Caudillo (Spanish pronunciation: [kauˈðiʎo]; Portuguese: caudilho) usually describes a political-military leader at the head of an authoritarian power. The term translates into English as leader or chief, or more pejoratively as warlord, dictator or strongman. Caudillo was the term used to refer to the charismatic populist leaders among the people. Caudillos have influenced a sizable portion of the history of Latin America.

The term originally referred to military power: Indíbil and Mandonio, Viriathus, Almanzor (sometimes in the modern historiography), Don Pelayo and other fighters of the Reconquista, even Simón Bolivar, Francisco Franco, etc., but in Latin America another sense has developed: the liberal caudillo lawyer and politician Jorge Eliécer Gaitán was honored with the title "Caudillo of The Colombian People" (and other nuances with a significance mostly demagogic -accused by the right wing opposition and some landowners-) and even without state responsibilities like cacique in Spain and oligarchical–plutocratic power.

Edgar Ricardo Arjona Morales, (born 19 January 1964, in Jocotenango near Antigua, Guatemala), known as Ricardo Arjona (Spanish pronunciation: [arˈxona]), is a Guatemalan singer-songwriter and former basketball player and school teacher. In 1993, he received the Rafael Álvarez Ovalle Order from the then President of Guatemala, Ramiro de León Carpio, for his international merits. Arjona began his music career in 1985 at age 21, when he released Déjame Decir Que Te Amo. He rose to prominence in 1989 with his sophomore album Jesús, Verbo No Sustantivo, which garnered him media attention and moderate success.

After joining Sony Music in 1990 he released, in 1993, his fourth album Animal Nocturno, which gained him significant popularity throughout the United States and Latin America, and paved the way for subsequent albums Historias, Si El Norte Fuera El Sur and Sin Daños a Terceros. In 1999 he released his first live album Vivo, which garnered him his first number-one hit on the Billboard Latin Songs chart, "Desnuda". In 2005 he released his tenth album, Adentro, which won both a Latin Grammy Award and a Grammy Award. In 2008, he abandoned Sony Music and signed a record deal with Warner Music, through which, the same year, he released his eleventh studio album, 5to Piso. In 2011, after 26 years within the music sphere, Arjona independently founded his own record label, Metamorfosis, through which he released his thirteenth studio album, Independiente, in 4 October 2011.

Irma Serrano (born December 9, 1933) is a Mexican actress of film, television, and theater; and also a singer, screenwriter and politician. Thanks to her beauty, her figure and her way of being controversial, coming out of the standards of the time, Serrano managed to attract the attention of directors and producers, so they began to call her to act in different movies.

In her later years, she was the center for multiple scandals and controversies. She has appeared in celebrity gossip magazines and television shows because of her political career as senator of her home state of Chiapas from 1994 to 1997.

Irma was born Irma Cielo Consuelo Serrano Castro Domínguez to an affluent rancher and a woman of a tough attitude, in Comitán, Chiapas, Mexico. According to her own autobiography she was kidnapped (actually ran away) at the age of 13 or 14.^{[citation needed]} A politician whisked her away from her small hometown in southern Chiapas where she was born and raised.

Her first break came in Santo contra los zombies (1962), where she acted along with the actor-wrestler sensation, Santo. In the same year she had a small role in El extra, starring Cantinflas and Alma Delia Fuentes, where she portrayed a movie extra. By 1964, she had a musical guest spot in the film Gabino Barrera, and in it she sang the eponymous song and reprised the role for the film's sequels El hijo de Gabino Barrera (1965) and La venganza de Gabino Barrera (1971) all three films starring Antonio Aguilar. In the film El zurdo (1965) Serrano was given a decent acting role playing "Catalina", a bar singer who participates in a plan to rob notorious left-handed gun slinger Pedro "El zurdo" portrayed by Rodolfo de Anda.

Jorge Antonio Cafrune (Jujuy, August 8, 1937 - Buenos Aires, February 1, 1978 ) was one of the most popular Argentinian folklorist singers of his time, as well as an unflagging investigator, compilator, and diffuser of the native culture.

Jorge Cafrune was born in the estancia "La Matilde" of El Sunchal, Perico Del Carmén, Jujuy in a family of Syrian–Lebanese origin. He completed his secondary studies in San Salvador de Jujuy, during which he took guitar classes with Nicolás Lamadrid.

In 1957 he recorded his first album with the band Las voces de Huayra that in 1960 changed its name to Los cantores del Alba, with Ariel Ramírez as manager. Beginning in 1962, Cafrune began to perform at the Cosquin Folkloric Festival. In 1966 in one of his visits to smaller villages, he met a young folklorist singer called José Larralde.

In 1967 shown the trip "De caballo por mi patria" in homage to Chacho Peñaloza. During this trip Cafrune traveled about Argentina as had many gauchos, taking his art and message around the country.

Francisco Franco y Bahamonde, better known under the name of Franco, (Spanish: [fɾanˈθisko ˈfɾaŋko]; 4 December 1892 – 20 November 1975) was a Spanish general, dictator and the leader of the Nationalist military rebellion in the Spanish Civil War, and totalitarian head of state of Spain, from October 1936 (as a unified nation from 1939 onwards) until his death in November 1975. He came to power while recognizing the principles of the far-right Falange movement, although this was for propaganda reasons, as he belonged to no political party before becoming Head of State. As head of state, Franco used the titles Caudillo de España and Generalísimo, but also was called formally as His Excellency, The Head of State.

Franco was from a military family, and although originally intent on entering the Spanish Navy, he instead became a soldier. He participated in the Rif War in Morocco, becoming the youngest general in Europe by 1926. After returning to the Spanish mainland, he saw service suppressing an anarchist-led strike in 1934, defending the stability of Alcalá-Zamora's conservative government. Following the formation of a Popular Front government, made up of various left-wing factions, instability heightened. Violence between militant groups rose sharply with assassination of conservative parliamentary leader José Calvo Sotelo, in retaliation for the killing of José Castillo. Franco and his co-conspirators used Calvo's death as their pretext for war, as they had already initiated the plan for their rebellion.