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The Big Bounce is a theoretical scientific model of the formation of the known universe. It is implied by the cyclic model or oscillatory universe interpretation of the Big Bang where the first cosmological event was the result of the collapse of a previous universe.^[1]

Expansion and contraction[link]

According to some oscillatory universe theorists, the Big Bang was simply the beginning of a period of expansion that followed a period of contraction. In this view, one could talk of a Big Crunch followed by a Big Bang, or more simply, a Big Bounce. This suggests that we could be living at any point in an infinite sequence of universes, or conversely the current universe could be the very first iteration. However, if the condition of the interval phase "between bounces", considered the 'hypothesis of the primeval atom', is taken into full contingency such enumeration may be meaningless because that condition could represent a singularity in time at each instance, if such perpetual return was absolute and undifferentiated.

The main idea behind the quantum theory of a Big Bounce is that, as density approaches infinity, the behavior of the quantum foam changes. All the so-called fundamental physical constants, including the speed of light in a vacuum, were not so constant during the Big Crunch, especially in the interval stretching 10⁻⁴³ seconds before and after the point of inflection. (One unit of Planck time is about 10⁻⁴³ seconds.)

If the fundamental physical constants were determined in a quantum-mechanical manner during the Big Crunch, then their apparently inexplicable values in this universe would not be so surprising, it being understood here that a universe is that which exists between a Big Bang and its Big Crunch.

Recent developments in the theory[link]

Martin Bojowald, an assistant professor of physics at Pennsylvania State University, published a study in July 2007 detailing work somewhat related to loop quantum gravity that claimed to mathematically solve the time before the Big Bang, which would give new weight to the oscillatory universe and Big Bounce theories.^[2]

One of the main problems with the Big Bang theory is that at the moment of the Big Bang, there is a singularity of zero volume and infinite energy. This is normally interpreted as the end of the physics as we know it; in this case, of the theory of general relativity. This is why one expects quantum effects to become important and avoid the singularity.

However, research in loop quantum cosmology purported to show that a previously existing universe collapsed, not to the point of singularity, but to a point before that where the quantum effects of gravity become so strongly repulsive that the universe rebounds back out, forming a new branch. Throughout this collapse and bounce, the evolution is unitary.

Bojowald also claims that some properties of the universe that collapsed to form ours can also be determined. Some properties of the prior universe are not determinable however due to some kind of uncertainty principle.

This work is still in its early stages and very speculative. Some extensions by further scientists have been published in Physical Review Letters.^[3]

In 2003, Peter Lynds has put forward a new cosmology model in which time is cyclic. In his theory our Universe will eventually stop expanding and then contract. Before becoming a singularity, as one would expect from Hawking's black hole theory, the Universe would bounce. Lynds claims that a singularity would violate the second law of thermodynamics and this stops the Universe from being bounded by singularities. The Big Crunch would be avoided with a new Big Bang. Lynds suggests the exact history of the Universe would be repeated in each cycle in an eternal recurrence. Some critics argue that while the Universe may be cyclic, the histories would all be variants.^{[citation needed]} Lynds theory has been dismissed by mainstream physicists for the lack of a mathematical model behind its philosophical considerations.^[4]

See also[link]

	Astronomy portal
	Space portal
	Solar System portal

• Abhay Ashtekar
• Anthropic principle
• Martin Bojowald
• John Archibald Wheeler
• Loop quantum cosmology
• Loop quantum gravity
• Supernova
• Astronomy portal
• Space portal
• Solar System portal

References[link]

1. ^ "Penn State Researchers Look Beyond The Birth Of The Universe". Science Daily. May 17, 2006. http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/05/060515232747.htm.  Referring to Ashtekar, Abhay; Pawlowski, Tomasz; Singh, Parmpreet (2006). "Quantum Nature of the Big Bang". Physical Review Letters 96 (14): 141301. arXiv:gr-qc/0602086. Bibcode 2006PhRvL..96n1301A. DOI:10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.141301. PMID 16712061. 
2. ^ Bojowald, Martin (2007). "What happened before the Big Bang?". Nature Physics 3 (8): 523–525. Bibcode 2007NatPh...3..523B. DOI:10.1038/nphys654. 
3. ^ Ashtekar, Abhay; Corichi, Alejandro; Singh, Parampreet (2008). "Robustness of key features of loop quantum cosmology". Physical Review D 77 (2): 024046. Bibcode 2008PhRvD..77b4046A. DOI:10.1103/PhysRevD.77.024046. 
4. ^ David Adam (14 August 2003). "The Strange story of Peter Lynds". The Guardian. http://education.guardian.co.uk/higher/research/story/0,9865,1017994,00.html. 

Further reading[link]

• Magueijo, João (2003). Faster than the Speed of Light: the Story of a Scientific Speculation. Cambridge, MA: Perseus Publishing. ISBN 0-7382-0525-7. 
• Bojowald, Martin (2008). "Follow the Bouncing Universe". Scientific American 299 (October 2008): 44–51. PMID 18847084. 

External links[link]

• Dark Matter, Antimatter, and Time-Symmetry, Trevor Pitts, 1999
• Penn State Researchers Look Beyond The Birth Of The Universe (Penn State) May 12, 2006
• What Happened Before the Big Bang? (Penn State) July 1, 2007
• From big bang to big bounce (Pen State) NewScientist December 13, 2008
• SpringerLink - Gravitation and Cosmology, Volume 16, Number 4

This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (May 2009)

Sara Christine Foster^[1] (born August 2, 1981) is an American actress. She was previously a fashion model before moving to the film industry. She is best known for her role as Jen Clark on 90210.

Career[link]

Foster guest-starred as herself on the HBO series Entourage, in which she had a romantic tryst with character Vincent Chase (played by actor Adrian Grenier) before appearing on Jimmy Kimmel Live in the episode "Talk Show". She briefly hosted Entertainment Tonight spin-off ET on MTV in 2002. Based on that she was cast as the lead femme fatale in The Big Bounce in 2004, a remake of a movie adaptation of the same novel by Elmore Leonard. She also appeared in the Backstreet Boys video "Shape of My Heart". In 2005, she played crime-fighting lesbian girl Amy Bradshaw in Angela Robinson's 2004 film D.E.B.S.. As of 2009, she signed on for the major recurring role of Jen Clark on the TV show 90210 . So far, she has appeared in every season of the show. Additionally, Foster stars in the science-fiction film Psych 9.,^[2] which was directed by Andrew Shortell.^[3]

Sara is married to Tommy Haas; on November 15, 2010, Haas announced on his website that Sara had given birth to a baby girl, Valentina.

Sara is the daughter of music producer David Foster.

Filmography[link]

• D.R.E.A.M. Team (1999) (uncredited)
• D.E.B.S. (2004)
• The Big Bounce (2004)
• Entourage (episode "Talk Show", 2004)
• Characters (2005 film short)
• Crossing Jordan (episode "Family Affair", 2005)
• CSI: Crime Scene Investigation (episode "Unbearable", 2005)
• South Beach (episode "Unaired Pilot", 2006)
• Bachelor Party 2: The Last Temptation (2008)
• The Other End of the Line (2008)
• Psych 9 (2009)
• Demoted (2009)
• 90210 (Recurring 2009-)

References[link]

External links[link]

• Sara Foster at the Internet Movie Database
• Sara Foster at Yahoo! Movies

This article about a United States film actor or actress born in the 1980s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e

This article may contain wording that merely promotes the subject without imparting verifiable information. Please remove or replace such wording, unless you can cite independent sources that support the characterization. (February 2012)

Jneiro Jarel (born Omar Gilyard)^[1] is an American alternative hip hop artist.

For over a decade, Jneiro Jarel has provided listeners with an eclectic mix of sounds ranging from hip hop to electronic to Brazilian funk to bass music. Noted for his abstract style, he is also known for his beat-making alias Dr. Who Dat? and his groups Willie Isz, JJ DOOM and Shape of Broad Minds who've shared the stage with artists ranging from Jay-Z to Radiohead. He has collaborated with artists such as Damon Albarn, Count Bass D and TV on the Radio among others.^[2]

History[link]

This unreferenced section requires citations to ensure verifiability.

Early life[link]

Jneiro Jarel was Born in Brooklyn, New York, spending the first few years of his life in the Brownsville neighborhood. His family would later relocate from Brooklyn to Atlanta when he was five years old. Being that his mother was in the military, Jarel lived in a number of places such as Georgia, Maryland and Arizona, before finally touching down in Houston, Texas in 1983.

Houston years 1983–1998[link]

In 1989, Jneiro Jarel, his cousin Tarek Gibbs, and best friend Anton Bennett formed a group called Top Gauge Posse, later changing the name to Aliens From the Planet Brooklyn (APB). The trio went by the monikers MC Jarel G, Just Chill, and KCL. They quickly landed gigs with established artists like Hi Five, YZ and Special Ed.

In the early 1990s, APB disbanded and Jneiro Jarel (now going by Gwizzo) started a new collective called The Ozarkians (aka The OZ's, pronounced Oh-zees), which included many of his friends, as well as former APB members Tarek Gibbs (now Seveno 007) and Anton Bennett (now Quipto). Other members included brother and sister Michael Thomas (Kwezzo) and Candis Thomas (Kyzzo), Dashaunda Baldwin (Dizzo), Greg Alix (Cereo), and a few others.

In 1992, Jneiro Jarel formed the spin off group The Pslum Kedz (pronounced The Slum Kids) (aka Rhythmic Crew). This group consisted of Jarel (now going by both Gwizzo and Phish Bone), Anton Bennett (now going by Egg head), Michael Thomas (now Alley Cat), Greg Alix (Aahtue), and Nahuma Holiday (Nahuma). Initially more of an emcee, Jarel eventually became the primary producer for the group in '93. Although the group was doing shows and even performing with prominent acts such as The Pharcyde, Prodigy of Mobb Deep, and The Geto Boys, various circumstances caused them to disband. The most significant being the incarceration of Anton Bennett, who's been in prison for over a decade. This was especially difficult for Jarel and caused him to take a "spiritual hiatus" to reevaluate his life.

New York years 1998–2004[link]

After The Pslum Kedz' breakup, Jneiro Jarel decided to move back to New York in 1998. Upon his return, he officially changed his name to Jneiro Jarel and quickly became a fixture in Okayplayer's "Black Lily" gigs at The Wetlands and Butterfly Cafe. In 2000 he started his own label Orienj Recordings (now Label Who), releasing his first EP as a solo artist, Section A.^[3] Public Enemy producer Hank Shocklee of The Bomb Squad later discovered JJ through MP3.com and instantly had him opening up for Julie Dexter, Lord Finesse and others. It was during this time that JJ honed his production skills and started to build a buzz behind the board. In 2003, he signed to indie record label Kindred Spirits. Later that year he was the sole representative from New York to participate and perform at Red Bull Music Academy in Cape Town, South Africa.

Philly years 2004–2009[link]

2004 saw Jneiro Jarel relocating once again; this time to Philladelphia. Through his success in the indie music scene he was able to work with some of the city's most influential hip hop artists Rich Medina and King Britt. He also began to develop himself more as a producer, collaborating with Jazzanova, Count Bass D, Dego, Lizz Fields, Tiombe Lockhart, Fertile Ground and Vinia Mojica. From 2004 on forward Jarel has released a number of albums such as Timeless Vol. 1 and Three Piece Puzzle. In 2006, he signed a new deal with Lex Records and shortly thereafter released Beat Journey and later Beyond 2morrow under the alias Dr. Who Dat? Eventually Jarel linked with old time friend Jawwaad to feature him in the fictitious group Shape of Broad Minds, later releasing the album Craft of the Lost Art on Lex Records. Following the album was Amazonica (2001–2004) with his fictitious group Capital Peoples, and Georgiavania with his Atlanta group Willie Isz in 2009.

Los Angeles years 2009-present[link]

Jneiro Jarel's music has been cited as having been a major influence on a relatively new genre that has so many complexities it's difficult to define. Having been dubbed as wonky, this progressive, futuristic sound fuses hip hop with electronica, and has gained traction and popularity in recent years on the Low End Theory/Brainfeeder scene. Though Jneiro's sound is often being described as experimental and psychedelic, he simply calls it "The Viberian Experience", where various musical styles and influences have beautifully coalesced to become something all its own. The sound is ever changing because Jneiro himself is constantly evolving. Add the extra element of a deliberate attempt to weave visual art into his work and one could easily call this "conceptual music". This artistic approach has garnered him respect and adoration among fans and peers alike (as noted on Pitchfork.com), and has served as a conduit for notable creative ventures with labels such as Lex Records and Kindred Spirits.

2010 found Jneiro with two releases; Android Love Mayhem EP and the Brazilian beat project Fauna.

Discography[link]

Jneiro Jarel[link]

• Timeless Vol. 1 (2004)
• Three Piece Puzzle (2004)
• "Big Bounce Theory" b/w "Quantum Leap" (2005)
• Fauna (2010)
• Android Love Mayhem EP (2010)
• "Amazonica" b/w "See Them Cry" (2010)

Dr. Who Dat?[link]

• Beat Journey (2006)
• Rhyme Cycle EP (2006)
• Beyond 2morrow (2009, reissue 2010)

Shape of Broad Minds[link]

• Blue Experience EP (2007)
• Craft of the Lost Art (2007)
• Raiders Of The Lost Mix (2007)
• "OPR8R" (2008)

[edit] Willie Isz

• Georgiavania (2009)

Capital Peoples[link]

• Amazonica (1999-2004) (2009)

DRC Music[link]

• Kinshasa One Two (2011)

[edit] JJ DOOM

• Key to the Kuffs (2012)^[4]

Productions[link]

• "Choklit Ninja" by Rich Medina on Connecting The Dots (2005)
• "Rhyme Cycle" by Stacy Epps on Ruff Draft (2007)
• "The Experiment" "Vocal Overload" by John Robinson on I Am Not For Sale (2008)

Remixes[link]

• "Yellow Daisies (Jneiro Jarel Remix)" by Fertile Ground on Remixes 01 (2005)
• "Holdin' On (Dr. Who Dat? Remix)" by Champion Souls on Holdin' On EP Two (2005)
• "Vibes From The Tribe (Jneiro Jarel Remix)" by Build An Ark on Remixes (2005)
• "Dust (Rocque Wun Mix)" by Recloose on Dust (Remixes) (2005)
• "My Affection" by Vassy on My Affection (2005)
• "My Juvenile (Jneiro Jarel's Minimal Animal Remix)" by Bjork (2009)
• "Atlas Air (Jneiro Jarel's Lavender Jungle Remix)" by Massive Attack on Atlas Air EP (2009)
• "Pretty Wings (Jneiro Jarel's Willie Isz Remix)" by Maxwell (2009)
• "Gazzilion Ear (Dr. Who Dat? Remix)" by DOOM (2009)
• "Gazzilion Ear (Jneiro Jarel Remix) feat. Dave Sitek" by DOOM (2009)
• "Harmony Korine (David A. Sitek and Jneiro Jarel Magnetized Nebula Mix)" by Steven Wilson (2009)
• "Shout Me Out Remix" by TV on the Radio on Crying (2009)
• "Groove Me (Jneiro Jarel Remix) feat. Theophilus London" by Maximum Balloon (2010)
• "Balada 45" (Like A Brazilian Girl Remix)" by Arthur Verocai (2010)

Mixes[link]

• "Mindgames (Sneaky Pete Edit)" by Rich Medina (2004)

DJ Mixes[link]

• Houston We Got A Solution (2005)
• Andrew Meza's BTS Radio (2007)
• Return of The Shoegaze (2008)

Guest appearances[link]

• "Lookin' At Me" by Kid Sublime on Basement Soul (2005)
• "Not Tomorrow But" "No Game" by Breakthrough on Breakthrough (2005)
• "Choklit Ninja" "Blues Baby" "Weight" by Rich Medina on Connecting The Dots (2005)
• "Chea Chea" by King Britt on Jazzmental (2005)
• "Eyes And Ears" by Ohmega Watts on Watts Happening (2007)

Compilation appearances[link]

• "Sun Walkers" "Eeee Love" "Do You Thang" on Soul Purpose Is To Move You: Kindred Spirits Collection (2004)
• "Sun Walkers" "Doinis!!" on Witness Future Vintage (Vol. 1) (2004)
• "Doinis!!" on Undercover Cuts 21 (2005)
• "Soul Starr" "Big Bounce Theory" "Get Yuh Own" on Rush Hour Mixed Series Vol.01 (2005)
• "Lookin' At Me" on Habitat Collection: Fireside (2005)
• "Lookin' At Me" on Jimmy Woo One (2006)
• "Big Bounce Theory Part 2" on Witness Future Vintage (Vol. 2) (2007)
• "Picante" on Basement Soul (2007)

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official website
• Jneiro Jarel on Alpha Pup Records
• Jneiro Jarel on Lex Records
• Jneiro Jarel on Twitter
• Jneiro Jarel on Facebook
• Jneiro Jarel on Myspace
• Jneiro Jarel discography at Discogs

This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (June 2008)

Vinia Mojica is a singer from Queens, New York, best known for her collaborations with the Native Tongues collective and other hip hop artists.

Her recording career began in 1989 with the song "Acknowledge Your Own History", from the Jungle Brothers' 1989 album Done By the Forces of Nature. It would be the beginning of her association with the Native Tongues Posse - which would produce De La Soul's 1991 hit "A Roller Skating Jam Named "Saturdays"" - and continue with A Tribe Called Quest and later with its second generation of Mos Def, Talib Kweli, Hi-Tek and Common.

Mojica also made numerous appearances on Heavy D's album Nuttin' But Love (1995) and his 1997 single, "Water Bed Hev"; collaborated with French hip hop group Alliance Ethnik in 1995 and 1998; and made guest appearances on albums by Heltah Skeltah, Rahzel, and Pete Rock. Outside of hip hop, she has also recorded and performed with Mary J. Blige, Youssou N'Dour and Arto Lindsay, as well as downtempo artists like Cibo Matto, DJ Spinna, and, in 2005, Jneiro Jarel. In 2002 Mojica collaborated with French electro artist DJ Mehdi (credited as Espion) on "Anything Is Possible", a track later remixed by Château Flight.

In 2003, Mojica finally released her debut single, "Guilt Junkie" (with the B-side "Sands of Time"), and is currently preparing her solo debut LP on Fruitmeat/Giant Step Records.

Solo discography[link]

• "Guilt Junkie" / "Sands of Time" (2003)

Produced by GE-OLOGY

"Guilt Junkie" mixed by Jabari "Magneto" Palmer

"Sands of Time" mixed by Elliott Thomas

References[link]

• Vinia Mojica discography at Discogs.com
• Vinia Mojica press release from Giant Step Records

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