This article is about Dhrupad,^[1] the genre of Indian classical singing. For the character in the Mahabharata with a similar name, see Drupada.

Dhrupad (Hindi: ध्रुपद) is a vocal genre in Hindustani classical music, said to be the oldest still in use in that musical tradition.^[2] Its name is derived from the words "dhruva" (fixed) and "pada" (words). The term may denote both the verse form of the poetry and the style in which it is sung.^[3]

Abul Fazl, courtier and chronicler at the court of the Emperor Akbar, defines the dhrupad verse form in his Ain-e-Akbari as "four rhyming lines, each of indefinite prosodic length." Thematic matter ranges from the religious and spiritual (mostly in praise of Hindu deities) to royal panegyrics, musicology and romance.^[4]

History[link]

There is no reference to Dhrupad in Bharat's Natya Shastra, commonly dated to the 1st Century AD, nor even in Sangit Ratnakar, a 13th Century text, taken as authoritative. Ravi Shankar^[5] states that the form appeared in the fifteenth century as a development from the prabandha, which it replaced. Under Mughal ("Mogul") rule it was appropriated as court music.

However the musical background of dhrupad is commonly thought to have a long history, traceable back to the Vedas themselves. The Yugala Shataka of Shri Shribhatta in the Nimbarka Sampradaya, written in 1294 CE, contains lyrics of similar fashion. Swami Haridas (also in the Nimbarka Sampradaya), the guru of Tansen, was a well known dhrupad singer.

The 18th Century saw the beginning of a great decline of dhrupad singing. A newer genre, khyal, gained popularity at dhrupad's expense, placing fewer constraints on the singers and allowing displays of virtuosity rare in dhrupad. Also, new instruments were being developed – the sitar and the sarod – that were not suited to the slow tempo and low register favoured by dhrupad so that dhrupad instrumental also began to lose ground. Only a few families carried on the tradition.

In 1960 the French ethnomusicologist Alain Daniélou invited Nasir Moinuddin and Nasir Aminuddin Dagar^[6] (the senior Dagar Brothers)^[7][8][9] to perform in Europe. Their concerts were successful and, upon the untimely demise of Nasir Moinuddin in 1966, his younger brothers Nasir Zahiruddin and Nasir Fayazuddin continued. The Dagars toured widely and recorded. Coinciding with growing foreign interest in Indian music, the Dagarvani-revival helped breathe new life into a few other families of dhrupad singers.^[10] Today, dhrupad enjoys a place as a well-respected but not widely popular genre, no longer on the brink of extinction.

Nature and Practice[link]

Dhrupad as we know it today is performed by a solo singer or a small number of singers in unison to the beat of the pakhavaj/mridang rather than the tabla. The vocalist is usually accompanied by two tanpuras, the players sitting close behind, with the percussionist at the right of the vocalist. Traditionally the only other instrument used was the Rudra Veena. Some artists have used other instruments. Preferably, such instruments should have a deep bass register and long sustain.

Like all Indian classical music, dhrupad is modal and monophonic, with a single melodic line and no chord progression. Each raga has a modal frame - a wealth of micro-tonal ornamentations (gamaka) are typical.

The text is preceded by a wholly improvised section, the alap. The alap in dhrupad is sung using a set of syllables, popularly thought to be derived from a mantra, in a recurrent, set pattern: a re ne na, té te re ne na, ri re re ne na, te ne toom ne (this last group is used in the end of a long phrase). Dhrupad styles have long elaborate alaps, their slow and deliberate melodic development gradually bringing an accelerating rhythmic pulse. In most styles of dhrupad singing it can easily last an hour, broadly subdivided into the alap proper (unmetered), the jor (with steady rhythm) and the jhala (accelerating strumming) or nomtom, when syllables are sung at a very rapid pace. Then the composition is sung to the rhythmic accompaniment: the four lines, in serial order, are termed sthayi, antara, sanchari and aabhog.

Compositions exist in the metres (tala) tivra (7 beats), sul (10 beats) and chau (12 beats) - a composition set to the 10-beat jhap tala is called a sadra while one set to the 14-beat dhamar is called a dhamar. The latter is seen as a lighter musical form, associated with the Holi spring festival.

Alongside concert performance the practice of singing dhrupad in temples continues, though only a small number of recordings have been made. It bears little resemblance to concert dhrupad: there is very little or no alap; percussion such as bells and finger cymbals, not used in the classical setting, are used here, and the drum used is a smaller, older variant called mrdang, quite similar to the mridangam.

Family and style[link]

There are said to be four broad stylistic variants (vanis or banis) of classical dhrupad – the Gauri (Gohar), Khandar, Nauhar, and Dagar, tentatively linked to five singing styles (geetis) known from the 7th Century: Shuddha, Bhinna, Gauri, Vegswara, and Sadharani. But more importantly, there are a number of dhrupad gharanas: "houses", or family styles. The best-known gharana is the Dagar family,^[11] who sing in the Dagar vani. The Dagar style puts great emphasis on alap and for several generations their singers have performed in pairs (often pairs of brothers). The Dagars are Muslims but sing Hindu texts of Gods and Goddesses. Some of the best dhrupad singers outside the Dagar family, such as Pandit Ritwik Sanyal and the Gundecha Brothers, also belong to the Dagar vani.

From Bihar state come two other gharanas, the Malliks (Darbhanga gharana) and the Mishras (Bettiah gharana). The Malliks are linked to the Khandar vani and emphasize the composed song over improvised alap with variety of layakaris. Pt. Ram Chatur Mallik, Pt.Vidur Mallick, Pt.Siyaram Tiwari were the famous exponent of Darbhanga gharana in the last century. Today the senior performer of the Darbhanga gharana is Pt. Prem Kumar Mallick. Shri Prashant Kumar Mallick and Nishant Kumar Mallick (Mallick brothers) are Dhrupad vocalist among young generation of Darbhanga tradition. The Mishras practise both Nauhar and Khandar styles with some unique techniques for nomtom alap. This gharana flourished under the patronage of the kings of Bettiah Raj. The most famous exponents of the Bettiah gharana today are Pandit Indrakishore Mishra and Pandit Falguni Mitra. The form of dhrupad prevalent in Darbhanga and Bettiah is known as the Haveli style. In Pakistan dhrupad is represented by the Talwandi gharana, who sing in the Khandar style.

References[link]

External links[link]

• www.dhrupadsangeetashram.com Aminuddin Dagar's website
• www.ritwiksanyal.in – Ritwik Sanyal's website
• http://dhrupaduday.com/ – Uday Bhawalkar's website
• www.dhrupad.org – The dhrupad school of the Gundecha Brothers
• www.dhrupad.info – Dagarvani singer Ashish Sankrityayan's web site
• www.dagarvani.org – Padmashri Wasifuddin Dagar's website
• www.premkumarmallik.com - Prem Kumar Mallick's website

v t e Hindustani Classical Music Concepts Swara · Tala · Laya · Raag · Shruti · Bandish · Alankar · Riyaz · Gharana Instruments Sitar · Sarod · Veena · Bansuri · Santoor · Shehnai · Harmonium · Sarangi · Tanpura · Tabla · Violin · Pakhawaj Genres Dhrupad · Dhamar · Khyal · Tarana · Sadra Semi-Classical Genres Thumri · Dadra · Tappa · Kajri · Chaiti · Sawani · Hori · Bhajan · Abhang · Natyageet · Qawwali · Ghazal Thaats Bilawal · Khamaj · Kafi · Asavari · Bhairav · Bhairavi · Todi · Purvi · Marwa · Kalyan

Gundecha Brothers
Gundecha Brothers (2012). Left to right: Akhilesh Gundecha (pakhawaj), Umakant Gundecha, Ramakant Gundecha
Background information
Origin	Ujjain, India
Genres	Hindustani classical music, Dagar Gharana
Occupations	Classical Vocalist
Years active	1985 - present
Labels	HMV, Music Today
Website	Official site

Umakant Gundecha and Ramakant Gundecha, known as the Gundecha Brothers, are leading Dagarvani dhrupad singers.^[1] They always sing together. So together they have been awarded Padmashree for 2012 in the field of Art - Indian Classical Music - Vocal - Madhya Pradesh

Early life and background[link]

Gundecha Brothers were born in Ujjain into a Jain family.

They studied at the local Madhav Music College. Umakant has a post-graduate degree in music and economics and Ramakant in music and commerce.

They moved to Bhopal in 1981, for training under dhrupad master, Zia Fariddudin Dagar and his brother Zia Mohiuddin Dagar. These gurus were second cousins of the two major forces in the second half of the 20th Century, two duos known as the senior Dagar Brothers (Nasir Moinuddin & Nasir Aminuddin) and the junior Dagar Brothers (Nasir Zahiruddin & Nasir Faiyazuddin).

Career[link]

Umakant Gundecha (2012)

After training for four years, they performed in public for the first time in May 1985, at the Uttaradhikar dance and music festival in Bhopal.

Umakant and Ramakant have good voices with strong lower registers. They have worked to expand the dhrupad repertoire by incorporating texts by Hindi poets such as Tulsidas, Padmakar and Nirala.

They have set up a dhrupad institute outside Bhopal where they teach students from all over the world. They are probably the most recorded dhrupad singers.^[2]

They run a music school in the Dhrupad tradition, according to the guru-shishya style of teaching that was prevalent in India for teaching of the arts.

The Gundecha Brothers have come to be regarded as a third force on par with the senior and junior Dagars.

Recordings and Fellowships[link]

Ramakant Gundecha (2012). Umakant Gundecha in background.

They have recorded many cassettes and CDs by H.M.V, Music Today, Rhythm House, IPPNW Concerts Berlin, Navras and Audio Rec London. They have also sung for many television channels in India and have been broadcasted on British, U.S., German and French Radio as well. As well as being an integral part of all of India's prestigious music festivals, the Brothers have also performed at many important international music festivals and institutions in Europe, U.S.A, Australia, Singapore, Bangladesh, U.A.E and Hongkong.

They have received M.P. Govt. Scholarship from 1981 to 1985, National Fellowship from 1987 to 89, Ustad Allauddin Khan Fellowship in 1993, Sanskriti Award in 1994 and Kumar Gandharva Award in 1998 by Govt. of Madhaya Pradesh and Dagar Gharana Award by Mewar Foundation in 2001.

Discography[link]

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Rhythm House(MCs):

• Vol. 1, Raag- Bhimpalasi, Gurjari Todi, Malkauns
• Vol. 2, Raag- Bihag, Madhumad Sarang, Sohni

Music Today (MCs and CDs)

• Bhaktimala / Rama - Vol. 1
• Bhaktimala/ Shiva - Vol. 1
• Bhaktimala/ Hanumana - Vol. 2
• Bhaktimala/ Ganesh - Vol. 1
• Young Masters -Vol.1
• Raga - Shyam Kalyan and Jaijaiwanti

HMV (MCs and CDs) Naad Sugandh

• Vol. 1, Raga - Bhupali, Puriya Dhanashri, Shankara
• Vol. 2, Raga- Jounpuri, Megh, Komal Rishabh Asawari

Raga – Bihag , Night Melody- Raga IPPNW – CONCERTS , Germany –1995

• Raga- Darbari, Audio Rec - UK -1998

• Navras- UK (CD) - Raag- Yaman and Charukeshi

• Isha Music - Durga Kavach

• Raga- Komal Rishabh Asawari – Dhrupad Vocal, Sundaram Records- 2003

• DARSHAN

Raga - Komal Rishabh Asawari Sense world Music, UK - 2003

• Raga- Bhairava – Dhrupad Vocal, Sundaram Records- 2003

• Dhrupad- Live of 19th Tokyo Summer Festival
• Arion Edo Foundation and Intoxicate Records
• DVD – Raga- Miyan Malhar, Megh, Shivaranjani,
• Malkouns, Adana

• Manthan- Lecture Demonstration on Dhrupad
• SPIC MACAY COMMUNICATIONS-2005

• Raga- Miyan Malhar– Dhrupad Vocal
• Raga Bageshri
• Raga Bilaskhani Todi
• Sundaram Records- 2004

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Gundecha Brothers

• Official site
• An interview of the Gundecha Brothers
• Article on Gundecha Brothers
• Interview/Talk with Gundecha Bandhu

This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (January 2010)

Faiyaz Wasifuddin Dagar is an Indian classical singer of the dhrupad genre and the son of dhrupad singer Nasir Faiyazuddin Dagar. Since the death of his father and later, his uncle, Wasifuddin has been singing solo. He was awarded the Padma Shri in 2010.^[1]

Life and training[link]

Wasifuddin Dagar is the son of the late Nasir Faiyazuddin Dagar, and the nephew of the late Ustad N. Zahiruddin Dagar, the well-known junior Dagar brothers and therefore a descendant of the legendary Swami Haridas Dagar, Tansen's teacher.

The maestro received most of training directly under the tutelage of his father, and younger uncle, the junior Dagars, since he was five years old. Additionally he has had opportunity to receive instructions from his grand uncle, Ustad N. Rahimuddin Dagar, his elder uncle, Ustad Aminuddin Dagar (one of the two the elder Dagar brothers), as well as some of his cousin uncles, Ustad Fariduddin Dagar, Ustad Fahimuddin Dagar and Ustad Sayeeduddin Dagar, all of whom are great exponents of Dhrupad singing.

Between 1989 and 1994, he was groomed by his uncle, Ustad Zahiruddin Dagar, with whom he used to sing jugalbandis (duets).

A detailed biography of Ustad Wasifuddin Dagar is available on his website http://www.dagarvani.org. A list of major dhrupad recordings, including Ustad Wasifuddin Dagar's solo and duet recordings including track details is also available on dagarvani.org.

Major recordings[link]

Wasifuddin Dagar's public career began on February 25, 1989, only a few days after his father's death, when he gave his first performance. He sang with Ustad Zahiruddin Dagar. Wasifuddin's first major recording were in Switzerland, India and Japan, in 1992. He has since recorded in Switzerland, India, and America with major recording labels. A French television company made a film based on their life and music.

Wasifuddin Dagar has toured North America performing dhrupad solo since 2000. He first performed live in New York in 2000, where he gave a rendition of Raga Bihag. He has since performed at the UN, the Smithsonian Institutions, Yale, the City of Chicago, University of Washington, Seattle, Stanford University, University of California, Los Angeles, and several other prestigious venues. The 2008 spring tour of his ensemble to North America is scheduled for April–June 2008. for A complete list of his recordings is at his website's recording page.

References[link]

External links[link]

• Dagarvani.org - Ustad F. Wasifuddin Dagar's official web site
• Dagar.org - The home page of the Mumbai branch of the Dagar family
• Musical Nirvana - Z M Dagar biography at Musical Nirvana
• Gundecha Brothers - The Gundecha Brothers' profile of Z M Dagar
• NYC Radio Live Podcast featuring a musical interview with Wassifuddin Dagar. Originally aired in New York City on WKCR 89.9 FM-NY

Video[link]

• Z M Dagar video from Robert Garfias site

Pandit Uday Bhawalkar is an Indian Hindustani vocalist. He is an exponent of the genre, dhrupad.^[1]

Early Years[link]

Uday Bhawalkar was born in Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh. He is the youngest of three siblings was born in Madhya Pradesh. He began training in Hindustani classical music from his elder sister. His love for the music soon led him to one of the most prolific figures in the ancient Dhrupad,^[2] Ustad Zia Mohiuddin Dagar. He is a unique exponent of the art, pushing its boundaries with his inimitable creativity and the force of his dedication.

At the age of 15, he received scholarship at the Dhrupad Kendra, Bhopal.^[3] Here and subsequently in Mumbai, Uday was initiated into the carefully guarded Dhrupad legacy of the Dagar Family that has been transmitted orally for 19 generations, in the age old Guru Shishya Parampara, under the tutelage of Ustad Zia Fariduddin Dagar, and later under his elder brother, Ustad Zia Mohiuddin Dagarsahab.

In this time honoured tradition, the student lives with his Guru and other fellow students, dedicating the majority of time to rigorous riyaz and working for the well-being of the Gurukul. This training, the time spent with his Ustads and his own meditations on the art, made Uday appreciate the nuances and realize the vast depths of the music. During these years of deep reflection and devoted practice, he resolved to make music his life's purpose.

Career[link]

In 1987, delighted by Uday's first public performance, Ustad Nasir Aminuddin Dagar (one of the elder Dagar Brothers) awarded him a gold medal. Since then he has performed widely in India and abroad, in concerts, workshops and lecture - demonstration sessions, playing an active role in inspiring an increasing interest in this ancient and meditative art.

Based in Pune, he regularly travels nationally and all over the world giving concerts, demonstrations and teaching. Additionally, he has contributed to the soundtracks of International Art films including Mani Kaul's Cloud Door, Aparna Sen's Mr & Mrs Iyer and Amol Palekar's Anahat. Several recordings of Uday Bhawalkar's Dhrupad performances are available on CD in India and abroad.^[4] He performs on National TV and radio in India regularly.

Teaching[link]

At the age of 20, Uday began teaching any and all who show a sincere wish to learn. He now lives in Pune and his own house is a Gurukul of sorts with students coming and practicing at any time of the day. He was also a Visiting Artist in Residence at the University of Washington in Seattle in the Dept. of Ethnomusicology,^[5] a position held many years ago by his Guru, Ustad Zia Mohiuddin Dagarsaheb.he also is visiting artist at SRA (sangeet research academy) kolkata

Uday along with his wife Jyoti,and daughters manasi and meghana have strived to create an environment in their home to foster freedom of expression and creativity through music, for his many students, some of whom have also at various times stayed with him and his family.

The Veena Foundation[link]

In 1992, he was instrumental in the creation of the Veena Foundation. This organization was conceived to promote Dhrupad music, by organizing concerts, giving scholarships to students who may be economically challenged, and various other activities.^[6]

Awards[link]

• Ustad Alluddin Khan Academy, Bhopal Scholarship (1981–1985)
• National Scholarship (1986–1989)
• Gold medal from Ustad Nasir Aminuddin Dagar (1987)
• Junior Fellowship (1993–1995)
• Rashtreeya Kumar Gandharva Samman (2001)
• Vishva Sangeet Ratna From Della Heritage Foundation (2005)
• Raza Foundation Award 2006-2007, New Delhi (2008)

^[7]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official website
• Dhrupad gets new life (The Telegraph)
• http://swaratala.blogspot.com/2007/04/uday-bhawalkar-dhrupad-is-not-guarantee.html

Rahimuddin Khan Afridi رحیم الدین خان آفریدی
200px
7th Governor of Balochistan
In office 20 September 1978 – 22 March 1984
Preceded by	Khuda Buksh Marri
Succeeded by	Sardar F. S. Khan Lodi
16th Governor of Sindh
In office 24 June 1988 – 11 September 1988
Preceded by	Ashraf W. Tabani
Succeeded by	Qadeeruddin Ahmed
Personal details
Born	(1926-07-21) 21 July 1926 (age 85) Qaimganj, United Provinces, British India (now India)[1]
Alma mater	Jamia Millia Islamia
Profession	Soldier
Religion	Islam
Military service
Allegiance	Pakistan
Service/branch	Pakistan Army (GC – 1)
Years of service	1950–1988
Rank	General
Unit	Baloch Regiment
Commands	111 Brigade, Rawalpindi II Corps, Multan Ras Koh nuclear test sites 8th Army Infantry Division Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee
Battles/wars	Lahore riots of 1953 Indo-Pakistani war of 1971 Balochistan conflict 1970s Baloch insurgency Soviet war in Afghanistan
Awards	Sitara-e-Basalat Hilal-e-Imtiaz (Military) Nishan-e-Imtiaz (Military)

Rahimuddin Khan Afridi (Pashto, Urdu: رحیم الدین خان آفریدی; born 21 July 1926) is a retired four-star general of the Pakistan Army. He was the fourth Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee, from 1984 to 1987, and the longest-serving Governor of Balochistan, from 1978 to when he resigned in 1984. He was involved in ending the 1973-1977 operation in Balochistan and pursuing new development,^[2][3][4] as well as allegedly suppressing incoming Mujahideen during the Soviet war in Afghanistan. Rahimuddin later served as Governor of Sindh in 1988, from which he also resigned.

Military service[link]

Rahimuddin Khan was born in Kaimganj, Farrukhabad, United Provinces India, in the Pashtun Afridi tribes that migrated from Kohat in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. He attended Jamia Millia Islamia University, founded in Delhi by his relative Zakir Hussain, the third President of India. Rahimuddin opted for Pakistan during Partition in 1947, enrolling in the Pakistan Army as the first Gentleman Cadet of the Pakistan Military Academy.^[5] As captain, he helped enforce martial law in Lahore during the 1953 Lahore riots. He attended Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, and Command and Staff College in Quetta. He was hospitalized months before the Indo-Pakistani war of 1965 with a broken ankle. In 1969, he was appointed sub-martial law administrator to Hyderabad by General Yahya Khan.

Rahimuddin then served as Chief Instructor at the Armed Forces War College at the then National Defence College, Rawalpindi until 1975. He was chosen to head the new Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission and nuclear programme by Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto but declined.^[6][7] As Lieutenant-General, he became Commander II Corps in Multan in 1976.^[8] He refused heading Inter-Services Intelligence in 1977, and was made Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee by General Zia-ul-Haq in 1984. He retired in 1987.

Judge of Mujibur Rahman's trial[link]

In February 1971, Yahya Khan took Brigadier Rahimuddin off his 111 Brigade charge in Rawalpindi to preside over the military tribunal of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman in Faisalabad. According to Shuja Nawaz, Rahimuddin was reportedly uncomfortable conducting the trial.^[9] He left mid-proceedings to command the brigade during the Indo-Pakistani war of 1971, but was recalled again by Yahya to award a verdict. Major General Iftikhar Janjua instead charged Naseerullah Babar with 111 Brigade. Following appeals from several officials in the United States Senate and House of Representatives, Yahya put Rahimuddin's unconfirmed sentence in abeyance.^[10] Yahya's successor Bhutto rescinded the verdict. The court proceedings were never made public.

Governor of Balochistan[link]

The military operation in Balochistan, initiated against anti-state insurgents in 1973, had claimed thousands of lives.^[3] Lieutenant-General Rahimuddin Khan was appointed Martial Law Administrator of Balochistan before becoming Governor on September 16, 1978. He announced a general amnesty for belligerents willing to give up arms, and began withdrawal. The Baloch separatist movement came to a standstill.^[11][12] Under Rahimuddin Khan, Foreign Policy Centre held that "the province's tribal sardars were taken out of the pale of politics for the first time."^[13] He was known for integrity during the corruption-ridden Zia and Ghulam Ishaq regimes.^[14]

Rahimuddin's term also saw sustained development.^[12] For the first time, the Sui gas field was used to provide gas to Quetta and other Baloch towns. Electricity expansion from Quetta to Loralai converted vast areas with sub-soil water into fertile ones.^[15] Following the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, Rahimuddin used the resultant foreign attention on Balochistan by introducing an externally financed development programme.^[16] Forty million dollars (USD) were committed by the end of 1987, by which time Rahimuddin had resigned.^[17] He consolidated the then-contentious integration of Gwadar into Balochistan, notified as a district in 1977. Addressing the province's literacy rate, the lowest in the country,^[18] he administered the freeing up of resources towards education, created girls' incentive programs, and had several girls' schools built in the Dera Bugti District. Rahimuddin Khan additionally oversaw the construction of nuclear test sites in Chaghai where tests were conducted under Nawaz Sharif in 1998.

Containment of Afghan refugees[link]

With the Soviet war in Afghanistan, the Zia government began militarily and financially aiding the anti-communist Afghan mujahideen.^[19] Millions of Afghan refugees, believed to be the largest refugee population in the world,^[20] crossed over the porous border largely through to Balochistan and the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa.^[21] Whereas in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa under the pro-guerrilla governor General Fazle Haq,^[22] heroin freely entered with the mujahideen, to pay for sophisticated weaponry^[23] under General Rahimuddin tightly controlled barbed wire military camps were established to prevent movement of the refugees within Balochistan throughout the duration of the nine-year war.^[24] In retrospect, this prevented drugs and weaponry from infiltrating the province, despite becoming widespread in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa.^[25]

Al-Zulfikar hijacking[link]

In March 1981, the Al-Zulfikar terrorist organization led by Murtaza Bhutto hijacked a Pakistan International Airlines airplane from Karachi to Kabul.^[26] The hijackers threatened to murder hostages if state authorities did not release specific political prisoners. Upon the authorities' refusal, Al-Zulfikar shot and killed passenger Captain Tariq Rahim, mistakenly believed to be the son of General Rahimuddin Khan.^[14][27] The decision to kill Rahim was taken after Murtaza Bhutto consulted KHAD chief Mohammad Najibullah.^[28][29] Tariq Rahim had actually been a former aide-de-camp to the elder Bhutto.^[30] The episode was ended when Zia-ul-Haq released the prisoners.

Governor of Sindh and retirement[link]

Following Zia-ul-Haq's dismissing the government in 1988, Rahimuddin became Governor of Sindh, and governor's rule was imposed citing a collapse of administration.^[31] Rahimuddin dismissed Z.A. Nizami from the directorate of Karachi Development Authority^[32] and banned illegal construction.^[33] He also immediately began pushing through legislature for administrative reform. He moved to create separate police forces for the city and the rural areas, but this was resisted after his resignation by those fearing greater complications in the Sindhi-Muhajir relationship.^[34] Special riot control officers were trained to cope with ethnic riots or student challenges, and river and forest police were also set up to battle dacoity.^[35] Ghulam Ishaq Khan became acting President after Zia's death in an aircrash on 17 August, and moved for the reintroduction of the Chief Minister of Sindh office. Rahimuddin resigned, some say as this was attempt to limit his gubernatorial powers.^[36]

Post-retirement, he recommended his chiefs of staff Asif Nawaz and then Waheed Kakar for army chief successfully.

See also[link]

• Establishment (Pakistan)
• 1970s Operation in Balochistan

References[link]

v t e Project-706 Sites Ras Koh Hills · Chagai District  · Kala-Chitta Mountain Range  · Kirana Hills  · Kharan Desert  · Kahuta Research institutions Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology (PINSTECH) · Kahuta Research Laboratories (KRL) · Defence Science and Technology Organization (DESTO)  · High Tension Laboratory (HTL)  · Institute of Theoretical Physics · Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) Administrators Zulfikar Ali Bhutto · Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq · Zahid Ali Akbar Khan · Rahimuddin Khan · Ghulam Ishaq Khan · Mubashir Hassan Scientists Munir Ahmad Khan · Abdul Qadeer Khan · Abdus Salam  · Riazuddin · Ishfaq Ahmad · Raziuddin Siddiqui · Samar Mubarakmand · Anwar Ali · Masud Ahmad  · Asghar Qadir · Noor M. Butt · Hafeez Qureshi · Władysław Turowicz · Sultan Mahmood Related articles History of nuclear weapons · Pakistan and Nuclear weapons · Manhattan Project · Soviet atomic bomb project · Pokhran-I · The Wah Group · Nuclear Physics Group · Theoretical Physics Group (TPG) · Special Development Works (SDW) · His Majesty’s Explosive (HMX) See also: Nuclear power in Pakistan

Links to related articles v t e Cold War Participants and notable figures ANZUS NATO Non-Aligned Movement SEATO Warsaw Pact 1940s Yalta Conference Operation Unthinkable Potsdam Conference Gouzenko Affair War in Vietnam (1945–1946) Iran crisis of 1946 Greek Civil War Corfu Channel Incident Restatement of Policy on Germany First Indochina War Truman Doctrine Asian Relations Conference Marshall Plan Czechoslovak coup d'état of 1948 Tito–Stalin split Berlin Blockade Western betrayal Iron Curtain Eastern Bloc Chinese Civil War (Second round) 1950s Korean War 1953 Iranian coup d'état Uprising of 1953 in East Germany 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état Partition of Vietnam First Taiwan Strait Crisis Geneva Summit (1955) Poznań 1956 protests Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Suez Crisis Sputnik crisis Second Taiwan Strait Crisis Cuban Revolution Kitchen Debate Asian–African Conference Bricker Amendment McCarthyism Operation Gladio Hallstein Doctrine 1960s Congo Crisis Sino–Soviet split 1960 U-2 incident Bay of Pigs Invasion Berlin Wall Portuguese Colonial War (Angolan War of Independence Guinea-Bissau War of Independence Mozambican War of Independence) Cuban Missile Crisis Vietnam War 1964 Brazilian coup d'état United States occupation of the Dominican Republic (1965–1966) South African Border War Transition to the New Order Domino theory ASEAN Declaration Laotian Civil War Greek military junta of 1967–1974 USS Pueblo incident Six-Day War War of Attrition Cultural Revolution Sino-Indian War Prague Spring Goulash Communism Sino-Soviet border conflict Bunkers in Albania 1970s Détente Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Black September in Jordan Cambodian Civil War Realpolitik Ping Pong Diplomacy Four Power Agreement on Berlin 1972 Nixon visit to China 1973 Chilean coup d'état Yom Kippur War Carnation Revolution Strategic Arms Limitation Talks Rhodesian Bush War Angolan Civil War Mozambican Civil War Ogaden War Sino-Albanian split Cambodian–Vietnamese War Sino-Vietnamese War Iranian 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