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Dawn Addams
Addams with Alan Young in the television show Time to Smile, 1953.
Born	Victoria Dawn Addams (1930-09-21)21 September 1930 Felixstowe, Suffolk, England, UK
Died	7 May 1985(1985-05-07) (aged 54) London, England, UK
Occupation	Actress
Years active	1951–83
Spouse	Don Vittorio Emanuele Massimo, Prince of Roccasecca (m. 1954–1971) «start: (1954)–end+1: (1972)»"Marriage: Don Vittorio Emanuele Massimo, Prince of Roccasecca to Dawn Addams" Location: (linkback:http://en-wiki.pop.wn.com/index.php/Dawn_Addams) Jimmy White (September 1974 – ?)

Dawn Addams (21 September 1930 – 7 May 1985) was an English actress, particularly in Hollywood motion pictures of the 1950s and on British television in the 1960s and 1970s.

Life and career[link]

She was born Victoria Dawn Addams in Felixstowe, Suffolk, England, the daughter of Ethel Mary (née Hickie) and Captain James Ramage Addams.^[1] Her mother died when she was young, and she spent her early life in Calcutta, India. Her heart shaped face and beautiful physique soon attracted the attention of talent agents. She resembled another English actress Elizabeth Taylor but only slightly. Addams unlike Taylor retained her English accent.

Her film career began in 1951, and a year later she co-starred with Peter Lawford in The Hour of 13. In 1953 she appeared in a small role in the ground-breaking film The Moon is Blue, the film which helped end the system of religious censorship of Hollywood films, which had been in place since 1934. She also embarked on a USO tour the same year to help entertain troops in Korea, followed by a small but heavily publicised role as Richard Carlson's model girlfriend in the science fiction film Riders to the Stars (1954). Another notable performance was as the female lead opposite actor-director-filmmaker legend Charlie Chaplin in his final comedy to star himself A King in New York (1957). During the 1960s and 1970s she appeared mainly in British TV shows and French films.

She was a semi-regular on the instructional series En France (1962) and the campy sci-fi serial Star Maidens (1977), and she was a ubiquitous leading lady in several episodes of The Saint, which starred Roger Moore as Simon Templar (1962–69).

Among her last film credits were two British horror films, The Vampire Lovers and The Vault of Horror, and she was also a regular in the British sitcom Father Dear Father. Addams retired in the early 1980s, dividing her remaining years between Europe and the United States.

She died in 1985, aged 54, reportedly from cancer. Addams had been a heavy smoker.

Personal life[link]

She was married to:

• Jimmy White (September 1974 – ?)
• Don Vittorio Emanuele Massimo, Prince of Roccasecca (1954–1971). One son, Prince Stefano Massimo, born 10 January 1955.

Selected filmography[link]

Movies[link]

• The Vault of Horror (1973) ... Inez
• Sapho ou La fureur d'aimer (1971) ... Marianne
• The Vampire Lovers (1970) ... The Countess
• Zeta One (1969) ... Zeta
• Where the Bullets Fly (1966) ... Felicity 'Fiz' Moonlight
• Ballad in Blue (1964) ... Gina Graham
• La Tulipe noire (1964) ... Catherine de Vigogne
• Come Fly with Me (1963) ... Katie Rinard
• The 20,000 Pound Kiss (1963) ... Maxine Hagen
• L'Éducation sentimentale (1962) ... Catherine Dambreuse
• Les Menteurs (1961) ... Norma O'Brien
• Follow That Man (1961) ... Janet Clark
• The Two Faces of Dr. Jekyll (1960) ... Kitty Jekyll
• The Thousand Eyes of Dr. Mabuse AKA Die Tausend Augen des Dr. Mabuse (1960) ... Marion Menil
• Die zornigen jungen Männer (1960) ... Irene
• Voulez-vous danser avec moi? (1959) ... Anita Flores
• Les Fruits du péché (1959) ... Dr. Catherine Langeac
• Geheimaktion schwarze Kapelle (1959) ... Tila
• Melodie und Rhythmus (1959) ... Cameo appearance (uncredited)
• The Treasure of San Teresa (1959) ... Hedi von Hartmann (film also released as "Hot Money Girl")
• L'Île du bout du monde (1959) ... Victoria
• I Battellieri del Volga (1959) ... Tatyana
• Pensione Edelweiss (1959) ... Nadia Rakesy
• Die Feuerrote Baronesse (1959) ... Szaga de Bor
• The Silent Enemy (1958) ... Third Officer Jill Masters, W.R.N.S.
• A King in New York (1957) ... Ann Kay
• I quattro Del Getto Tonante (1955) ... Rosi's wife
• Riders to the Stars (1954) ... Susan Manners
• Die Jungfrau auf dem Dach (1954)
• Return to Treasure Island (1954)
• The Robe (1953) ... Junia
• The Moon is Blue (1953) ... Cynthia
• Young Bess (1953) ... Catherine Howard
• Plymouth Adventure (1952) ... Patricia Mullins
• Night Into Morning (1950)

Television[link]

• Sherlock Holmes series in The Case of the Careless Suffragette (aired 28 Feb 1955)
• "Danger Man" series 2, episode 8 – "The Battle of the Cameras" (aired UK 1st Decemnber 1964), as Martine, working for Mr Kent esq.
• A Room in Town[1] Sept 1970. With George Cole and Pauline Yates

References[link]

External links[link]

Biography portal

• Dawn Addams at the Internet Movie Database
• Dawn Addams at HorrorStars
• NY Times biography/filmography
• Dawn Addams at Find a Grave

Johanna Matz
Matz with the film director Karl Hartl in 1953
Born	5 October 1932 Vienna Austria
Occupation	Film actor
Years active	1951–2004

Johanna Matz is an Austrian film actress.^[1]

Selected filmography[link]

• Season in Salzburg (1952)
• The White Horse Inn (1952)
• The Life and Loves of Mozart (1955)
• Ingrid - Die Geschichte eines Fotomodells (1955)
• Trees Are Blooming in Vienna (1958)
• Mrs. Warren's Profession (1960)
• Tales from the Vienna Woods (1961)
• The Captain (1971)

References[link]

1. ^ http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/individual/20685

External links[link]

• Johanna Matz at the Internet Movie Database

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Hardy Krüger (born Franz Eberhard August Krüger; 12 April 1928 in Wedding, Berlin) is a German actor. He is thought of as one of the greatest German actors of the 1960s and is arguably the first German actor to have been accepted as a protagonist by audiences outside Germany after World War II.

Life and work[link]

From 1941, Krüger went to a Adolf Hitler School at the Ordensburg Sonthofen. At age 15, Hardy made his film debut in a German picture, "The Young Eagles", but his acting career was interrupted when he was conscripted into the German Infantry in 1944 at age 16.^[1] In March 1945, Krüger was drafted into the 38th SS Division Nibelungen, where he was drawn into heavy fighting before being captured by American forces. Because of his archetypal Aryan German look, blond hair and blue eyes, Hardy Krüger often performed in roles portraying German soldiers.

He first came to the attention of English language audiences in the 1957 British war film The One That Got Away, the story of Franz von Werra, the only German prisoner of war to successfully escape from Allied custody and return to Germany.

In 1960, Krüger bought Ngorongoro farm in what is now northern Tanzania, which he owned for 13 years. Ngorongoro served as the setting for the 1962 film Hatari!, a Howard Hawks film, in which Krüger appeared with John Wayne.

Fluent in German, English and French, he has worked in numerous European and American films such as the Oscar-winning Les dimanches de ville d'Avray (1962), the original 1965 version of The Flight of the Phoenix and the German version of The Moon is Blue. Other films include The Wild Geese (1978) with Richard Burton, Stanley Kubrick's Barry Lyndon with Ryan O'Neal and Richard Attenborough's A Bridge Too Far (sharing a scene with Laurence Olivier).

His daughter Christiane Krüger and his son, Hardy Krüger, Jr. are also actors.

Hardy Krüger, 2007

Awards[link]

• 1959 Bravo Otto (bronze)
• 1960 Bravo Otto (silver)
• 1983 Deutscher Filmpreis
• 1986 Goldene Kamera
• 2001 Bavarian Film Awards Honorary Award [1]
• 2001 Officier de la Légion d’Honneur
• 2008 Bambi: Lifetime Achievement Award
• 2009 Great Cross of Merit, neck cross

Filmography[link]

• Junge Adler (Young Eagles) (1944)
• As Long as You're Near Me (1953)
• Die Jungfrau auf dem Dach (1954)
• The One That Got Away (1957)
• Bachelor of Hearts (1958)
• The Rest Is Silence (1959)
• Blind Date (1959)
• Taxi to Tobruk (1960)
• Sundays and Cybele (Les dimanches de ville d'Avray) (1962)
• Hatari! (1962)
• Three Fables of Love (1962)
• Le Gros coup (1964)
• The Flight of the Phoenix (1965)
• Le Chant du monde (1965)
• The Uninhibited (1965)
• The Defector (1966)
• La Grande sauterelle (1967)
• Le Franciscain de Bourges (1968)
• The Secret of Santa Vittoria (1969)
• The Battle of Neretva (1969)
• La Monaca di Monza (1969)
• Das Messer (1971)
• The Red Tent (1971)
• Diabólica Malicia (1972)
• Le Solitaire (1973)
• Tod eines Fremden (1973)
• Barry Lyndon (1975)
• Paper Tiger (1975)
• Potato Fritz (1976)
• A Bridge Too Far (1977)
• À chacun son enfer (1977)
• Blue Fin (1978)
• The Wild Geese (1978)
• Feine Gesellschaft – beschränkte Haftung (1981)
• Wrong Is Right (1982)
• Slagskämpen (1984)
• War and Remembrance (TV) (1988)
• Familiengeheimnisse – Liebe, Schuld und Tod (TV) (2011)

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official Website of Hardy Kruger
• Hardy Krüger at the Internet Movie Database
• Hardy Krüger at the Internet Broadway Database

Johannes Heesters
Johannes Heesters, March 2006
Born	Johan Marius Nicolaas Heesters (1903-12-05)5 December 1903 Amersfoort, Netherlands
Died	24 December 2011(2011-12-24) (aged 108) Starnberg, Germany
Cause of death	Stroke[1]
Occupation	Actor, singer
Years active	1921–2011
Height	1.88 m (6 ft 2 in)
Spouse	Louisa Ghijs (m. 1930–1985; her death) Simone Rethel (m. 1992–2011; his death)
Children	Wiesje Heesters (born 1931) Nicole Heesters (born 1937)
Parents	Jacobus Heesters Geertruida Jacoba van den Heuvel
Website
johannes-heesters.de

Johan Marius Nicolaas "Johannes" Heesters (5 December 1903 – 24 December 2011) was a Dutch actor, singer, and entertainer with a career dating back to 1921. Active almost exclusively in the German-speaking world from the mid-1930s, he was a controversial figure for his actions during the Second World War and his success in Nazi Germany.^[2] Heesters was considered one of the oldest stage performers in history.

Early life[link]

Heesters was born in Amersfoort, Netherlands, the youngest of four sons. His father Jacobus Heesters (1865–1946) was a salesman and his mother Geertruida Jacoba van den Heuvel (1866–1951), a homemaker.

Heesters in 1919 (age 16)

Heesters was fluent in German from a very early age having lived for several years in the household of a German great uncle from Bavaria.^[3] Heesters decided to become an actor and a singer at the age of sixteen and began vocal training. Heesters specialized in Viennese operetta very early in his career, and made his Viennese stage debut in 1934 in Carl Millöcker's Der Bettelstudent (The Beggar Student).

Nazi Germany[link]

Heesters after a performance on stage in 1923, age 19

Aged 31, Heesters permanently moved to Germany with his wife and daughters in 1935. During his time there, he performed for Adolf Hitler and visited the Dachau concentration camp which made him a controversial figure for many Dutch.^[4] Joseph Goebbels placed Heesters on the Gottbegnadeten list as an artist considered crucial to Nazi culture.^[5]

Heesters is known to have funded the German war machine by donating money to the weapons industry.^[6] While he became a very controversial figure in the late 1970s, Heesters always denied these accusations despite reliable evidence.^[7]

Heesters befriended several high-ranking Nazi-officials and SS-officers.^[8] Mr. "Jopie" also performed regularly for people such as Hitler and Goering,^[9] with the former being known to have been an avid admirer of his acting skills.^[10][11] Throughout the war Heesters continued to perform for German soldiers in camps and barracks. He always denied having visited concentration camps, although he did have knowledge of their existence.^[12]

According to German author Volker Kühn, Heesters did in fact perform for the SS in Dachau concentration camp. For this claim he uses as evidence the testimony of Dachau inmate Viktor Matejka who worked for the SS and told Kühn he pulled the curtain when Heesters performed in 1941.^[13][14] According to German writer Jürgen Trimborn however, the interview with Matejka may not be reliable as it occurred some fifty years after the performance was said to have taken place.^[15] In December 2009, Heesters lost his libel suit against Kühn.^[16] While acknowledging having visited the camp, Heesters denied having performed as entertainment for the SS troops. In its ruling, the German court did not find that Kühn's allegations were true, but rather that too much time had passed for an accurate determination of fact to be made.^[17]

Heesters' signature tune was Count Danilo Danilovitch's entrance song "Da geh' ich ins Maxim" from Franz Lehár's Die Lustige Witwe (The Merry Widow). He met Hitler several times and was reportedly Hitler's favorite actor^[18] in the role of Danilo.^[19]

After the war[link]

Heesters with his future wife Louisa Ghijs in 1928

Heesters worked extensively for UFA until almost the end of the Second World War (his last wartime movie being Die Fledermaus, produced in 1945) and easily made the transition from the Nazi-controlled cultural scene to post-war Germany and Austria, appearing again in a number of films. These included Die Jungfrau auf dem Dach and the 1957 version of Viktor und Viktoria. Heesters stopped making movies around 1960 to concentrate on stage and television appearances and on producing records.

In later years Heesters spoke fondly of Hitler as a person, but condemned his political stance.^[20] In the 1990s, he and his wife toured Germany and Austria with Curth Flatow's play Ein gesegnetes Alter (A Blessed Age), which was also televised in 1996. On 5 December 2003, he celebrated his 100th birthday with a television special Eine Legende wird 100 (A legend turns 100) on the ARD television channel.

Heesters' second wife Simone Rethel

On his 100th birthday Heesters received the title "Kammersänger". In December 2004, aged 101, Heesters appeared in Stuttgart at the Komödie im Marquardt theatre in a show commissioned on the occasion of his 100th birthday, Heesters – eine musikalische Hommage. In 2005 aged 102 he was featured as a soloist in a major concert tour with the Deutsches Filmorchester Babelsberg under the direction of Scott Lawton.

On 5 December 2006 Heesters celebrated his 103rd birthday with a concert at the Wiener Konzerthaus. On 5 December 2007 he celebrated his 104th birthday with a concert at the Admiralspalast, Berlin, and in February 2008 he performed in his home country for the first time in four decades amidst protests against his Nazi associations.

Heesters apologised for calling Adolf Hitler a "good chap" on the popular German TV show Wetten, dass..? on Saturday, 13 December 2008, aged 105. He said that he had said something stupid and horrible and asked for forgiveness.^[21] In addition, German media suggested that he had failed to understand the show's satirical nature.^[22]

Heesters became less active in his last years and played smaller roles, as he began to lose his eyesight due to macular degeneration and could not perform on stage for long periods of times. Unable to read a teleprompter, he had to memorize his lines before a show.

Personal life[link]

My secret to a long, healthy life is love and passion; age differences do not matter.

—Johannes Heesters, December 2010^[23]

Johannes Heesters as Franz Joseph I of Austria

Heesters had two daughters by his first wife Louisa Ghijs, whom he married in 1930. After her death in 1985, he remarried in 1992; his second wife, Simone Rethel (born 1949), is a German actress, painter, and photographer. His younger daughter Nicole Heesters is a well-known actress in the German-speaking world, as is his granddaughter Saskia Fischer.

In December 2010, the 107-year-old Heesters announced that he had quit smoking for his then 61-year-old wife: "She should have me as long as possible."^[24]

On 1 January 2008, he fell down some stairs in his holiday house in Tyrol and broke two ribs.^[25]

On 29 November 2011, he suddenly fell ill, developing a fever, and was rushed into hospital.^[26] He was operated on to fit a heart pacemaker and following a good recovery, was allowed home less than a week later, on 4 December, in time to spend his 108th birthday the next day with family. He did not feel strong enough to make the planned stage appearance to sing in celebration of his birthday and also had missed the premiere of his latest film, Ten. Due to a relapse in his condition, on 17 December he was readmitted to hospital, where he subsequently suffered a stroke, dying on Christmas Eve 2011.^[27] He is survived by two daughters, five grandchildren, eleven great-grandchildren and three great-great-grandchildren.^[28][29]

Discography[link]

Albums

• 1965: Jetzt geh' ich ins Maxim
• 2003: Ich werde 100 Jahre alt

Singles

• 1937: "Ich werde jede Nacht von ihnen träumen"
• 1939: "Musik, Musik, Musik" (featuring Marika Rökk)
• 1941: "Liebling, was wird nun aus uns beiden"
• 1941: "Man müßte Klavier spielen können"
• 1949: "Das kommt mir spanisch vor"
• 1949: "Tausendmal möchte' ich dich küssen"
• 1998: "Ich werde 100 Jahre alt" (song)
• 2007: "Generationen" (featuring Claus Eisenmann)

Honours, decorations, awards[link]

• 1984: Bavarian Order of Merit
• 1993: Berlinian Order of Merit
• 2000: Ring of Honour of the City of Vienna
• Bambi in 1967, 1987, 1990, 1997, 2003, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011
• 2001: Platinum Romy (TV award)
• 2003: Goldene Kamera
• 2004: Kammersänger

Filmography[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Johannes Heesters

• Johannes Heesters at the Internet Movie Database
• Postcards and tobacco cards

Jane Addams
Born	(1860-09-06)September 6, 1860 Cedarville, Illinois, U.S.
Died	May 21, 1935(1935-05-21) (aged 74) Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
Occupation	Social and political activist, author and lecturer, community organizer, public intellectual
Parents	John H. Addams Sarah WeberHlll
Awards	Nobel Peace Prize

Jane Addams (September 6, 1860 – May 21, 1935) was a pioneer settlement worker, founder of Hull House in Chicago, public philosopher, sociologist, author, and leader in woman suffrage and world peace. Beside presidents such as Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson, she was the most prominent^[1] reformer of the Progressive Era and helped turn the nation to issues of concern to mothers, such as the needs of children, public health, and world peace. She said that if women were to be responsible for cleaning up their communities and making them better places to live, they needed the vote to be effective in doing so. Addams became a role model for middle-class women who volunteered to uplift their communities. She is increasingly recognized as a member of the American pragmatist school of philosophy.^[2] In 1931 she became the first American woman to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.

Biography[link]

Early Life

Born in Cedarville, Illinois^[3], Jane Addams was the youngest of eight children born into a prosperous northern Illinois family; her father was politically prominent. Three of her siblings died in infancy, and another died at sixteen, leaving only four by the time Addams was age eight. ^[4] Her mother, Sarah Addams^[3] (née Weber), died in childbirth when Jane was two years old.^[5]

Addams spent her childhood playing outdoors, reading indoors, and attending Sunday school. When she was four, she contracted tuberculosis of the spine, Potts's disease, which caused a curvature in her back and lifelong health problems. As a child, she thought she was "ugly" and later remembered wanting not to embarrass her father, when he was dressed in his Sunday best, by walking down the street with him.^[6]

Addams adored her father when she was a child, as she made clear in the stories she told in her memoir, Twenty Years at Hull House (1910). John Huey Addams was an agricultural businessman with large timber, cattle, and agricultural holdings; flour and timber mills; and a woolen factory. He was the president of The Second National Bank of Freeport. He remarried in 1868, when Jane was eight years old. His second wife was Anna Hostetter Haldeman, the widow of a miller in Freeport.^[7]

John Addams was a founding member of the Illinois Republican Party, served as an Illinois State Senator (1855–70), and supported his friend Abraham Lincoln in his candidacies, for senator (1854) and the presidency (1860). John Addams kept a letter from Lincoln in his desk, and Jane Addams loved to look at it as a child.^[8]

In her teens, Addams had big dreams—to do something useful in the world. Long interested in the poor from her reading of Dickens and inspired by her mother's kindness to the Cedarville poor, she decided to become a doctor so that she could live and work among the poor. It was a vague idea, nurtured by the delights of fiction. She was a voracious reader.

Education

Addams's father encouraged her to pursue higher education, but not too far from home. She was eager to attend the brand-new college for women, Smith College in Massachusetts; but her father required Addams to attend nearby Rockford Female Seminary (now Rockford College), in Rockford, Illinois^[3]. After graduating from Rockford in 1881^[3], with a collegiate certificate, she still hoped to attend Smith to earn a proper B.A. That summer, her father died unexpectedly from an appendicitis. Each child inherited roughly $50,000 (equivalent to $1.2 million today).

That fall, Addams, her sister Alice, Alice's husband Harry, and their stepmother, Anna Haldeman Addams, moved to Philadelphia so that the three young people could pursue medical educations. Harry was already trained in medicine and did further studies at the University of Pennsylvania. Jane and Alice completed their first year of medical school at the Woman's Medical College of Philadelphia^[3], but Jane's health problems, a spinal operation^[3] and a nervous breakdown, prevented her from completing the degree. She was filled with sadness at her failure. Stepmother Anna was also ill, so the entire family canceled their plans to stay two years and returned to Cedarville.^[9]

The following fall her brother-in-law/stepbrother Harry performed surgery on her back, to straighten it. He then advised that she not pursue studies but, instead, travel. In August 1883, she set off for a two-year tour of Europe with her stepmother, traveling some of the time with friends and family who joined them. Addams decided that she did not have to become a doctor to be able to help the poor. But, what then should she do?^[10]

Upon her return home, in June 1885, she lived with her stepmother in Cedarville, and spent the winters with her in Baltimore. Addams, still filled with vague ambition, sank into depression, unsure of her future and feeling useless leading the conventional life expected of a well-to-do young woman. She wrote long letters to her friend from Rockford Seminary, Ellen Gates Starr, mostly about Christianity and books but sometimes about her despair.^[11]

Deciding to begin a settlement house

Meanwhile, she was gathering clues about her future from what she read. Fascinated by the early Christians and Tolstoy's book My Religion, she was baptized a Christian in the Cedarville Presbyterian Church, in the summer of 1886.^[12] Reading Giuseppe Mazzini's Duties of Man, she began to be inspired by the idea of democracy as a social ideal. She still felt confused about her role as a woman, though. John Stuart Mill's The Subjection of Women made her question the social pressures on a woman to marry and devote her life to family.^[13]

Then, finally, she read about something she could actually do. In the summer of 1887, she read in a magazine about the new idea of a settlement house. She decided to visit the world's first, in London, on a second trip to Europe. It was called Toynbee Hall. She and several friends, including Ellen Gates Starr, traveled in Europe from December 1887 through the summer of 1888. Addams told no one of her dream to start a settlement house at first; but, as she traveled, she felt increasingly guilty that she was just being a tourist and not acting.^[14]

Her feelings finally overwhelmed her after watching a bullfight in Madrid. While her friends soon left the arena, too horrified by the great bloody gore of the event to remain, Addams stayed, mesmerized by what she saw as an exotic cultural tradition. Afterward, she condemned her fascination with the bullfight and her inability to feel outraged at the suffering of the horses and bulls that had been killed. She blamed her love of culture for hardening her heart to suffering, for inhibiting her from acting. And was not that the underlying reason she still had not started a settlement house? Believing that if she told someone her dream, she might finally do something, she told Ellen Gates Starr. Starr loved the idea of starting a settlement house and agreed to join Addams in pursuing her dream.^[15]

Addams and another friend traveled to London without Starr, who was tied up.^[16] Visiting Toynbee Hall, Addams was enchanted. She described it as "a community of University men who live there, have their recreation clubs and society all among the poor people, yet, in the same style in which they would live in their own circle. It is so free of 'professional doing good,' so unaffectedly sincere and so productive of good results in its classes and libraries that it seems perfectly ideal." Addams's dream of the classes mingling socially to mutual benefit, as they had in early Christian circles, seemed embodied in the new type of institution.^[17]

Religion and religious motives[link]

In fact, the co-founders of Toynbee Hall, Samuel and Henrietta Barnett, shared Addams's desire to bring Christianity back to its roots. Part of what was called the "social Christian" movement, the Barnetts had no interest in converting anyone to Christianity, but they did feel that Christians should be more engaged with the world, and, in the words of one of the leaders of the movement in England, W.H. Fremantle, "imbue all human relations with the spirit of Christ's self-renouncing love." Addams learned about social Christianity from them, soon considered herself one, and soon made friends among the leaders of the "social Christian" movement in the United States.^[18]

Jane Addams's religious faith was thus a central motive in co-founding Hull House with Starr, but the settlement was never religious. It did not seek to convert others to Christianity. A brief experiment in weekly prayer among the residents of the settlement house, requested by some of them, was so ecumenical in its approach that it soon fizzled. (However, other settlements in both Great Britain and the United States would be religious and seek conversions).^[19]

Addams's own religious beliefs were shaped by her wide reading and life experience.^[20] By the time she had graduated from Rockford Seminary, she knew the Bible and especially the New Testament, thoroughly, having studied it throughout her young life, including in college courses. She had also been required to memorize a verse from the Bible every day at Rockford, and listen to a short sermon on the daily verse by the school's principal. Evidence of this deep familiarity with Scripture can be found throughout her later writings.

While she remained a member of a Presbyterian Church, Addams regularly attended a Unitarian Church and Ethical Society in Chicago. And at one point was appointed "interim lecturer" at the Ethical Society. Addams also established a close relationship with members of the established Jewish community, notably with the rabbi of Chicago Sinai Congregation, Emil G. Hirsch, and several so Sinai's congregants, among them Judge Julian Mack and Julius Rosenwald. ^[21]

Hull House[link]

Jane Addams, 1915.

In 1889 she and her college friend co-founded Hull House in Chicago, Illinois, the first settlement house in the United States.

Organization[link]

The run-down mansion had been built by Charles Hull in 1856 and needed repairs and upgrading. Addams at first paid for all of the capital expenses (repairing the roof of the porch, repainting the rooms, purchasing the furniture) and the bulk of the operating costs. But gifts from individuals supported the House from its first year and over time, Addams was able to reduce the proportion of her contributions, although the annual budget grew rapidly. A number of wealthy women became important long-term donors to the House, including Helen Culver, who managed her first cousin Charles Hull's estate, and who eventually allowed them to use the house rent free, Louise deKoven Bowen, Mary Rozet Smith, Mary Wilmarth, and others.^[22][23]

Addams and Starr were the first two occupants of the house, which would later become the residence of about twenty-five women. At its height, Hull House was visited each week by around two thousand people. Its facilities included a night school for adults, kindergarten classes, clubs for older children, a public kitchen, an art gallery, a coffeehouse, a gym, a girls' club, a bathhouse, a book bindery, a music school, a drama group, and a library, as well as labor-related divisions. Her adult night school was a forerunner of the continuing education classes offered by many universities today. In addition to making available social services and cultural events for the largely immigrant population of the neighborhood, Hull House afforded an opportunity for young social workers to acquire training. Eventually, Hull House became a thirteen-building settlement complex, which included a playground and a summer camp (known as Bowen Country Club).

The neighborhood[link]

The Hull House neighborhood was a mix of various European ethnic groups that had immigrated to Chicago around the start of the twentieth century. The Bethlehem-Howard Neighborhood Center Records that mix of immigrants which comprised the social laboratory upon which the social and philanthropic elitists comprising Hull House's inner sanctum tested their theories and based their challenges to the establishment. "Germans and Jews resided south of that inner core (south of Twelfth Street) [...] The Greek delta formed by Harrison, Halsted, and Blue Island Streets served as a buffer to the Irish residing to the north and the Canadian–French to the northwest."^[24] Italians resided within the inner core of the Hull House Neighborhood [...] from the river on the east end, on out to the western ends of what came to be known as Little Italy.^[25] Greeks and Jews, along with the remnants of other immigrant groups, began their exodus from the neighborhood during the early part of the twentieth century. The Italians were the only ethnic group to continue as an intact and thriving community through the Great Depression, World War II, and well beyond the ultimate demise of Hull House proper in 1963.^[26]

Hull House, as Addams named it, became America's best known settlement house. She used Hull House to generate system-directed change, on the principle that to keep families safe, community and societal conditions had to be improved.^[27] The neighborhood was controlled by local political bosses. At one point Addams ran for alderman against the local boss, Johnnie Powers, and lost.

Ethics[link]

Starr and Addams developed three "ethical principles" for social settlements: "to teach by example, to practice cooperation, and to practice social democracy, that is, egalitarian, or democratic, social relations across class lines."^[28] Hull House therefore offered a comprehensive program of civic, cultural, recreational, and educational activities and attracted admiring visitors from all over the world, in including William Lyon MacKenzie King, a graduate student from Harvard who later became prime minister of Canada. In the 1890s Julia Lathrop, Florence Kelley, and other residents of the house made it a world center of social reform activity. Hull House used the latest methodology (pioneering in statistical mapping) to study overcrowding, truancy, typhoid fever, cocaine, children's reading, newsboys, infant mortality, and midwifery. Starting with efforts to improve the immediate neighborhood, the Hull House group became involved in city- and state-wide campaigns for better housing, improvements in public welfare, stricter child-labor laws, and protection of working women. Addams brought in prominent visitors from around the world, and had close links with leading Chicago intellectuals and philanthropists. In 1912 she helped start the new Progressive Party and supported the presidential campaign of Theodore Roosevelt.

"Addams’ philosophy combined feminist sensibilities with an unwavering commitment to social improvement through cooperative efforts. Although she sympathized with feminists, socialists, and pacifists, Addams refused to be labeled. This refusal was pragmatic rather than ideological." ^[29]

Emphasis on children[link]

Addams at Hull House stressed the role of children in the Americanization process of new immigrants, and fostered the play movement and the research and service fields of leisure, youth, and human services. Addams argued in The Spirit of Youth and the City Streets (1909) that play and recreation programs are needed because cities are destroying the spirit of youth. Addams feared that cities and playgrounds were killing the spirit of youth; recreation and play were healthy mediums to channel the spirit of youth. Hull-House featured multiple programs in art and drama, kindergarten classes, boys' and girls' clubs, language classes, reading groups, college extension courses, along with public baths, a free-speech atmosphere, a gymnasium, a labor museum and playground. They were all designed to foster democratic cooperation and collective action and downplay individualism. She helped pass the first model tenement code and the first factory laws.

Documenting social illnesses[link]

Addams and her colleagues documented the geography of typhoid fever and reported that poor workers bore the brunt of illness. She identified the political corruption and business avarice that caused the city bureaucracy to ignore health, sanitation, and building codes. Linking environmental justice and municipal reform, she eventually defeated the bosses and fostered a more equitable distribution of city services and modernized inspection practices.^[30] Addams spoke of the "undoubted powers of public recreation to bring together the classes of a community in the modern city unhappily so full of devices for keeping them apart."^[31] Addams worked with the Chicago Board of Health and served as the first vice-president of the Playground Association of America.

Teaching[link]

Addams lectured throughout the United States, at various colleges and social settlements. For example:

In February 13, 1899, she went on a typical lecture tour—leaving Chicago on February 13, she spoke at Wells College in Aurora, New York on the 14th; at Auburn Seminary the next day; at Wells again on the 16th; then to New York for a quick stopover; then to Boston where she made two appearances at woman's clubs on the 18th; two more appearances on Sunday; on to the University of Vermont on Monday; back to Boston for two more appearance [sic] on Tuesday; two more on Wednesday, and two on Thursday; then she was off to Meadville, Pennsylvania; to Harrisburg, Richmond, Virginia, and Columbia, South Carolina, before returning home.^[32]

Although many of these speeches were not academic, others were, and Addams' division between academic and everyday thought was dramatically different from that of her typical male academic colleagues. In addition, she offered college courses through the Extension Division of the University of Chicago.^[33] She declined offers from the university to become directly affiliated with it, including an offer from Albion Small, chair of the Department of Sociology, of a graduate faculty position. She declined in order to maintain her independent role outside of academia. Her goal was to teach adults not enrolled in formal academic institutions, because of their poverty and/or lack of credentials. Furthermore, she wanted no university controls over her political activism.^[34]

Addams was a charter member of the American Sociological Society, founded in 1905. She gave papers to it in 1912, 1915, and 1919. She was the most prominent woman member during this period.

Friendships[link]

Throughout her life Addams was close to many women and was very good at eliciting the involvement of women from different classes in Hull House's programs. Her closest adult companion and friend was Mary Rozet Smith, who supported Addams's work at Hull House, and with whom she shared a romantic friendship. Together they owned a summer house in Bar Harbor, Maine.^{[35][36][37][38][39]}

Peace movement[link]

Delegation to the Women's Suffrage Legislature Sydney Addams (left) and Miss Elizabeth Burke of the University of Chicago, 1911

The harsh criticism received by Addams, both for her outspoken pacifism during World War I and her defense of immigrants' civil rights during a period when anarchism and socialism were greatly feared in the United States, never stopped her from putting forth a great amount of effort and energy into Hull House. She even had the time to work on international peace efforts. She spoke and campaigned extensively for Theodore Roosevelt's 1912 Presidential campaign on the 'Progressive' Party.

In 1915, she became involved in the Woman's Peace Party and was elected national chairman.^[3][40] Addams was elected president of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom in 1915,^[3][41] a position that entailed frequent travel to Europe (during and after World War I) and Asia. With this she also attended the International Woman's Conference in The Hague^[3] and was chosen to head the commission to find an end to the war. This included meeting ten leaders in neutral countries as well as those at war to discuss mediation. This was the first significant international effort against the war. Addams along with co-delegates Emily Balch and Alice Hamilton documented their experiences of this period and was published as a book Women at The Hague (University of Illinois).^[42]