997)

''The Rainmaker'' (1997)

''Hoodlum'' (1997)

''Twilight'' (1998)

''Bringing out the Dead'' (1999)

''Wild Wild West'' (1999)

''The Deep End of the Ocean'' (1999)

''Keeping the Faith'' (2000)

''Gangs of New York'' (rejected) (2002)

''Far from Heaven'' (2002) (Academy Award Nomination, Best Original Score)(Golden Globe Nomination, Best Original Score)

Broadway theatre

''Peter Pan'' (1954) - Incidental music composer

''How Now, Dow Jones'' (1967) - Composer - Tony Co-Nomination for Best Musical, Tony Co-Nomination for Best Composer and Lyricist

''Merlin'' (1982) - Composer and Incidental music composer - Tony Co-Nomination for Best Composer and Lyricist

References

External links

SWF movie with soundtracks

Discography at SonyBMG Masterworks

Fan website

BernsteinWest.com

Meatballs Movie Website

Category:1922 births Category:2004 deaths Category:American film score composers Category:American military personnel of World War II Category:American musical theatre composers Category:Best Original Music Score Academy Award winners Category:Juilliard School alumni Category:Thornton School of Music faculty Category:Cancer deaths in California Category:Imperial Records artists Category:People from New York City

Category:Jewish American classical composers

bg:Елмър Бърнстийн ca:Elmer Bernstein cs:Elmer Bernstein de:Elmer Bernstein es:Elmer Bernstein fr:Elmer Bernstein ga:Elmer Bernstein ko:엘머 번스타인 it:Elmer Bernstein lb:Elmer Bernstein nl:Elmer Bernstein ja:エルマー・バーンスタイン no:Elmer Bernstein nds:Elmer Bernstein pl:Elmer Bernstein pt:Elmer Bernstein ru:Бернстайн, Элмер fi:Elmer Bernstein sv:Elmer Bernstein uk:Елмер Бернстайн zh:埃尔默·伯恩斯坦