Pyatigorsk

Saturday, 23 February 2013

Les Twins. workshop in Pyatigorsk 11.02.2011 - Larry.avi

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Beshtau

Beshtau (Russian: Бештау, from Turkic besh 'five' and tau 'mountain') is an isolated five-domed igneous mountain (laccolith) near Pyatigorsk (after the Russian term Pyatigorye 'area of five mountains') in the Northern Caucasus.
Its height is 1402 m. The slopes are forested with ash, oak, hornbeam, and beech, and the summit is treeless. Beshtau used to have uranium mines, which were closed in 1985.
Coordinates: 44°4′36.62″N 43°0′53.64″E / 44.0768389°N 43.0149°E / 44.0768389; 43.0149

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Blagodarny
Blagodarny (Russian: Благода́рный) is a town and the administrative center of Blagodarnensky District of Stavropol Krai, Russia, located on the Mokraya Buyvola River (Kuma's tributary), 150 kilometers (93 mi) east of Stavropol. Population: 32,736 (2010 Census preliminary results); 34,500 (2002 Census); 27,828 (1989 Census).
It was founded in 1782 as the village of Blagodarnoye (Благода́рное). It was granted town status in 1971.^{[citation needed]}

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Budyonnovsk
Budyonnovsk (Russian: Будённовск), also spelled Budennovsk, is a town in Stavropol Krai, Russia. Previously, it was named Svyatoy Krest (Свято́й Крест, lit. "holy cross") and Prikumsk (Прику́мск).^{[citation needed]} Population: 64,628 (2010 Census preliminary results); 65,687 (2002 Census); 55,350 (1989 Census).
The town was founded in 1799 by Armenian settlers from Derbent.
The Budyonnovsk hospital hostage crisis took place here on June 1995.
Budyonnovsk serves as the administrative center of Budyonnovsky District, although it is not administratively a part of it. Administratively, it is incorporated separately as a town of krai significance—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.Municipally, Budyonnovsk is incorporated within Budyonnovsky Municipal District as Budyonnovsk Urban Settlement.
On July 1, 2010, an Armenian apostolic church was opened in Budyonnovsk.

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Einsatzgruppen
Einsatzgruppen (German: "task forces"; singular Einsatzgruppe; official full name Einsatzgruppen der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD) were SS paramilitary death squads that were responsible for mass killings, typically by shooting, of Jews in particular, but also significant numbers of other population groups and political categories. The Einsatzgruppen operated throughout the territory occupied by the German armed forces following the German invasions of Poland, in September, 1939, and later, of the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941. The Einsatzgruppen carried out operations ranging from the murder of a few people to operations which lasted over two or more days, such as the massacres at Babi Yar (33,771 killed in two days) and Rumbula (25,000 killed in two days). The Einsatzgruppen were responsible for the murders of over 1,000,000 people, and they were the first Nazi organizations to commence mass killing of Jews as an organized policy.
The Einsatzgruppen were formed under the direction of SS-Obergruppenführer Reinhard Heydrich (deputy to Heinrich Himmler) and operated by the Schutzstaffel (SS) before and during World War II. From September 1939 forward the SS-Reichssicherheitshauptamt (RSHA - Reich Main Security Office) had overall command of the Einsatzgruppen. Their principal task during the war (according to SS General Erich von dem Bach at the Nuremberg Trials) "... was the annihilation of the Jews, Gypsies, and Soviet political commissars". The Einsatzgruppen had a leading role in the implementation of the final solution of the Jewish question (Die Endlösung der Judenfrage) in the conquered territories.

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Georgiyevsk
Georgiyevsk (Russian: Гео́ргиевск) is a historical town in Stavropol Krai, Russia, situated in the Ciscaucasia on submontane tableland on the right bank of the Podkumok River (a tributary of the Kuma River), 210 kilometers (130 mi) southeast of Stavropol. Population: 72,126 (2010 Census preliminary results).
It was founded in September^{[citation needed]} 1777 as St. George fortress on the Azov-Mozdok defense line. In 1783, a treaty between the Russian Empire and Georgia was signed making Georgian king Erekle II a subject of Russia. After 1785, Georgiyevsk grew considerably. In 1786, it was granted town status. After 1802, it was the seat of Caucasian Governorate. The early 19th century marked a peak in Georgiyevsk's influence as a trading center. After 1822, the town's influence began to wane.
In 1875, a railway station was built 6 kilometers (3.7 mi) away in Nezlobnaya. This became a new beginning in town's development. In 1894, the first blacksmith works was founded. This was the beginning of "ArZiL", the biggest enterprise in the town. In 1900, a slaughter house and oil mill were founded. In the 1920s, Georgiyevsk became a big industrial and trade center of the Ciscaucasia.

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Germany
Germany (ⁱ/ˈdʒɜrməni/), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland, pronounced [ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant] ( listen)), is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km² and has a largely temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state and the largest economy in the European Union. It is one of the major political powers of the European continent and a technological leader in many fields.
A region named Germania, inhabited by several Germanic peoples, was documented before AD 100. During the Migration Period, the Germanic tribes expanded southward, and established successor kingdoms throughout much of Europe. Beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation while southern and western parts remained dominated by Roman Catholic denominations, with the two factions clashing in the Thirty Years' War, marking the beginning of the Catholic–Protestant divide that has characterized German society ever since. Occupied during the Napoleonic Wars, the rise of Pan-Germanism inside the German Confederation resulted in the unification of most of the German states into the German Empire in 1871 which was Prussian dominated. After the German Revolution of 1918–1919 and the subsequent military surrender in World War I, the Empire was replaced by the Weimar Republic in 1918, and partitioned in the Treaty of Versailles. Amidst the Great Depression, the Third Reich was proclaimed in 1933. The latter period was marked by Fascism and World War II. After 1945, Germany was divided by allied occupation, and evolved into two states, East Germany and West Germany. In 1990 Germany was reunified.

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Iowa
Iowa (ⁱ/ˈaɪ.əwə/) is a state located in the Midwestern United States, an area often referred to as the "American Heartland". It derives its name from the Ioway people, one of the many American Indian tribes that occupied the state at the time of European exploration. Iowa was a part of the French colony of New France. After the Louisiana Purchase, settlers laid the foundation for an agriculture-based economy in the heart of the Corn Belt. Iowa is often known as the "Food Capital of the World".
In the latter half of the 20th century, Iowa's agricultural economy transitioned to a diversified economy of advanced manufacturing, processing, financial services, biotechnology, and green energy production. Iowa is the 26th most extensive and the 30th most populous of the 50 United States. Its capital and largest city is Des Moines. Iowa has been listed as one of the safest states to live in.
Iowa is bordered by the Mississippi River on the east; the Missouri River and the Big Sioux River on the west; the northern boundary is a line along 43 degrees, 30 minutes north latitude. The southern border is the Des Moines River and a not-quite-straight line along approximately 40 degrees 35 minutes north, as decided by the U.S. Supreme Court in Missouri v. Iowa after a standoff between Missouri and Iowa known as the Honey War.

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Ipatovo
Coordinates: 45°43′N 42°54′E / 45.717°N 42.9°E / 45.717; 42.9
Ipatovo (Russian: Ипа́тово) is a town and the administrative center of Ipatovsky District of Stavropol Krai, Russia, located on the Kalaus River about 120 kilometers (75 mi) northeast of Stavropol. Population: 26,055 (2010 Census preliminary results); 28,594 (2002 Census); 26,425 (1989 Census).
It was founded in 1860 as a settlement of Chemrek. It was later renamed Vinodelnoye (Виноде́льное, lit. Winemaking) because there had been many state wine cellars. In 1935, the settlement was renamed Ipatovo in honor of Civil War hero P. M. Ipatov, who died here in 1918. Ipatovo was granted town status in 1979.

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Izobilny
Coordinates: 45°22′08″N 41°42′38″E / 45.36889°N 41.71056°E / 45.36889; 41.71056
Izobilny (Russian: Изоби́льный) is a town and the administrative center of Izobilnensky District of Stavropol Krai, Russia, located 54 kilometers (34 mi) northwest of Stavropol. Population: 40,546 (2010 Census); 38,926 (2002 Census); 32,905 (1989 Census).
It was founded in 1895 due to the construction of a railroad. It was granted town status in 1965.

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Kislovodsk
Kislovodsk (Russian: Кислово́дск, lit. sour waters) is a spa city in Stavropol Krai, Russia, which lies in the North Caucasian region of the country, between the Black and Caspian Seas. The closest airport is located in the city of Mineralnye Vody. Population: 128,502 (2010 Census preliminary results); 129,788 (2002 Census); 114,414 (1989 Census).
Kislovodsk was founded in 1803 as a military station.^{[citation needed]} It is named after the many mineral springs around the city. Town status was granted to it in 1903.^{[citation needed]}
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Kislovodsk as a fashionable spa attracted many musicians, artists, and members of the Russian aristocracy. Several of the events in Mikhail Lermontov's novel A Hero Of Our Time are set in Kislovodsk.
Administratively, along with seven rural localities, it is incorporated as the city of krai significance of Kislovodsk—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.Municipally, the city of krai significance of Kislovodsk is incorporated as Kislovodsk Urban Okrug.

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Mashuk

Mashuk (Russian: Машук) is an isolated mountain in the North Caucasus overlooking the city of Pyatigorsk in Stavropol Krai in Russia. The height of the mountain is 993 m.
Mashuk is a laccolith with a crystal nucleus, buried under sedimentary rock (limestone and marl of Upper Cretaceous and Palaeogene). The top of the mountain is flattened and domelike. There is a cavern called "Proval" (depth - 20 m) on the southern slope of Mashuk.
The slopes of the mountain are covered with broadleaved forests (ash trees, hornbeams, oaks, beeches). Also, there is the Perkalsky Dendrologic Orchard on the northern slope of the mountain, which contains approximately 800 kinds of different woody plants and brushwood.
The duel between a famous Russian poet Mikhail Lermontov and Nikolai Martynov took place at the foot of Mashuk Mountain, where now there is an obelisk with the poet's alto-relievo. The grave of a prominent Russian topographer Andrei Pastukhov is located on the southern slope of the mountain. The legend has it that the mountain is named after a Kabard warrior Mashuk, who fought bravely against the Mongols and committed suicide by jumping of a cliff of the mountain when surrounded by the enemy.

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Mineralnye Vody
Mineralnye Vody (Russian: Минеральные Воды; IPA: [mʲɪnʲɪˈralʲnɨjə ˈvodɨ]; lit. mineral waters) is a town in Stavropol Krai, Russia, located along the Kuma River and the main rail line between Rostov-on-Don and Baku (Azerbaijan). Population: 76,715 (2010 Census preliminary results); 75,644 (2002 Census); 70,961 (1989 Census).
The town serves as a gateway to Caucasian Mineral Waters. It has an airport connecting the town with some other major Russian destinations as well as some international destinations.
Mineralnye Vody serves as the administrative center of Mineralovodsky District, although it is not administratively a part of it. Administratively, it is incorporated separately as a town of krai significance—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.Municipally, the town of krai significance of Mineralnye Vody is incorporated within Mineralovodsky Municipal District as Mineralnye Vody Urban Settlement.
Mineralnye Vody has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb).

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Neftekumsk
Coordinates: 44°45′N 44°59′E / 44.75°N 44.983°E / 44.75; 44.983
Neftekumsk (Russian: Нефтеку́мск) is a town and the administrative center of Neftekumsky District of Stavropol Krai, Russia, located on the right bank of the Kuma River, 305 kilometers (190 mi) east of Stavropol. Population: 27,700 (2010 Census preliminary results); 27,395 (2002 Census); 22,092 (1989 Census).
It was founded in 1961 as an oil-extracting settlement. It was granted of urban-type settlement status in 1962 and town status in 1968.

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Nevinnomyssk
Nevinnomyssk (Russian: Невинномы́сск) is a city in Stavropol Krai, Russia, located on both banks of the Kuban River at its confluence with the Bolshoy Zelenchuk River, 54 kilometers (34 mi) south of Stavropol. Population: 118,351 (2010 Census preliminary results); 132,141 (2002 Census); 121,355 (1989 Census); 92,000 (1973); 40,000 (1959).
Nevinnomyssk was founded in 1825 as a stanitsa near a small fort.^{[citation needed]} It was granted town status in 1939.^{[citation needed]}
Administratively, it is incorporated as the city of krai significance of Nevinnomyssk—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.Municipally, the city of krai significance of Nevinnomyssk is incorporated as Nevinnomyssk Urban Okrug.
The Nevinnomyssk Canal starts in Nevinnomyssk. The Nevinnomysk Nitrogen plant is a major fertilizer manufacturer and the city's main employer. There are also several other chemical plants in the town.

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Novoalexandrovsk
Coordinates: 45°30′N 41°14′E / 45.5°N 41.233°E / 45.5; 41.233
Novoalexandrovsk (Russian: Новоалекса́ндровск) is a town and the administrative center of Novoalexandrovsky District of Stavropol Krai, Russia, located on the bank of the Rasshevatka River, 110 kilometers (68 mi) southwest of Stavropol. Population: 26,759 (2010 Census preliminary results); 27,315 (2002 Census); 25,759 (1989 Census).
It was founded in 1804 by settlers from Central Russia as the village of Novo-Alexandrovskoye (Но́во-Алекса́ндровское). In 1832, it was transformed into the Cossack stanitsa of Novoalexandrovskaya (Новоалекса́ндровская). It was granted town status and renamed Novoalexandrovsk in 1971.

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Novopavlovsk
Coordinates: 43°58′N 43°38′E / 43.967°N 43.633°E / 43.967; 43.633
Novopavlovsk (Russian: Новопа́вловск) is a town and the administrative center of Kirovsky District of Stavropol Krai, Russia, located on the left bank of the Kura River. Population: 26,556 (2010 Census preliminary results); 23,235 (2002 Census); 18,589 (1989 Census).
It was founded in 1777.

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Podkumok River
Podkumok River (Russian: Подкумок) is a river in Stavropol Krai, Russia, right tributary of the Kuma River. The length of the river is 160 km (99 mi). The area of its basin is 2,220 km² (857 mi²). The Podkumok River originates in the Greater Caucasus.
It is widely used for irrigation. The biggest hydroelectric dam in Imperial Russia Water-powers Белые угли, built in 1903, was located on the Podkumok River near Yessentuki.
The towns of Kislovodsk, Yessentuki, Pyatigorsk, Georgiyevsk and urban-type settlements Goryachevodsky, Svobody are located on the Podkumok River.
Coordinates: 43°45′52″N 42°13′44″E / 43.76444°N 42.22889°E / 43.76444; 42.22889

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Pyatigorsk
Pyatigorsk (Russian: Пятиго́рск) is a city in Stavropol Krai located on the Podkumok River, about 20 kilometers (12 mi) from Mineralnye Vody. Since January 19, 2010 it has been the administrative center of the North Caucasian Federal District of Russia. Population: 142,397 (2010 Census preliminary results); 140,559 (2002 Census); 129,499 (1989 Census).
The name Pyatigorsk is derived from the fused Russian words "пять гор" (five mountains) and the city is so called because of the five peaks of the Beshtau (which also means five mountains in Turkic) of the Caucasian mountain range overlooking the city. It was founded in 1780, and has been a health spa with mineral springs since 1803. Russian poet Mikhail Lermontov was shot in a duel at Pyatigorsk on July 27, 1841. There is a museum in the city devoted to his memory. The Zionist activist Joseph Trumpeldor was born in Pyatigorsk.
The city is situated on a small plateau, 512 meters (1,680 ft) above sea level, at the foot of Beshtau, Mashuk, and three other outliers of the Caucasus Mountains, which protect it on the north. The snow-covered summits of Mount Elbrus are visible to the south.

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Russia
Russia ⁱ/ˈrʌʃə/ or /ˈrʊʃə/ (Russian: Россия, tr. Rossiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijə] ( listen)), also officially known as the Russian Federation (Russian: Российская Федерация, tr. Rossiyskaya Federatsiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijskəjə fʲɪdʲɪˈratsɨjə] ( listen)), is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk, and the US state of Alaska by the Bering Strait. At 17,075,400 square kilometres (6,592,800 sq mi), Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than one eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area. Russia is also the eighth most populous nation with 143 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning nine time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources and is the largest producer of oil and natural gas globally. Russia has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.

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Soviet Union
The Soviet Union (Russian: Советский Союз, tr. Sovetsky Soyuz), officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR; Russian: Сою́з Сове́тских Социалисти́ческих Респу́блик, tr. Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik; IPA: [sɐˈjus sɐˈvʲetskʲɪx sətsɨəlʲɪˈstʲitɕɪskʲɪx rʲɪsˈpublʲɪk] ( listen); abbreviated СССР, SSSR), was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991.
The Soviet Union was a single-party state ruled by the Communist Party from its foundation until 1990. A union of 15 subnational Soviet republics, the Soviet state was structured under a highly centralized government and economy.
The Russian Revolution of 1917 caused the downfall of the Russian Empire. Following the Russian Revolution, there was a struggle for power between the Bolshevik party, led by Vladimir Lenin, and the anti-communist White movement. In December 1922, the Bolsheviks won the civil war, and the Soviet Union was formed with the merger of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic.

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Stavropol
Stavropol (Russian: Ста́врополь; IPA: [ˈstavrəpəlʲ]) is a city and the administrative center of Stavropol Krai, Russia. Population: 398,266 (2010 Census preliminary results); 354,867 (2002 Census); 318,298 (1989 Census).
Stavropol was founded on October 22, 1777 following the Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774 as a military encampment and designated as a city in 1785.^{[citation needed]} Prince Grigory Potemkin, who founded Stavropol as one of ten fortresses built between Azov and Mozdok at the request of Catherine the Great, played a leading role in the creation of the city. Don Cossacks, particularly those from the Khopersky Regiment, settled the area in and around the cities of Stavropol and Georgiyevsk with a mission to defend borders of the Empire.
The name "Stavropol" is a Russian rendition of a fictitious Greek name, Stauropolis (historically the name of an unrelated archbishopric in Caria, a Roman province in present Anatolia), meaning "the city of the cross". According to a legend, soldiers found a huge cross made out of stone when they were building the fortress in the future city location.^{[citation needed]}

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Stavropol Krai
Stavropol Krai (Russian: Ставропо́льский край, Stavropolsky kray) is a federal subject of Russia (a krai). Its administrative center is the city of Stavropol. Population: 2,786,281 (2010 Census).
Stavropol Krai encompasses the central part of the Fore-Caucasus and most of the northern slopes of Caucasus Major. It borders on Rostov Oblast, Krasnodar Krai, the Republic of Kalmykia, the Republic of Dagestan, the Chechen Republic, the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania, the Kabardino-Balkar Republic, and the Karachay–Cherkess Republic.
Stavropol is traversed by the northeasterly lines of equal latitude and longitude.
According to the 2010 Census, the population of the krai is 2,786,281; up from 2,735,139 recorded in the 2002 Census and further up from 2,410,379 recorded in the 1989 Census. The population of the krai is concentrated in the Kuban River and the Kuma River drainage basin, which used to be traditional Cossack land (see History of Cossacks). The Kuban Cossacks are now generally considered to be ethnic Russians, even though they are still an important minority in their own right in this area. Other notable ethnic groups include the Armenians (mostly Christian Hamsheni) and Greeks who have been settling here since at least the 18th century.

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Svetlograd
Coordinates: 45°20′7″N 42°51′17″E / 45.33528°N 42.85472°E / 45.33528; 42.85472
Svetlograd (Russian: Светлогра́д) is a town and the administrative center of Petrovsky District of Stavropol Krai, Russia, located on the Kalaus River, 85 kilometers (53 mi) northeast of Stavropol. Population: 38,520 (2010 Census preliminary results); 39,370 (2002 Census); 37,213 (1989 Census).
It was founded in 1750 as the village of Petrovskoye (Петро́вское). It was granted town status and renamed Svetlograd in 1965.

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United States
The United States of America (commonly abbreviated to the United States, the U.S., the USA, America, and the States) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west, across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Pacific and Caribbean.
At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km²) and with over 312 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest by both land area and population. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The U.S. economy is the world's largest national economy, with an estimated 2011 GDP of $15.1 trillion (22% of nominal global GDP and over 19% of global GDP at purchasing-power parity). Per capita income is the world's sixth-highest.

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Yessentuki
Yessentuki (Russian: Ессентуки́) is a city in Stavropol Krai, Russia, located at the base of the Caucasus Mountains. The city serves as a railway station in the Mineralnye Vody—Kislovodsk branch, and is situated 43 kilometers (27 mi) southwest of Mineralnye Vody and 17 kilometers (11 mi) west of Pyatigorsk. It is considered the cultural capital of Russia's Greek population and even today towards ten percent of its population is of Greek descent. Population: 100,969 (2010 Census preliminary results); 81,758 (2002 Census); 85,082 (1989 Census).
In 1798, the Russian military and border redoubt of Yessentuksky was laid on the right bank of the Bolshoy Yessentuchok River, near its confluence with the Podkumok River. After the construction of the Kislovodsk fortress in 1803, the redoubt was abolished, and only the Cossack post was kept on its site. The mineral waters of Yessentuki were first probed in 1810 by the Moscow doctor Fyodor Gaaz. Gaaz found two small wells with salty water (the present Gaazo-Ponomaryovsky spring) in the valley of the stream of Kislusha, about 4 kilometers (2.5 mi) northeast of the Yessentuksky post. A detailed study of Bugunta mineral waters (the original name of the waters, after the Bugunta River flowing nearby) was made in 1823 by the Russian doctor and pharmacologist A. P. Nelyubin, who found twenty more mineral springs on the slopes of the mountain he referred to as Shchelochnaya (Nelyubin's numbering of the Yessentuki mineral waters is still maintained). In 1825, General Yermolov founded the stanitsa of Yessentukskaya on the Bugunta River 3.5 kilometers (2.2 mi) northeast of the former Yessentuksky post;^{[citation needed]} its inhabitants were engaged in trade, trucking, and serving arriving patients. In 1839, water from springs ##23-26 was led to the common pool, where the first two baths of the wooden bathhouse were built at the expense of the Cossack Regiment Management.

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Zelenokumsk
Coordinates: 44°24′25″N 43°52′50″E / 44.40694°N 43.88056°E / 44.40694; 43.88056
Zelenokumsk (Russian: Зеленоку́мск) is a town and the administrative center of Sovetsky District of Stavropol Krai, Russia. The Kuma River flows through the town. Population: 35,790 (2010 Census preliminary results); 40,340 (2002 Census); 35,140 (1989 Census).
It was founded in 1762 as the selo of Vorontsovo-Alexandrovskoye (Воронцово-Александровское). It was granted work settlement status in 1963 and renamed Sovetskoye. Town status was granted to it in 1965 when it was renamed Zelenokumsk.

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Zheleznovodsk
Zheleznovodsk (Russian: Железново́дск) is a town in Stavropol Krai, Russia. Population: 24,496 (2010 Census preliminary results); 25,135 (2002 Census); 28,460 (1989 Census).
The name of the town literally means iron-water-place, as the mineral waters springing from the earth in Zheleznovodsk were believed to have high content of iron.
Zheleznovodsk is situated in the saddle between Mounts Beshtau and Zheleznaya, in what the locals refer to as aerodynamic tube, which attracts strong winds in the winter.
Zheleznovodsk was the place of signing the Zheleznovodsk Communiqué by Boris Yeltsin, Nursultan Nazarbayev, Ayaz Mutalibov, Levon Ter-Petrosian on September 23, 1991.
Administratively, along with one urban-type settlement, it is incorporated as the town of krai significance of Zheleznovodsk—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.Municipally, the town of krai significance of Zheleznovodsk is incorporated as Zheleznovodsk Urban Okrug.
Zheleznovodsk, along with Pyatigorsk, Yessentuki, Kislovodsk, and Mineralnye Vody, is a part of the Caucasus Mineral Waters, a renowned Russian spa resort. The town economy revolves around sanatoria, where dozens of thousands of people from all over Russia and former Soviet republics come year-around to vacation and rest, as well as prevent and treat numerous stomach, kidney, and liver diseases.

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Alexander Alyabyev
Alexander Aleksandrovich Alyabyev, also rendered as Alabiev or Alabieff (Russian: Александр Александрович Алябьев) (15 August [O.S. 4 August] 1787 – 6 March [O.S. 22 February] 1851) was a Russian composer. He wrote seven operas, twenty musical comedies, a symphony, three string quartets, more than 200 songs, and many other pieces.
Born to a wealthy family in Tobolsk in Siberia, Alyabyev learned music in his early years. He joined the Russian Army in 1812, during the Napoleonic War, and fought as an officer until 1823. He participated in the entry of the Russian forces into Dresden and Paris, and he won two awards.
After the mysterious death of a man he spent all night gambling with in February 1825, he was arrested on a charge of murder. While the evidence was not conclusive, Tsar Nicholas I expressly ordered him into exile to his native town of Tobolsk. Freed in 1831, he spent some years in the Caucasus before returning to Moscow, where he died in 1851.
Alyabyev's most famous work is The Nightingale (Solovey), a song based on a poem by Anton Delvig. It was composed while Alyabyev was in prison, in 1825. It has entered Russian consciousness as akin to a folk song.

wn.com/Alexander_Alyabyev
Brothers Bernardacci
The Brothers Bernardacci, Johann Karlovich (1782–1842) and Joseph Karlovich (1788–1840), natives of Lugano (in the Italian speaking canton of Ticino), were architects who arrived in Russia in 1822. They created that "сlean new town" (Princess Mary), which Lermontov found in 1837 at Gorjachevodsk (now Pyatigorsk).
Having devoted all of their life to construction on the Caucasus (Pyatigorsk, Kislovodsk, Stavropol, Tbilisi, Georgievsk), the Bernardacci created some landmarks connected with the name of Lermontov. In Pyatigorsk they designed Restoratsija, Nikolay's (nowadays Lermontov's) baths, Diana's grotto, the Aeolian harp pavilion, a gallery above Elisabeth's (nowadays Academic) spring, the house for retired officers (in 1837 - a city commandant's office, nowadays a resort clinic), house of E.A.Hastatova (it has not survived), Areshev's houses (in one of them Lermontov became acquainted with Belinsky; the houses have not survived), a garden opposite the Nikolay baths (nowadays the Tsvetnik), the State garden (now the Gorky Park of Culture) and others, and also a direct road from Pyatigorsk to Zheleznovodsk on which Lermontov travelled before his duel. In Kislovodsk the Bernardacci constructed Restoratsija (has not survived) and A.F. Rebrov's house.

wn.com/Brothers_Bernardacci
Ibn Battuta
Abū ‘Abd Allāh Muḥammad ibn ‘Abd Allāh al-Lawātī al-Ţanjī ibn Baṭūṭah (Arabic: أبو عبد الله محمد بن عبد الله اللواتي الطنجي بن بطوطة‎), or simply Ibn Battuta (ابن بطوطة), also known as Shams ad-Din (February 25, 1304–1368 or 1369), was a Berber Muslim Moroccan explorer, known for his extensive travels, accounts of which were published in the Rihla (lit. "Journey"). Over a period of thirty years, he visited most of the known Islamic world as well as many non-Muslim lands; his journeys including trips to North Africa, the Horn of Africa, West Africa, Southern Europe and Eastern Europe in the West, and to the Middle East, South Asia, Central Asia, Southeast Asia and China in the East, a distance surpassing threefold his near-contemporary Marco Polo. Ibn Battuta is considered one of the greatest travellers of all time. He journeyed more than 75,000 miles (121,000 km), a figure unsurpassed by any individual explorer until the coming of the Steam Age some 450 years later.
All that is known about Ibn Battuta's life comes from the autobiographical information included in the account of his travels. Ibn Battuta was born into a Berber family of Islamic legal scholars in Tangier, Morocco, on 25 February 1304, during the reign of the Marinid dynasty. As a young man he would have studied at a Sunni Maliki madh'hab, (Islamic jurisprudence school), the dominant form of education in North Africa at that time. In June 1325, at the age of twenty-one, Ibn Battuta set off from his hometown on a hajj, or pilgrimage, to Mecca, a journey that would take sixteen months. He would not see Morocco again for twenty-four years.

wn.com/Ibn_Battuta
Jonathan Littell
Jonathan Littell (born 10 October 1967 in New York) is a bilingual (English / French) writer living in Barcelona. He grew up in France and United States and is a dual citizen of both countries. After acquiring his bachelor degree he worked for a humanitarian organisation for nine years, leaving his job in 2001 in order to concentrate on writing. His first novel written in French, The Kindly Ones (2006; Les Bienveillantes), won two major French awards, including the Prix Goncourt.
Littell is the son of author Robert Littell. While his grandparents were Jews who emigrated from Russia to the United States at the end of the 19th century, Littell does not define himself as a Jew "at all", and is quoted as saying, "for me Judaism is more [of] a historical background."
Littell arrived in France at age three, then completed part of his education in his native country from age 13 to 16, before returning to France to achieve his baccalauréat. He returned again to the United States where he attended Yale University and graduated with a bachelor's degree in 1989. During his years in Yale, he finished his first book, Bad Voltage, and later on met William S. Burroughs, who left a lasting impression on him. Due to his influence, he started to read Burroughs, as well as Sade, Blanchot, Genet, Céline, Bataille and Beckett. Afterwards, he worked as a translator, rendering French works by Sade, Blanchot, Genet and Quignard into English. At the same time, he started to write a ten volume book, but gave up the pharaonic project after the third volume.

wn.com/Jonathan_Littell
Joseph Trumpeldor
Joseph Trumpeldor (November 21, 1880 – March 1, 1920, Hebrew: יוסף טרוּמְפֶּלְדּוֹר‎, Russian: Иосиф Трумпельдор), was an early Zionist activist. He helped organize the Zion Mule Corps and bring Jewish immigrants to Palestine. Trumpeldor died defending the settlement of Tel Hai in 1920 and subsequently became a Zionist national hero. His last words were famously "Never mind, it is good to die for our country."
Joseph Trumpeldor was born in Pyatigorsk, Russia. His father, Wulf Trumpeldor, served as a cantonist in the Caucasian War, and as a "useful Jew", was allowed to settle outside the Pale of Settlement. Though proudly Jewish, Trumpeldor's upbringing was more Russian than traditionally Jewish. Originally in training as a dentist, Joseph Trumpeldor volunteered for the Russian army in 1902. During the Russo-Japanese War, he participated in the siege of Port Arthur, where he lost his left arm to shrapnel. He spent a hundred days in the hospital recovering, but elected to complete his service. Trumpeldor was truly dedicated to his country. When he was questioned about his decisions and told that he was heavily advised not to continue fighting given his handicap, he responded "but I still have another arm to give to the motherland." When Port Arthur surrendered, Trumpeldor went into Japanese captivity. He spent his time printing a newspaper on Jewish affairs and organized history, geography and literature classes. He also befriended several prisoners who shared his desire of founding a communal farm in Israel. On return from captivity, he moved to St. Petersburg. Trumpeldor subsequently received four decorations for bravery including the Cross of St. George, which made him the most decorated Jewish soldier in Russia. In 1906 he became the first Jew in the army to receive an officer's commission.

wn.com/Joseph_Trumpeldor
Mikhail Lermontov
Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov (Russian: Михаи́л Ю́рьевич Ле́рмонтов; IPA: [mʲɪxɐˈil ˈjurʲjɪvʲɪtɕ ˈlʲɛrməntəf]; October 15 [O.S. October 3] 1814 – July 27 [O.S. July 15] 1841), a Russian Romantic writer, poet and painter, sometimes called "the poet of the Caucasus", became the most important Russian poet after Alexander Pushkin's death in 1837. Lermontov is considered the supreme poet of Russian literature alongside Pushkin and the greatest figure in Russian Romanticism. His influence on later Russian literature is still felt in modern times, not only through his poetry, but also through his prose, which founded the tradition of the Russian psychological novel.
Lermontov was born in Moscow into a respectable noble family of the Tula Oblast, and grew up on the Tarkhany estate in the village of Tarkhany (now Lermontovo) in Penza Oblast. According to legend, his paternal family is descended from the Scottish Earls of Learmont, one of whom settled in Russia in the early 17th century, during the reign of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov. The legendary Scottish poet Thomas the Rhymer (Thomas Learmonth) is thus claimed as a relative of Lermontov. The only ascertainable genealogical information states that the poet was descended from Yuri (George) Learmont, a Scottish officer in the Polish service who settled in Russia in the middle of 17th century

wn.com/Mikhail_Lermontov
Peter the Great
Peter the Great, Peter I or Pyotr Alexeyevich Romanov (Russian: Пётр Алексе́евич Рома́нов, Пётр I, Pyotr I, or Пётр Вели́кий, Pyotr Velikiy) (9 June [O.S. 30 May] 1672 – 8 February [O.S. 28 January] 1725) ruled the Tsardom of Russia and later the Russian Empire from 7 May [O.S. 27 April] 1682 until his death, jointly ruling before 1696 with his half-brother. In numerous successful wars he expanded the Tsardom into a huge empire that became a major European power. According to historian James Cracraft, he led a cultural revolution that replaced the traditionalist and medieval social and political system with a modern, scientific, Europe-oriented, and rationalist system.

wn.com/Peter_the_Great
Turkic languages
The Turkic languages constitute a language family of at least thirty-five languages, spoken by Turkic peoples across a vast area from Eastern Europe and the Mediterranean to Siberia and Western China, and are considered to be part of the proposed Altaic language family.
Turkic languages are spoken as a native language by some 165 to 200 million people; and the total number of Turkic speakers is over 300 million, including speakers of a second language. The Turkic language with the greatest number of speakers is Turkish proper, or Anatolian [and Balkan] Turkish, the speakers of which account for about 40% of all Turkic speakers.
Characteristic features of Turkish, such as vowel harmony, agglutination, and lack of grammatical gender, are universal within the Turkic family. There is also a high degree of mutual intelligibility between the various Oghuz languages, which include Turkish, Azerbaijani, Turkmen, Qashqai, Gagauz, Balkan Gagauz Turkish and Oghuz influenced Crimean Tatar.
The characteristic features of the Turkic languages are vowel harmony, extensive agglutination by means of suffixes and other affixes, and lack of noun classes or grammatical gender. Subject–object–verb word order is universal within the family. All of these distinguishing characteristics are shared with the Mongolic, Tungusic, and Korean language families, as well as (with the exception of vowel harmony) with Japonic, which are considered by some linguists to be genetically linked with the Turkic languages in an Altaic language family.

wn.com/Turkic_languages

KVN-Pyatigorsk-october2011

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published: 03 Nov 2011

author: irina ananina

KWN - Pyatigorsk - papa i syn (NG)

Pyatigorsk- Papa_syn_nowyjGod...

published: 20 Dec 2005

author: pobeda

KWN-Pyatigorsk-Papa_syn_otpusk

KWN-Pyatigorsk-Papa_syn_otpusk...

published: 20 Dec 2005

author: pobeda

Tour of Pyatigorsk

Pyatigorsk located at the foot of Mashuk Mountain is the largest resort in the region Cauc...

published: 04 Nov 2010

author: RussiaNowTV

Welcome to Pyatigorsk

Pyatigorsk-pearl of the Northern Caucasus SEE MORE WORLDWIDE HITS ON MY VIDEO CHANNEL www....

published: 17 Aug 2011

author: MrGrot71

Pyatigorsk ( Пятигорск )

Pyatigorsk is a City in Stavropol Krai and the Administrative Center of the Newly Created ...

published: 24 May 2011

author: RussianDefender100

Pyatigorsk.m4v

Pyatigorsk, 1979 - 2003 An investment in the fledgling Pyatigorsk Syndicate was the beginn...

published: 27 Sep 2011

author: sturgeoncreekarabian

Crime: Pyatigorsk - Hit & Run

Pyatigorsk, Russia - Police are looking for a man driving a black car who intentionally hi...

published: 23 May 2012

author: MediaLab1000

Pyatigorsk, Russia

Small video about Pyatigorsk...

published: 23 Jun 2007

author: murmuridis

Les Twins. workshop in Pyatigorsk 11.02.2011 - Larry.avi

i do not own this music...

published: 20 Apr 2011

author: KissIrin

kwn pyatigorsk podarok

kwn pyatigorsk podarok...

published: 20 Dec 2005

author: pobeda

Pyatigorsk part 1

Russia, Northern Caucasus, the city of Pyatigorsk. August 2009...

published: 16 Aug 2009

author: bobyara2000

Pyatigorsk part 2

Russia, Northern Caucasus, the city of Pyatigorsk. August 2009...

published: 16 Aug 2009

author: bobyara2000

KVN Pyatigorsk - Gunilla

KVN Pyatigorsk - Gunilla...

published: 22 Dec 2005

author: pobeda

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photo: AP / Photo

Villagers view the bodies of suspected attackers from the Pokomo tribe, following tribal clashes in Kipao village in the Tana River Delta region of southeastern Kenya Friday, Dec. 21, 2012.

Neighbors Kill Neighbors in Kenya as Election Tensions Stir Age-Old Grievances

The New York Times

22 Feb 2013

MALINDI, Kenya — In a room by the stairs, Shukrani Malingi, a Pokomo farmer, writhed on a metal cot, the skin on his back burned off. Down the hall, at a safe distance, Rahema Hageyo, an Orma girl, stared blankly out of a window, a long scar above her thimble-like neck. She was nearly decapitated by a machete chop — and she is only 9 months old. Connect With Us on Twitter ... Twitter List. Reporters and Editors ...   ... Op-Ed ... N.Y ... ....(size: 6.3Kb)

photo: AP

Olympic athlete, Oscar Pistorius , in court Friday Feb. 22, 2013 in Pretoria, South Africa, for his bail hearing charged with the shooting death of his girlfriend, Reeva Steenkamp.

Pistorius ’knows jail almost guaranteed’

Canberra Times

22 Feb 2013

Oscar Pistorius appears at the Magistrate Court in Pretoria on day four of his bail hearing. Photo. AFP. The lead lawyer prosecuting Oscar Pistorius on murder charges has told a Pretoria bail hearing the sprinter knows a long spell in jail is ‘‘almost guaranteed’’ and is a flight risk ... ‘‘He must realise that a long term of imprisonment is almost guaranteed ... AFP/AAP . ....(size: 3.0Kb)

photo: AP / Aijaz Rahi

An official of India's National Investigation Agency looks for evidence in the debris at one of the two bomb blast sites, in Hyderabad, India, Friday, Feb. 22, 2013.

Hyderabad bomb investigators examine links with Islamist militant group

The Guardian

22 Feb 2013

Indian Mujahideen group reported to have ties to Pakistan and may be behind dual bomb attack that killed 15. Officials look for evidence in the debris of one of the two bomb blast sites in Hyderabad, India. Photograph. Aijaz Rahi/AP ... India's recent execution of an Islamic militant is being examined as a possible motive for the bombings, he said ... They had also visited various spots in New Delhi, Mumbai and Pune ... ....(size: 4.8Kb)

photo: Creative Commons / Strike Eagle

Police investigation at the area of the first blast at Hyderabad-India.

Hyderabad bomb blasts: Five young students among 14 dead

The Times of India

22 Feb 2013

HYDERABAD. A trip to purchase books for the exam of sub-inspector in excise department proved to be the last outing of Vijay Kumar, who was among the five students killed in the twin blasts in the city. Among the other students killed was Rajasekhar, who was pursuing MBA, Harish, an engineering student from Kottapet locality in the city, and Swapna, another MBA student ... ....(size: 2.0Kb)

photo: UN / UNICEF, Marco Domino

File - Children read a cholera prevention poster in Cite L'Eternel a poor neighborhood of Port au Prince, Haiti, where the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) is working to contain the cholera outbreak, 16 November, 20110.

UN 'will not pay' for Haiti cholera

Irish Times

22 Feb 2013

The United Nations has said it will not pay hundreds of millions of dollars in compensation claimed by cholera victims in impoverished Haiti, where an epidemic has killed thousands of people and been blamed on UN peacekeepers. Cholera - an infection causing severe diarrhoea that can lead to dehydration and death - has killed some 7,750 Haitians and sickened almost 620,000 since October 2010. It occurs in places with poor sanitation ... ....(size: 3.4Kb)

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Exactly one year remains until Olympic Games in Sochi (The President of Russia)

noodls

08 Feb 2013

Clocks counting down the time to the start of the 2014 XXII Winter Olympic Games and the XI Winter Paralympic Games were launched in Moscow, St Petersburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Rostov-on-Don, Yekaterinburg, Pyatigorsk and ......(size: 1.4Kb)

With one year to go, Ban helps kick off countdown to Sochi Winter Olympics

United Nations

08 Feb 2013

Print. 8 February 2013 – Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon helped to kick off the one-year countdown to next year’s Winter Olympics in Sochi – the first Games to ever be hosted by the Russian Federation ... Mr ... Petersburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Rostov-on-Don, Ekaterinburg, Novosibirsk, Pyatigorsk and Khabarovsk. Source. United Nations Press Release....(size: 2.3Kb)

IOC President Jacques Rogge counts down to Sochi with Omega (IOC - International Olympic Commitee)

noodls

08 Feb 2013

(Source. IOC - International Olympic Commitee). Eight of OMEGA's Countdown Clocks were revealed in ceremonies across Russia on 7 February, celebrating the final 365 days to the start of the Sochi 2014 Olympic Winter Games ... These major cities include Sochi, Moscow, Saint Petersburg, Ekaterinburg, Niznhiy Novgorod, Rostov-on-Don, Pyatigorsk, Novosibirsk and Khabarovsk ... distributed by ... (noodl. 17480914) ....(size: 2.8Kb)

With one year to go, Ban helps kick off countdown to Sochi Winter Olympics (UN - United Nations)

noodls

08 Feb 2013

(Source. UN - United Nations) With one year to go, Ban helps kick off countdown to Sochi Winter Olympics. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon (centre), Ambassador Vitaly Churkin of Russia (left) and General Assembly President Vuk Jeremić kick off countdown to Sochi Winter Olympics. UN Photo/Nkola Krastev ... Mr ... Petersburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Rostov-on-Don, Ekaterinburg, Novosibirsk, Pyatigorsk and Khabarovsk. News Tracker ... (noodl. 17489670) ....(size: 3.3Kb)

One year countdown to Sochi Winter Olympic Games

China Daily

08 Feb 2013

MOSCOW - With countdown timers unveiled Thursday in eight major cities, Russia officially entered "the final stage" of preparation work for the Sochi Winter Olympic Games. Festivities were held in Moscow and seven other cities, namely St. Petersburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Rostov, Yekaterinburg, Novosibirsk, Pyatigorsk and Khabarovsk as the timers started at 11 ... "One can pass the entire trail safely but bungle the final bit, " said Putin ... ....(size: 3.1Kb)

Russia starts Sochi 2014 countdown clocks

Newstrack India

07 Feb 2013

Tweet ... Similar scenes could be witnessed in St Petersburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Rostov-on-Don, Yekaterinburg, Novosibirsk, Pyatigorsk and Khabarovsk ... The show is to feature 300 artists including Olympic champion figure skaters Alexei Yagudin, Tatiana Navka and Roman Kostomarov ... ) .. ). ... . . . . . .. . . .. ....(size: 2.1Kb)

Sochi 2014 marks one year to go (IOC - International Olympic Commitee)

noodls

07 Feb 2013

(Source. IOC - International Olympic Commitee). The clocks, made by Olympic Partner Omega, were unveiled in Moscow, St Petersburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Rostov-on-Don, Yekaterinburg, Novosibirsk, Pyatigorsk and Khabarovsk ... distributed by. This noodl was issued by IOC - International Olympic Commitee and was initially posted at www.olympic.org ... (noodl. 17476242) ....(size: 2.2Kb)

Sochi 2014 Olympic Winter Games reaches Minus One Year milestone! (Omega SA)

noodls

07 Feb 2013

(Source. Omega SA). 07 February 2013. Excitement fills the air as nine OMEGA Countdown Clocks tick away the seconds to the 22nd Olympic Winter Games ... In addition to Sochi, the new cities that are now home to an official countdown include Moscow, Saint-Petersburg, Ekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Rostov-on-Don, Pyatigorsk, Novosibirsk and Khabarovsk ... Image gallery. Click to view full-size and additional information. distributed by ... (noodl....(size: 3.0Kb)

Sochi 2014 Olympic Winter Games Reaches Minus One Year Milestone!

Canada Newswire

07 Feb 2013

Excitement fills the air as nine OMEGA Countdown Clocks tick away the seconds to the 22nd Olympic Winter Games. MOSCOW, Feb ... To view the Multimedia News Release, please click. ... In addition to Sochi, the new cities that are now home to an official countdown include Moscow, Saint-Petersburg, Ekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Rostov-on-Don, Pyatigorsk, Novosibirsk and Khabarovsk ... Video ... SOURCE. OMEGA For further information. ... press@omega.ch ... ....(size: 2.4Kb)

Russia starts Sochi Olympics countdown

CNTV

07 Feb 2013

MOSCOW, Feb. 7 (Xinhua) -- Russia started a countdown of the 22nd Winter Olympic Games Thursday with festivities in major cities across the country ... Earlier this week, Putin ordered to hold G8 summit-2014 in Sochi following the Olympic games. The countdown timers have been started at 11.00 local time in Moscow and seven other cities, namely St-Petersburg, Nizhni Novgorod, Rostov, Yekaterinburg, Novosibirsk, Pyatigorsk, Khabarovsk ... NBA ... ....(size: 5.6Kb)

One Year to Go to Sochi 2014 Olympic Games Ceremonies to Take Place Across Russia

Yahoo Daily News

01 Feb 2013

On the 7th February 2013, Russia will celebrate One Year to Go until the start of the XXII Winter Olympic Games in Sochi ... To mark the occasion, clocks counting down the days to the first ever Russian Olympic Winter Games will be unveiled in the morning in Moscow, St Petersburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Rostov-on-Don, Yekaterinburg, Novosibirsk, Pyatigorsk and Khabarovsk ... Press Service of the Sochi 2014 Organizing Committee ... ....(size: 2.0Kb)

Two Servicemen Killed in Chechnya Shootout

Novosti

24 Jan 2013

PYATIGORSK, January 24 (RIA Novosti) - Two servicemen were killed and five injured in a shootout with suspected militants in Russia’s North Caucasus Republic of Chechnya, a ......(size: 0.9Kb)

Rescuers Find Missing Climber on Elbrus

Novosti

12 Jan 2013

PYATIGORSK, January 12 (RIA Novosti) - Rescuers have found a woman survivor from a group of three climbers who went missing on Mount Elbrus in Russia's Caucasus mountain range, the local Emergencies Ministry said on Saturday ... "The woman was found at a height of 4,800 meters ... ....(size: 1.3Kb)

timeline:
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Pyatigorsk (English) Пятигорск (Russian)
- City^[1] -
View of Pyatigorsk from Mt.Mashuk, 2007
Location of Stavropol Krai in Russia
Pyatigorsk Location of Pyatigorsk in Stavropol Krai
Coordinates: 44°02′N 43°03′E / 44.033°N 43.05°E / 44.033; 43.05Coordinates: 44°02′N 43°03′E / 44.033°N 43.05°E / 44.033; 43.05

Coat of arms	Flag
Administrative status (as of July 2011)
Country	Russia
Federal subject	Stavropol Krai^[1]
Administratively subordinated to	city of krai significance of Pyatigorsk^[1]
Administrative center of	city of krai significance of Pyatigorsk^[1]
Municipal status (as of July 2010)
Urban okrug	Pyatigorsk Urban Okrug^[2]
Administrative center of	Pyatigorsk Urban Okrug^[2]
Head^{[citation needed]}	Lev Travnev^{[citation needed]}
Representative body	Council of Deputies^{[citation needed]}
Statistics
Area	97 km² (37 sq mi)^{[citation needed]}
Population (2010 Census, preliminary)	142,397 inhabitants^[3]
- Rank in 2010	121st
Population (2002 Census)	140,559 inhabitants^[4]
- Rank in 2002	119th
Density	1,468 /km² (3,800 /sq mi)^[5]
Time zone	MSK (UTC+04:00)^[6]
Founded	1780^{[citation needed]}
Postal code(s)	357500^{[citation needed]}
Dialing code(s)	+7 8793^{[citation needed]}
Official website
Pyatigorsk on WikiCommons

Pyatigorsk (Russian: Пятиго́рск) is a city in Stavropol Krai located on the Podkumok River, about 20 kilometers (12 mi) from Mineralnye Vody. Since January 19, 2010 it has been the administrative center of the North Caucasian Federal District of Russia. Population: 142,397 (2010 Census preliminary results);^[3] 140,559 (2002 Census);^[7] 129,499 (1989 Census).^[8]

The name Pyatigorsk is derived from the fused Russian words "пять гор" (five mountains) and the city is so called because of the five peaks of the Beshtau (which also means five mountains in Turkic) of the Caucasian mountain range overlooking the city. It was founded in 1780, and has been a health spa with mineral springs since 1803. Russian poet Mikhail Lermontov was shot in a duel at Pyatigorsk on July 27, 1841. There is a museum in the city devoted to his memory. The Zionist activist Joseph Trumpeldor was born in Pyatigorsk.

1 Geography and climate
2 History
3 Administrative and municipal status
4 Economy
5 Tourism
6 Points of interest
7 Honors
8 International relations
9 References
- 9.1 Notes
- 9.2 Sources
10 External links

Geography and climate [link]

The city is situated on a small plateau, 512 meters (1,680 ft) above sea level, at the foot of Beshtau, Mashuk, and three other outliers of the Caucasus Mountains, which protect it on the north. The snow-covered summits of Mount Elbrus are visible to the south.

The climate of Pyatigorsk is moderately continental, without sharp fluctuations of annual and daily temperatures. Summers are steadily warm with the average July temperature of +22 °C (72 °F), and winters, lasting two to three months, are moderately soft, wit the average January temperature of −4 °C (25 °F). Spring is early and cool, with a sharp transition by the summer, and a warm, dry, and long fall. Relative humidity of the air varies from 54 to 80%. There is an average of ninety-eight sunny days in a year.

History [link]

20th-century postcard with a view of Pyatigorsk

The first mention of the mineral springs is found in the writings of the 14th-century Arabian traveler Ibn Battuta. Scientific interest in them was first shown by Peter the Great, but the information collected on his expedition has since been lost. Interest was revived at the end of the 18th century when the first Russian settlement was founded—Konstantinogorskaya fortress, erected at Mt. Mashuk in 1780.^{[citation needed]}

The value of the Caucasian mineral waters led to the construction of a resort in 1803, and the first studies of their medical properties began thereafter: on April 24, Alexander I signed a decree which made the mineral waters state property. There are now many settlements near the springs. The first such settlement was Goryachevodsk (now part of Pyatigorsk) at the bottom of Mt. Mashuk, then Kislovodsk, Yessentuki, Zheleznovodsk.^[9]

During World War II, Pyatigorsk was occupied for a while by the German Wehrmacht. The Einsatzkommando 12 of Einsatzgruppen D had its headquarter in Pyatigorsk in 1942.^[10] Many Jewish inhabitants of the region were killed.^[11]

Administrative and municipal status [link]

Administratively, along with two urban-type settlements and five rural localities, it is incorporated as the city of krai significance of Pyatigorsk—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.^[1] Municipally, the city of krai significance of Pyatigorsk is incorporated as Pyatigorsk Urban Okrug.^[2]

Economy [link]

The industry of Pyatigorsk is primarily oriented towards service of the health resort. There is also food industry (a meat-processing plant, a winery, a dairy, a brewery, a confectionery), textiles (clothing, shoe plant, carpet factories), machine industry and metal working (PО Pyatigorskselmash specializes in machines and equipment for aviculture; a special automobile equipment works, an electromechanical plant, etc.); a chemical factory and a ceramics factory who specialize in porcelain and ceramic gifts such as samovars, figurines, vases, and decorative ceramic wall hanging panels.

In 1991, the Pyatigorsk health resort had ten sanatoria, four boarding houses and five sanatoria-preventoria. The number of people who stayed at the health resort within a year totalled about 170,000.

Tourism [link]

Pyatigorsk is a convenient starting point for numerous tourist routes. The southern slope of Mashuk has a 20 meters (66 ft) deep sinkhole, at the bottom of which there is a small lake. To climb Mashuk, there is a cable and a foot road. At the center of the health resorts, on the slopes and at the bottoms of Mounts Beshtau, Mashuk, Zmeyka, Razvalka, Zheleznaya, Ostrov, and Medovaya, there is Mount Beshtau forestland (mainly ash, oak, hornbeam, and beech).

Points of interest [link]

The monument marks the place of Lermontov's duel

The state memorial estate of Mikhail Lermontov was founded in 1973. It unites all of the Lermontov memorial places in the region: the place where he fought his duel and was killed, a necropolis, Lermontov's small house, Verzilin's houses, the house of Alexander Alyabyev, the Lermontov square, and monument.

The Aeolian harp is a small stone pavilion in the classical style, constructed by the brothers Bernardacci in 1828.

Diana's grotto was built in 1830, in honor of the first ascent of Mount Elbrus.

Pyatigorsk is well known in the Caucasus region for its excellent restaurants and nightlife, as well as for its extremely large marketplace. A major thoroughfare is known to locals as "Broadway", which runs through the center of the city, and on which most of the best restaurants, nightclubs, and attractions are located. Broadway is also a popular spot for people watching. The influence of the Caucasus region is felt here most noticeably in the music and cuisine, which incorporate aspects of many former Soviet republics such as Armenia.

Pyatigorsk features prominently in Jonathan Littel's 2009 novel, The Kindly Ones.

Honors [link]

An asteroid 2192 Pyatigoriya discovered in 1972 by Soviet astronomer Tamara Smirnova is named after the city.^[12]

International relations [link]

Pyatigorsk is twinned with:

Schwerte in Germany
Dubuque, Iowa, United States

References [link]

Notes [link]

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Resolution #63-p
^ ^a ^b ^c Law #88-kz
^ ^a ^b Федеральная служба государственной статистики (Federal State Statistics Service) (2011). "Предварительные итоги Всероссийской переписи населения 2010 года (Preliminary results of the 2010 All-Russian Population Census)" (in Russian). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года (2010 All-Russia Population Census). Federal State Statistics Service. http://www.perepis-2010.ru/results_of_the_census/results-inform.php. Retrieved February 9, 2012.
^ Федеральная служба государственной статистики (Federal State Statistics Service) (May 21, 2004). "Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек (Population of Russia, its federal districts, federal subjects, districts, urban localities, rural localities—administrative centers, and rural localities with population of over 3,000)" (in Russian). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (All-Russia Population Census of 2002). Federal State Statistics Service. http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/doc/1_TOM_01_04.xls. Retrieved February 9, 2012.
^ The value of density was calculated automatically by dividing the 2010 Census population by the area specified in the infobox. Please note that this value may not be accurate as the area specified in the infobox does not necessarily correspond to the area of the entity proper or is reported for the same year as the population.
^ Правительство Российской Федерации. Постановление №725 от 31 августа 2011 г. «О составе территорий, образующих каждую часовую зону, и порядке исчисления времени в часовых зонах, а также о признании утратившими силу отдельных Постановлений Правительства Российской Федерации». Вступил в силу по истечении 7 дней после дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Российская Газета", №197, 6 сентября 2011 г. (Government of the Russian Federation. Resolution #725 of August 31, 2011 On the Composition of the Territories Included into Each Time Zone and on the Procedures of Timekeeping in the Time Zones, as Well as on Abrogation of Several Resolutions of the Government of the Russian Federation. Effective as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication.).
^ Федеральная служба государственной статистики (Federal State Statistics Service) (May 21, 2004). "Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек (Population of Russia, its federal districts, federal subjects, districts, urban localities, rural localities—administrative centers, and rural localities with population of over 3,000)" (in Russian). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (All-Russia Population Census of 2002). Federal State Statistics Service. http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/doc/1_TOM_01_04.xls. Retrieved February 9, 2012.
^ "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров. (All Union Population Census of 1989. Present population of union and autonomous republics, autonomous oblasts and okrugs, krais, oblasts, districts, urban settlements, and villages serving as district administrative centers.)" (in Russian). Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года (All-Union Population Census of 1989). Demoscope Weekly (website of the Institute of Demographics of the State University—Higher School of Economics. 1989. http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus89_reg.php. Retrieved February 9, 2012.
^ Pyatigorsk
^ (German) Jonathan Littell: Die Wohlgesinnten - Materialienband. Berlin 2006. P. 66
^ [1] The Jewish Foundation for the Righteous: Russia // Kira Belkova
^ Schmadel, Lutz D. (2003). Dictionary of Minor Planet Names (5th ed.). New York: Springer Verlag. p. 178. ISBN 3-540-00238-3. http://books.google.com/books?q=2190+Coubertin+GV3.

Sources [link]

Правительство Ставропольского края. Постановление №63-п от 4 мая 2006 г. «Об утверждении реестра административно-территориальных единиц Ставропольского края», в ред. Постановления №260-п от 11 июля 2011 г «О внесении изменений в Постановление Правительства Ставропольского края от 04 мая 2006 г. №63-п "Об утверждении реестра районов и населённых пунктов Ставропольского края"». Вступил в силу с 4 мая 2006 г.. Опубликован: "Сборник законов и других правовых актов Ставропольского края", №17, ст. 5609, 10 июля 2006 г. (Government of Stavropol Krai. Resolution #63-p of May 4, 2006 On the Adoption of the Registry of the Administrative-Territorial Units of Stavropol Krai, as amended by the Resolution #260-p of July 11, 2011 On Amending the Resolution #63-p of the Government of Stavropol Krai of May 4, 2006 "On the Adoption of the Registry of the Districts and the Inhabited Localities of Stavropol Krai". Effective as of May 4, 2006.).
Государственная Дума Ставропольского края. Закон №88-кз от 4 октября 2004 г. «О наделении муниципальных образований Ставропольского края статусом городского, сельского поселения, городского округа, муниципального района», в ред. Закона №46-кз от 1 июля 2010 г «О преобразовании муниципального образования города Будённовска Ставропольского края». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Ставропольская правда", №216, 6 октября 2004 г. (State Duma of Stavropol Krai. Law #88-kz of October 4, 2004 On Granting the Status of Urban, Rural Settlement, Urban Okrug, Municipal District to the Municipal Formations of Stavropol Krai, as amended by the Law #46-kz of July 1, 2010 On the Transformation of the Municipal Formation of the Town of Budyonnovsk of Stavropol Krai. Effective as of the day of the official publication.).

External links [link]

Official website of Pyatigorsk (Russian)
Website about Pyatigorsk (Russian)
Weather in Pyatigorsk
BBC News. Scraping by in a Russian resort

v t e Administrative divisions of Stavropol Krai

Administrative center: Stavropol

	Cities and towns	Blagodarny · Budyonnovsk · Georgiyevsk · Ipatovo · Izobilny · Kislovodsk · Lermontov · Mikhaylovsk · Mineralnye Vody · Neftekumsk · Nevinnomyssk · Novoalexandrovsk · Novopavlovsk · Pyatigorsk · Stavropol · Svetlograd · Yessentuki · Zelenokumsk · Zheleznovodsk

	Districts	Alexandrovsky · Andropovsky · Apanasenkovsky · Arzgirsky · Blagodarnensky · Budyonnovsky · Georgiyevsky · Grachyovsky · Ipatovsky · Izobilnensky · Kirovsky · Kochubeyevsky · Krasnogvardeysky · Kursky · Levokumsky · Mineralovodsky · Neftekumsky · Novoalexandrovsky · Novoselitsky · Petrovsky · Predgorny · Shpakovsky · Sovetsky · Stepnovsky · Trunovsky · Turkmensky

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Les Twins

Background information
Born	(1988-12-06) December 6, 1988 (age 23)
Origin	Sarcelles, Val d'Oise, France
Genres	New Style, Hip-hop dance
Associated acts	Cirque Du Soleil, Criminalz Crew, Veteranz Crew
Website	https://www.facebook.com/pages/Les-TWINS-Organization-Official/109855652372782?sk=info
Members
Laurent Nicolas Bourgeois Larry Nicolas Bourgeois

Larry and Laurent Bourgeois, popularly known as "Les Twins" or Larry " Ca Blaze " Bourgeois and Laurent " Lil Beast " Bourgeois, are a hip hop dance duo originating from Sarcelles, France. The twin brothers who are of Guadeloupean descent (Guadeloupe, F.W.I.), are known worldwide for their talents in New Style dancing. Although they can be seen dancing as a duet, they are also a part of a larger crew known as Criminalz Crew, a group with a variety of dancers that range from b-boys to other new style dancers such as themselves. Les Twins have appeared on the television show Incroyable Talent^[1] as well as the Ellen DeGeneres Show. Les Twins have competed in multiple dance competitions such as: World Of Dance, Battle Of The Stylez, Urban Dance Showcase and won the Juste Debout Dance Competition in the Hip-Hop New Style category in 2011. ^[2]^{[original research?]} They come from a very large family with 18 siblings, and only 9 of whom dance.

Les Twins have performed with Beyoncé Knowles^[3].^[4] They have also appeared in Jay-Z's That's Rocawear viral video^[5] and the music video for "La Gloria" by French-Argentine band Gotan Project. They were also traveling with Cirque du Soleil Michael Jackson Immortal World Tour as dancers with a newly formed crew especially for the tour, named Veteranz crew until sometime in 2012.

Les Twins are represented by Next Model Management.

Gallery [link]

Les Twins photo shoot with Shawn Welling
Les Twins in action
Les Twins mid-air during a shoot with Shawn Welling

References [link]

External links [link]

Les Twins Official Contacts: https://www.facebook.com/pages/Les-TWINS-Organization-Official/109855652372782?sk=info

Persondata
Name
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	December 6, 1988
Place of birth
Date of death
Place of death

This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Twins

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.

Playlist

Film Summary

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Contents

Geography and climate [link]

History [link]

Administrative and municipal status [link]

Economy [link]

Tourism [link]

Points of interest [link]

Honors [link]

International relations [link]

References [link]

Notes [link]

Sources [link]

External links [link]

http://wn.com/Pyatigorsk

Related pages:

http://it.wn.com/Pjatigorsk

http://cs.wn.com/Pjatigorsk

http://es.wn.com/Piatigorsk

http://ru.wn.com/Пятигорск

http://nl.wn.com/Pjatigorsk

http://pl.wn.com/Piatigorsk

http://fr.wn.com/Piatigorsk

http://de.wn.com/Pjatigorsk

Gallery [link]

References [link]

External links [link]

http://wn.com/Les_Twins

Related pages:

http://ru.wn.com/Les Twins

http://fr.wn.com/Les Twins