Jochi (, ''Züchi'', ; also spelled Jöchi and Juchi) (c. 1181–1227) was the eldest of the Mongol chieftain Genghis Khan's four sons by his principal wife Börte. An accomplished military leader, he participated in his father's conquest of Central Asia, along with his brothers and uncles.

Early life

There is some question as to Jochi's true paternity. Shortly after her marriage to Genghis Khan (known as Temüjin at the time), Börte was abducted by members of the Mergid confederation. She was given to a certain Chilger Bökh, who was the brother of the Yehe Chiledu, as a spoil of war. She remained in Chilger Bökh's captivity for a few months before she was recovered by Temüjin. Shortly afterwards she gave birth to Jöchi. By all accounts, Genghis Khan treated Jochi as his first son, but a doubt always remained among the Mongols whether Temüjin or Chilger Bökh was the real father of Jochi. This uncertainty about his paternity was not without consequences. Jochi’s descendants, although they formed the oldest branch of the Genghis Khan’s family, were never considered for the succession in claiming their father’s heritage and there were signs of estrangement between Jochi and Genghis Khan.

Wars of conquest

In 1207 he had successfully conquered the forest peoples in Siberia, extending the northern border of the Mongol Empire for the very first time. On behalf of his father, Jochi led two campaigns against the Kyrgyz, in 1210 and 1218. Jochi’s contribution in the Khwarezm war was extensive and he was responsible for capturing the towns of Signak, Jand, and Yanikant in April, 1220, during this war. Subsequently he was given the command of operation against the city of Urgench (Gurganj) which was the capital of the Khwarezmian Empire. Here the siege of the town led to inordinate delays because Jochi engaged in extensive negotiation with the town to persuade it to surrender peacefully and save it from destruction. This action was seen as militarily unsound by his brother, Chagatai. Chagatai wanted to destroy the city but Genghis Khan had promised the city to Jochi after his victory. This difference of opinion on military affairs deepened a rift between Jochi and Chagatai. Genghis Khan intervened in the campaign and appointed Ögedei as the commander of the operation. Ögedei resumed the operations vigorously and the town was duly captured, sacked, massacred and destroyed thoroughly.

The differences in tactics between Jochi and Chagatai in early 1221 added to their personal quarrel about the succession. To settle the matter, Genghis Khan called a kurultai. The formal meeting was used in both familial matters and matters of state. Temüjin was elected/appointed Khan of his tribe during a kurultai, and he called for them often during his early campaigns to garner public support for his wars. These meetings were key to Genghis Khan legitimacy. Tribal tradition was also critical. As Genghis Khan's first born son, Jochi, was favored to rule the clan and the empire after his father died. At the familial kurultai called in 1222, the issue of Jochi's legitimacy was brought up by Chagatai. At that meeting, Genghis Khan made it clear that Jochi was his legitimate first-born son. However, he worried that the quarrelsome nature of the two would split the empire. By early 1223 Genghis Khan had selected Ögedei, his third son, as his successor. For the sake of preserving the Empire, both Jochi and Chagatai agreed but the rift between them never healed. Their rift would later politically divide the European part of the Mongol Empire from its Asian part permanently.

Succession controversy

In the autumn of 1223 Genghis Khan started for Mongolia after completing the Khwarezm campaign. Ögedei, Chagatai and Tolui went with him but Jochi withdrew to his territories north of Aral and Caspian Seas. There he remained until his death and would not see his father again in his lifetime. Perhaps the selection of Ögedei as a successor to Genghis Khan had greatly disappointed him; this is a probable explanation for Jochi's withdrawal from court life.

Though the histories are unclear, there is evidence that Jochi conspired against Genghis, and that Genghis in return pondered a pre-emptive strike. When Genghis Khan returned home he sent for Jochi. When the latter refused to obey and asked a pardon Genghis Khan sent Chagatai and Ögedei against him. But before it came to open hostilities, news came that Jochi had died in February 1226 .

Genghis Khan had divided his empire among his four surviving sons during his lifetime. Jochi was entrusted with the westernmost part of the empire, then lying between Ural and Irtish rivers. In the kurultai of 1229 following Genghis Khan’s death, this partition was formalized and Jochi’s family (Jochi himself had died six months before Genghis Khan) was allocated the lands in the west up to ‘as far as the hooves of Mongol horses had trodden'. Following the Mongol custom, Genghis Khan bequeathed only four thousand ‘original’ Mongol troops to each of his three elder sons and 101,000 to Tolui, his youngest son. Consequently Jochi’s descendants extended their empire mostly with the help of auxiliary troops from the subjugated populations which happened to be Turkic. This was the chief reason why the Golden Horde acquired a Turkic identity. Jochi's inheritance was divided among his sons. His sons Orda and Batu founded the White Horde and the Blue Horde, respectively, and would later combine their territories into the Kipchak Khanate or Golden Horde. Another of Jochi’s sons, Shiban, received territories that lay north of Batu and Orda’s Ülüs.

Genghis Khan had made Jochi responsible for the supervision and conduct of the community hunt. Hunting was essentially a large scale military exercise designed specifically for the training of the army. It frequently encompassed thousands of square kilometers of area, required the participation of several tumens and lasted anywhere between one to three months. Rules and procedure of the conduct of the military exercise were encoded in the Yassa.

Certain incidences hint towards the fact that Jochi was of a kinder disposition than Genghis Khan, though the adjective “kind” must be interpreted by the standards of his times and milieu because Jochi had had his share of indulgence in massacres of civilians. On one occasion Jochi pleaded with his father to spare the life of a son of an enemy chief who had been taken captive and who happened to be a great archer. Jochi argued that such a great archer could be an asset to the Mongol army. Genghis Khan brushed aside this argument and had the captive executed.

Children

Jochi had at least 14 sons and one daughter:

Orda (c. 1204-1280)

Batu (c. 1205-1255)

Berke, Khan of the Golden Horde from 1257-1267

Berkhechir

Shiban

Tangad

Teval (Buval). He was the grandfather of Nogai Khan.

Chilagun

Sinqur

Chimbay

Muhammed

Udur

Tuq-timur, the ancestor of late khans of the Great Horde.

Shingum

a daughter who married the Qarluq chief of Almaliq.

Ancestry

See also

Mongol Empire

Genghis Khan

Mongols

Ögedei Khan

Subutai

Nogai Khan

References

Category:Mongol khans Category:1185 births Category:1227 deaths Category:13th-century monarchs in Asia

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''Nouveau riche'' (French for "new rich", pronounced ), or new money, refers to a person who has acquired considerable wealth within his or her generation. The term is generally used to emphasize that the individual was previously part of a lower socioeconomic rank, and that such wealth has provided the means for the acquisition of goods or luxuries that were previously unobtainable. The term can also be used in a derogatory fashion, for the purposes of social class distinction, to describe persons with newfound wealth as vulgar - lacking the experience or value system to utilize wealth in the same manner as old money - persons from families who have been wealthy for multiple generations.

Historical contexts

The idea of ''nouveau riche'' and the struggle within the ranks of the affluent is not modern. According to David Gill, animosity between old inherited wealth and the appropriators of new wealth can be traced as far back as ancient Greece. Theognis, a sixth century B.C. aristocratic poet, wrote how “In former days, there was a tribe who knew no laws nor manners…These men are nobles, now, the gentlemen of old are now the trash.” This Greek poet wrote these words during a time in Greece, when money and economic growth in relation to trade gave rise to high class proprietors.

Social status

Social status is often defined in relation to wealth and the power that is acquired through wealth. Throughout time upper ruling classes have legitimized “...their rule with claims of status and honor and moral superiority.” Ruling classes have often made claims to the superiority of inherited wealth through “blood…and the concept of proper breeding.” The ''Nouveau riche'' is often juxtaposed against Old Money, or those with trans-generational wealth, in order to highlight the cultural, value system and societal differences between the two groups. Old Family ties, as traditional claims of status, are not found in the ''nouveaux riches'', which challenges and ultimately redefines social traditions and values such as the institution of debutantes and their debut to society. As seen through the rise in the number of debutantes, the social value of the debut has since shifted from the “family’s elite social standing and long family traditions” to “a symbolic value as an element of upper-class life style.” This transition allows for high social standing to be established by the ''nouveau riche'' through the institution of the debut. Social integration of these elite sects is extremely slow and sluggish, which prolongs and strengthens stereotypes. This rate of integration makes it more likely that the ''nouveaux riches'' will “retain identification with the traditional…group of origin; this is the basis for division between the groups. Furthermore, the isolation that minority ''nouveaux riches'' experience within their own class leads them “to prioritize issues of radical justice, civil liberties, and religious tolerance over pure economic self-interest”

Inter-class stereotypes

Often referred to as parvenu, members of the ''nouveau riche'' are often discriminated against by the "Old Money" sects of society since they "lack the proper pedigree." These newcomers to economic freedom are subject to even greater scrutiny from their lack of historical prestige as seen through Dye's comments which reference the new rich as "uncouth" and "uncultured." The behavior of the ''nouveau riche'' is often satirized by American society by "implying that stereotyped, rather than real, behavior patterns are copied." Many people have made claims to the inferiority of those with new money as compared to those with old money. Many have made claims that ''nouveaux riches'' "lack political and cultural sophistication" and others make comparisons saying that the old rich are "more sophisticated than the less cosmopolitan nouveau riche." These assumptions further perpetuate the differences between the two and lead to even further stereotypes and have lasted for well over a century. In the 1920s, Mrs. Jerome Napoleon Bonaparte protested that "''the nouveau riche''... is making places like Palm Beach no more exclusive than Coney Island. Newport, the last stronghold of the elite, has the moneyed intruder at the gates.... Undesirables are penetrating everywhere."

See also

Economic inequality

Liberal elite

New Russian

Nouveau poor

Old money

''Parvenu''

Social climber

Upscale

Yuppie

References

Category:Pejorative terms for people Category:Social groups Nouveau riche

de:Parvenü es:nuevo rico fr:Nouveau riche id:Orang kaya baru he:נובו ריש nl:Nouveau riche ru:Нувориш

Efraín David Fines Nevares (born October 5, 1981) age 29 known professionally as Tito "El Bambino" is recording artist from Puerto Rico. He rose to fame as Tito of the duo Héctor & Tito.

In 2010 his song, El Amor, written with Joan Ortiz Espada, was awarded Latin Song of the Year by the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP). He was awarded Songwriter of the Year at the 2011 ASCAP.

Musical career

1996–2004: Héctor & Tito

Tito and his partner released a number of hit songs in their native Puerto Rico, including "Amor de Colegio" (ft. Don Omar), "Felina", "Baila Morena" (ft. Glory), and "No Le Temas a Él", a song which not only raised their popularity, it helped raise popularity for the then up-and-coming Trébol Clan. After years of working together, they separated, but not before releasing a final album, ''Season Finale'', which featured some of their greatest hits. The duo broke up due to Tito's belief of disloyalty from Hector.

Héctor y Tito released their first album in 1998. Together they became reggaeton stars releasing several successful albums and making appearances in several compilations, becoming one of the most sought-out duos in the genre. Both became the first reggeaton artists to sell out a massive concert in Puerto Rico, opening the path to other artists such as Tego Calderón, Daddy Yankee and others. Bakalao stars

2004–2006: Solo career and Top of the Line

After much delay, his first solo album was released, ''Top of the Line''. The album was a hit, reaching #1 in Puerto Rico and knocking R.K.M & Ken-Y's album, ''Masterpiece'' to #2.

''Top of the Line'' featured 20 new songs, with collaboration from artists such as Daddy Yankee, Don Omar and Beenie Man. It featured quite a number of hits, such as "Caile", "Mía" (ft. Daddy Yankee), "Tu Cintura" (ft. Don Omar), "Flow Natural" (ft. Beenie Man and Deevani) "Secreto", "Máximo", "Tuve Que Morir" and "Me Da Miedo" among others.

''Top of the Line/El Internacional'' is a limited edition of Tito's first album ''Top of the Line''. It features 5 bonus new songs that were not included in the original version: "Siente El Boom (Remix)", "Enamorado", "Calentándote", "Bailarlo" and "Voy a Mí". The first single of the album is "Siente El Boom (Remix)" that is a big hit in Argentina. "Siente El Boom" is also on ''Chosen Few II: El Documental'' featuring Randy.

In ''Top of The Line: El Internacional'', the remix features Randy, along with his partner Jowell, & De La Ghetto. The second single recently released, "Enamorado", did not get a lot of airplay as "Siente El Boom" was still a hit on Puerto Rico's radio stations. "Siente El Boom" expanded throughout Latin America, peaking at #14 in the Billboard Hot Latin charts. Apparently "Enamorado" got cancelled and now the third single is "Bailarlo" that's starting to get airplay on the radio and a video has already been released.

2007–2008: It's My Time

''It's My Time'' is the second album by Tito "El Bambino" released October 2, 2007. The first single ''Solo dime que sí'' is already getting plenty of airplay on the radio. Artists featured on It's My Time are R.K.M & Ken-Y in "Fans", Pharrell in "Booty", Toby Love in "La Busco", Jadiel in "Sol, Playa y Arena" with Arcangel and Franco "El Gorila" on the remix and with many other hits like "En La Disco" Olga Tañón on the remix and "El Tra".

2009–2010: El Patron

''El Patron'' is Tito El Bambino's third solo CD. The hit, Vamos Pa'l Agua was released before the CD to let fans know what lay ahead, but was ultimately not included in the album. The CD includes his fellow reggaeton artists Zion y Lennox, and Plan B. Some chart toppers of this album include "El Amor" and "Under", which also have chart topping videos. "El Amor" was officially remixed four times with four different artists: Yolandita Monge, Jerry Rivera, Chiky Flow, and La India.

In February 2011 Tito El Bambino's label, On Fire Music, approached producer duo group GrüvStar to create the official dance remix of the song "Llueve El Amor" to support the record during mix show play at Latin Urban radio stations.

Tito is also trying his hand as a producer, with his label ON FIRE MUSIC.

2011-Present: El Patron:Invencible

His young brother now know in his last disc "Invencible" his artist name is Emanuel ''El Bambi''. for the other side Tito said that he will still be doing this type of music in 10 years from now

Personal life

Tito married Jessica Santiago in January 2005 after a seven year relationship and got a divorce in 2009. Tito has a daughter, Jeinaliz Fines, from a previous relationship.

Discography

''Top of the Line'' (2006)

''It's My Time'' (2007)

''El Patrón'' (2009)

''El Patrón: Invencible'' (2011)

References

External links

Official Website: English/Spanish

Official MySpace

Official Twitter

Official Youtube Channel

Official Facebook Profile

Official Facebook Page

Tito El Bambino, Artista Destacado - Billboard En Español

Tito El Bambino "Llueve El Amor GruvStar Remix"

Category:1981 births Category:Living people Category:Puerto Rican male singers Category:Puerto Rican reggaeton artists Category:Puerto Rican singers Category:Reggaeton musicians

de:Tito El Bambino es:Tito el Bambino fr:Tito El Bambino it:Tito El Bambino nl:Tito "El Bambino" pt:Tito El Bambino