The term Experience Economy was first described in an article published in 1998 by B. Joseph Pine II and James H. Gilmore, titled "The Experience Economy". In it they described the experience economy as the next economy following the agrarian economy, the industrial economy, and the most recent service economy. This concept had been previously researched by many other authors (see History of the Concept).

Pine and Gilmore argue that businesses must orchestrate memorable events for their customers, and that memory itself becomes the product - the "experience". More advanced experience businesses can begin charging for the value of the "transformation" that an experience offers, e.g., as education offerings might do if they were able to participate in the value that is created by the educated individual. This, they argue, is a natural progression in the value added by the business over and above its inputs.^[1]

Although the concept of the Experience Economy was born in the business field, it has crossed its frontiers to tourism, architecture, nursing, urban planners and other fields.

The Experience Economy is also considered to be the main underpinning for customer experience management.

Within the hospitality management academic programs in the US and Europe, Experience Economy is often shortened to Exponomy and is of increasing focus.

History of the concept[link]

This customer behavior in the society has been acknowledged by various authors. An early example is the book of Alvin Toffler, Future Shock, which Pine and Gilmore quote in their work. In 1971, Toffler criticized how “economists have great difficulty imagining alternatives to communism and capitalism”, and how they could only envision the economy in the terms of scarcity of resources. He talked about the upcoming “experiential industry”, in which people in the “future”, would be willing to allocate high percentages of their salaries to live amazing experiences. Later in 1982, Holbrook and Hirschman’s pioneering article "The Experiential Aspects of Consumption: Consumer Fantasies, Feelings, and Fun" in the Journal of Consumer Research (Vol. 9, #2), discussed emotional experiences linked to products and services. Then in 1992, the German sociologist Gerhard Schulze argued for the idea of the “experience society” in his book "Erlebnisgesellschaft", which was translated into English as "The Experience Society" in 1995. In 1999, it was published at the same time a twin book of "The Experience Economy", that is The Dream Society by Rolf Jensen of the Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies, containing many of the same ideas.^[2]

Stages of marketing a product or service[link]

A core argument is that because of technology, increasing competition, and the increasing expectations of consumers, services today are starting to look like commodities. Products can be placed on a continuum from undifferentiated (referred to as commodities) to highly differentiated. Just as service markets build on goods markets which in turn build on commodity markets, so transformation and experience markets build on these newly commoditized services, e.g. Internet bandwidth, consulting help.

The classification for each stage in the evolution of products is:

• A commodity business charges for undifferentiated products.
• A goods business charges for distinctive, tangible things.
• A service business charges for the activities you perform.
• An experience business charges for the feeling customers get by engaging it.
• A transformation business charges for the benefit customers (or "guests") receive by spending time there.

Proceeding to the next stage more or less requires giving away products at the more commodified level. For instance, to charge for a service such as new car warranties, one must be prepared to give away new cars to replace "lemons". And to charge for transformations, one must be prepared to risk not being paid for the time one spends working with customers who don't "transform".

Pine and Gilmore draw on Walt Disney, AOL, Nordstrom, Starbucks, Saturn, IBM and many others as examples.

Criticisms[link]

Pine and Gilmore's thesis has been criticized as an example of an over-hyped business philosophy arising from or in the dot-com boom and a rising economy in the U.S. that was tolerant of high prices, inflated claims, and no limitations of supply or investment. Detractors contrast it with other service economy theses such as Natural Capitalism, in which there is a clear focus on making measurably better use of scarce resources, usually considered to be the basis of economics. They claim service management should stress efficiency more than effectiveness.

The thesis has also been criticized from within the fields of tourism, leisure and hospitality studies where theories as to the role of experiences in the economy were already well established prior to the work of Pine and Gilmore but were not acknowledged by Pine and Gilmore in their work. Although continuing to influence business thinking the concept has already been superseded within much service marketing and management literature by the argument that the value of all goods and services are co-created or co-produced through the interaction of consumers and producers. Therefore, at one level of abstraction all consumption can be understood in experiential terms.

References[link]

• Pine, J. and Gilmore, J. (1999) The Experience Economy, Harvard Business School Press, Boston, 1999.

• Schmitt, B. (2003) Customer Experience Management, The Free Press, New York, 2003.

• Schmitt, B. and Simonson, A. (1997) In Marketing Aesthetics:The strategic management of brands, identity, and image The Free Press, New York, 1997.

This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (July 2009)

Dave Norton

Personal information
Full name	David Norton
Date of birth	(1965-03-03) 3 March 1965 (age 47)
Place of birth	Cannock, England
Height	5 ft 7 in (1.70 m)
Playing position	Midfielder
Youth career
1981–1983	Aston Villa
Senior career*
Years	Team	Apps†	(Gls)†
1983–1988	Aston Villa	44	(2)
1988–1991	Notts County	27	(1)
1990–1991	→Rochdale (loan)	9	(0)
1991	→Hull City (loan)	15	(0)
1991–1994	Hull City	134	(5)
1994–1996	Northampton Town	82	(0)
1996–1998	Hereford United	23	(1)
1998–1999	Cheltenham Town	49	(3)
1999	Yeovil Town	11	(2)
1999–2001	Forest Green Rovers	43	(2)
2001	Tamworth	?	(?)
2001–2002	Gainsborough Trinity	?	(?)
Teams managed
2000–2001	Forest Green Rovers
2001–2002	Gainsborough Trinity
2002–2004	Tamworth (assistant)
2004	Grantham Town
* Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only. † Appearances (Goals).

David Wayne Norton (born 3 March 1965 in Cannock, England) is a former professional footballer, who played as a midfielder.

His career started at Aston Villa, where he began as an apprentice on leaving school in the summer of 1981, turning professional two years later and making his First Division debut in a 3–0 away win over Coventry City on 19 January 1985, a few weeks before his 20th birthday. He made 20 league appearances in both the 1985–86 and 1986–87 seasons, but endured the disappointment of Villa's relegation in 1987 and made just two appearances the following season as they were promoted. He did not form part of Villa's return to the First Division, as he was transferred to Third Division Notts County.

He helped the Magpies reach the First Division in 1991 following back-to-back promotions (both via the playoffs) but once again he dropped down two divisions, this time signing for a Hull City side who had just fallen into the Third Division.

He spent three years at Boothferry Park before beginning a two-year spell in the league's lowest division with Northampton Town in 1994. He signed for Hereford United in 1996, but had to endure the disappointment of relegation from the Football League the following year and he retired soon afterwards due to injury.^[1]

After surgery David was able to play again at non-league level and after leaving Hereford United signed for Cheltenham Town helping them win the Football Conference but because he had taken an insurance payout on his injury he was not able to play when the club were promoted to the Football League. Moving on firstly to Yeovil Town then Forest Green Rovers, Tamworth and finally Gainsborough Trinity.

His brother Trace Norton also played for Aston Villa youth team before later playing for Exmouth Town and later becoming an accountant.

References[link]

External links[link]

• Dave Norton career stats at Soccerbase
• David Norton's Bio at Aston Villa Player Database

The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History is a 1978 book by Michael H. Hart, reprinted in 1992 with revisions. It is a ranking of the 100 people who, according to Hart, most influenced human history.^[1]

The first person on Hart's list is the Prophet of Islam Muhammad.^[2] Hart asserted that Muhammad was "supremely successful" in both the religious and secular realms. He also believed that Muhammad's role in the development of Islam was far more influential than Jesus' collaboration in the development of Christianity. He attributes the development of Christianity to St. Paul, who played a pivotal role in its dissemination."^[3]

The 1992 revisions included the demotion of figures associated with Communism, such as Vladimir Lenin and Mao Zedong, and the introduction of Mikhail Gorbachev. Hart took sides in the Shakespearean authorship issue and substituted Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford for William Shakespeare. Hart also substituted Niels Bohr and Henri Becquerel with Ernest Rutherford, thus correcting an error in the first edition. Henry Ford was also promoted from the "Honorary Mentions" list, replacing Pablo Picasso. Finally, some of the rankings were re-ordered, although no one listed in the top ten changed position.

Hart wrote another book in 1999, entitled A View from the Year 3000,^[4] voiced in the perspective of a person from that future year and ranking the most influential people in history. Roughly half of those entries are fictional people from 2000–3000, but the remainder are actual people. These were taken mostly from the 1992 edition, with some re-ranking of order.

Hart's Top 10 (from the 1992 edition)[link]

Rank	Name	Time Frame	Image	Occupation	Influence
1	Muhammad	c. 570–632		Secular and religious leader	The central human figure of Islam, regarded by Muslims as a prophet of God and the last messenger. Active as a social reformer, diplomat, merchant, philosopher, orator, legislator, military leader, humanitarian, philanthropist.
2	Isaac Newton	1643–1727		Scientist	English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher, alchemist, and theologian. His law of universal gravitation and three laws of motion laid the groundwork for classical mechanics.
3	Jesus Christ	7–2 BC – 26–36 AD		Spiritual leader	The central figure of Christianity, revered by Christians as the Son of God and the incarnation of God.
4	Buddha	563–483 BC		Spiritual leader	Spiritual teacher and philosopher from ancient India. Founder of Buddhism and is also considered an Gautama Buddha in Hinduism.
5	Confucius	551–479 BC		Philosopher	Chinese thinker and social philosopher, whose teachings and philosophy have deeply influenced Chinese, Korean, Japanese, Vietnamese and Indonesian thought and life. Founded Confucianism, and influenced Neo-Confucianism and New Confucianism.
6	St. Paul	5–67 AD		Christian apostle	One of the most notable of early Christian missionaries, credited with proselytizing and spreading Christianity outside of Palestine (mainly to the Romans) and author of numerous letters of the New Testament of the Bible.
7	Cài Lún	50–121 AD		Political official in imperial China	Widely regarded as the inventor of paper and the papermaking process.
8	Johannes Gutenberg	1398–1468		Inventor	German printer who invented the mechanical printing press.
9	Christopher Columbus	1451–1506	70px	Explorer	Italian navigator, colonizer and explorer whose voyages led to general European awareness of the American continents.
10	Albert Einstein	1879–1955		Scientist	German theoretical physicist, best known for his theory of relativity and specifically mass–energy equivalence, expressed by the equation E = mc2.

See also[link]

• Time 100

References[link]

1. ^ Michael H. Hart The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History. first published in 1978, reprinted with minor revisions 1992. ISBN 978-0-8065-1068-2
2. ^ The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History^{[dead link]}
3. ^ Michael H. Hart, "The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History", Citadel Publishing, 2000, ISBN 978-0-8065-1350-8
4. ^ Michael H. Hart. A view from the year 3000: a ranking of the 100 most influential persons of all time; first published in 1999

External links[link]

• Religious Affiliation of History's 100 Most Influential People

This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. No cleanup reason has been specified. Please help improve this article if you can; the talk page may contain suggestions. (January 2012)

Brian Solis
Solis speaking in Geneva, 2011.
Born	(1970-12-08) December 8, 1970 (age 41)
Residence	Redwood City, California, U.S.
Nationality	American
Occupation	Principal, The Altimeter Group, Author, Speaker
Website
BrianSolis.com

Brian Solis (born 1970) is an American industry analyst.^[1]

Life and early career[link]

Solis entered the technology public relations field in 1991, working for the Dodge and Mansfield agency in Ventura, California. Solis also held the position of Director at The Benjamin Group, a Silicon Valley agency later acquired by Weber Shandwick. In the 1990s, he began to engage with message boards, communities and early blogs.^[2]

Career[link]

Solis founded FutureWorks in 1999, specializing in new media marketing, branding, and business strategy. Solis led interactive and social programs for Fortune 500 companies, notable celebrities, and Web 2.0 startups. He was principal until 2011, serving later as an advisor.^[3]

In March 2011, Solis became principal at Altimeter.^[1] Solis works with businesses on new media strategies and frameworks to connect companies and customers, employees, and other stakeholders..^[3]

Publications[link]

Brian Solis signing a book at SXSW in Austin, TX, March 13, 2011.

Brian Solis' The End of Business As Usual: Rewire the Way You Work to Succeed in the Consumer Revolution was published by Wiley in October 2011.^{[4][non-primary source needed]} In March 2010, Wiley published Solis' Engage: The Complete Guide for Brands and Businesses to Build, Cultivate, and Measure Success in the New Web.^[5][6]

Television and Film[link]

Solis hosts an interview series called Revolution. Guests include Katie Couric, Guy Kawasaki, and Mark Burnett, among others.^{[7][non-primary source needed]}

In November 2010, Solis was a featured in Darkcasting, a commercial series produced by Lexus and hosted by comedian Whitney Cummings.^[8]

Contributions to Social Media[link]

The Brandsphere

The Conversation Prism 2.0

In 2008, Solis created The Conversation Prism, an infographic depicting the different types of social media categories and the companies which represent them.^[9] In 2011, Solis created The Brandsphere, an infographic depicting how brands propagate through digital media, which he refers to as the "transmedia" landscape.^[10]

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Brian Solis

• Official website
• The Altimiter Group Bio