| Philo Farnsworth |
Philo Farnsworth in 1939 |
| Born |
(1906-08-19)August 19, 1906
near Beaver, Utah, U.S.[1] |
| Died |
March 11, 1971(1971-03-11) (aged 64)
Salt Lake City, Utah, U.S. |
| Resting place |
Provo City Cemetery,
Provo, Utah, U.S. |
| Nationality |
American |
| Known for |
Inventor of the first electronic television, over 300 United States and foreign patents |
| Religion |
Latter-day Saint (Mormon) |
| Spouse |
Elma "Pem" Gardner |
| Website |
| philotfarnsworth.com |
Philo Taylor Farnsworth (August 19, 1906 – March 11, 1971) was an American inventor and television pioneer.[2] Although he made many contributions that were crucial to the early development of all-electronic television, he is perhaps best known for inventing the first fully functional all-electronic image pickup device (video camera tube), the "image dissector", the first fully functional and complete all-electronic television system, and for being the first person to demonstrate such a system to the public.[3][4] Farnsworth developed a television system complete with receiver and camera, which he produced commercially in the form of the Farnsworth Television and Radio Corporation, from 1938 to 1951.[5][6]
In later life, Farnsworth invented a small nuclear fusion device, the Farnsworth–Hirsch fusor, or simply "fusor", employing inertial electrostatic confinement (IEC). Although not a practical device for generating nuclear energy, the fusor serves as a viable source of neutrons.[7] The design of this device has been the acknowledged inspiration for other fusion approaches including the Polywell reactor concept in terms of a general approach to fusion design.[8] Farnsworth held 165 patents, mostly in radio and television.
Farnsworth was born on August 19, 1906, to Lewis Edwin Farnsworth and Serena Amanda Bastian, a Mormon couple then living in a log cabin built by Lewis's father in a place called Indian Creek near Beaver, Utah. The family moved to a farm in Rigby, Idaho, in 1918, where Lewis supplemented his farming income by hauling freight with his horse-drawn wagon. Philo was excited to find his new home was wired for electricity, with a Delco generator providing power for lighting and farm machinery. He was a quick study in mechanical and electrical technology, repairing the troublesome generator, and upon finding a burned out electric motor among some items discarded by the previous tenants, proceeding to rewind the armature and convert his mother's hand-powered washing machine into an electric-powered one.[9] Philo developed an early interest in electronics after his first telephone conversation with an out-of-state relative and the discovery of a large cache of technology magazines in the attic of the family’s new home.[10]
Farnsworth excelled in chemistry and physics at Rigby High School. He asked his high school science teacher, Justin Tolman, for advice about an electronic television system he was contemplating. He provided the teacher with sketches and diagrams covering several blackboards to show how it might be accomplished electronically. He asked his teacher if he should go ahead with his ideas, and the latter encouraged him to do so.[11] One of the drawings he did on a blackboard for his chemistry teacher was recalled and reproduced for a patent interference case between Farnsworth and Radio Corporation of America (RCA).[12] Philo also took violin lessons from Reuben Wilkins in Ucon, Idaho.
In the fall of 1922 the Farnsworths moved to Provo, Utah. But Philo stayed behind to work for the railroad in Glenns Ferry, Idaho, saving enough money to begin classes at Brigham Young University (BYU) when he rejoined his family in the fall of 1923. The family had moved into the first floor of a large two-story house, renting the top floor to BYU students. In early January of the following year, Lewis Farnsworth died of pneumonia, leaving sixteen-year-old Philo to care for his mother, two sisters and two brothers.
In 1924 he applied to the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland, where he was recruited after he earned the nation's second highest score on academy tests.[10] However, he was already thinking ahead to his television projects and, upon learning the government would own his patents if he stayed in the military, he sought and received an honorable discharge, returning to Utah to continue to help support his mother. [10]
Philo worked while his sister Agnes, the older of the two, took charge of the family home and the second-floor boarding house (with the help of a cousin then living with the family). The Farnsworths later moved into half of a duplex, with family friends the Gardners moving into the other side when it became vacant.[13] Philo developed a close friendship with Cliff Gardner, who shared Farnsworth's interest in electronics. The two moved to Salt Lake City to start a radio repair business.[10]
The business failed and Gardner returned to Provo. But Farnsworth remained in Salt Lake City, and through enrollment in a University of Utah job-placement service became acquainted with Leslie Gorrell and George Everson, a pair of San Francisco philanthropists who were then conducting a Salt Lake City Community Chest fundraising campaign.[14][15] They agreed to fund Farnsworth's early television research, and set up a laboratory in Los Angeles for Farnsworth to carry out his experiments.[16] Before relocating to California, Farnsworth married Gardner's sister, Elma “Pem” Gardner Farnsworth (February 25, 1908 – April 27, 2006),[17] and the two traveled to the West Coast in a Pullman coach.[10]
A few months after arriving in California, Farnsworth was prepared to show his models and drawings to a patent attorney who was nationally recognized as an authority on electrophysics. Everson and Gorrell agreed that Farnsworth should apply for patents for his designs, a decision which proved crucial in later disputes with RCA.[18] Most television systems in use at the time used image scanning devices ("rasterizers") employing rotating "Nipkow disks" comprising lenses arranged in spiral patterns such that they swept across an image in a succession of short arcs while focusing the light they captured on photosensitive elements, thus producing a varying electrical signal corresponding to the variations in light intensity. Farnsworth recognized the limitations of the mechanical systems, and that an all-electronic scanning system could produce a superior image for transmission to a receiving device.[18][19]
On September 7, 1927, Farnsworth's image dissector camera tube transmitted its first image, a simple straight line, at his laboratory at 202 Green Street in San Francisco. The source of the image was a glass slide, backlit by an arc lamp. An extremely bright source was required because of the low light sensitivity of the design. By 1928, Farnsworth had developed the system sufficiently to hold a demonstration for the press.[20] His backers had demanded to know when they would see dollars from the invention,[21] so the first image shown was, appropriately, a dollar sign. In 1929, the design was further improved by elimination of a motor-generator, so the television system now had no mechanical parts. That year, Farnsworth transmitted the first live human images using his television system, including a three and a half-inch image of his wife Elma ("Pem"), with her eyes closed because of the blinding light required.
Many inventors had built electromechanical television systems prior to Farnsworth's seminal contribution, but Farnsworth designed and built the world's first working all-electronic television system, employing electronic scanning in both the pickup and display devices. He first demonstrated his system to the press on September 3, 1928,[20][22] and to the public at the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia on August 25, 1934.[23]
In 1930, Vladimir Zworykin, who had been developing his own all-electronic television system at Westinghouse in Pittsburgh since 1923, but which he had never been able to make work or satisfactorily demonstrate to his superiors,[24] was recruited by RCA to lead its television development department. Before leaving his old employer, Zworykin visited Farnsworth's laboratory and was sufficiently impressed with the performance of the Image Dissector that he reportedly had his team at Westinghouse make several copies of the device for experimentation.[25] But Zworykin later abandoned research on the Image Dissector, which at the time required extremely bright illumination of its subjects to be effective, and turned his attention to what would become the Iconoscope.[26]
In 1931, David Sarnoff of RCA offered to buy Farnsworth's patents for $100,000 (USD), with the stipulation that he become an employee of RCA, but Farnsworth refused.[5] In June of that year, Farnsworth joined the Philco company and moved to Philadelphia along with his wife and two children.[27] RCA would later file an interference suit against Farnsworth, claiming Zworykin's 1923 patent had priority over Farnsworth's design, despite the fact it could present no evidence that Zworykin had actually produced a functioning transmitter tube before 1931. Farnsworth had lost two interference claims to Zworykin in 1928, but this time he prevailed and the U.S. Patent Office rendered a decision in 1934 awarding priority of the invention of the image dissector to Farnsworth. RCA lost a subsequent appeal, but litigation over a variety of issues continued for several years with Sarnoff finally agreeing to pay Farnsworth royalties.[28][29] Zworykin received a patent in 1928 for a color transmission version of his 1923 patent application,[30] he also divided his original application in 1931, receiving a patent in 1935,[31] while a second one was eventually issued in 1938[32] by the Court of Appeals on a non-Farnsworth related interference case,[33] and over the objection of the Patent Office.[34]
In 1932, while in England to raise money for his legal battles with RCA, Farnsworth met with John Logie Baird, a Scottish inventor who had given the world first public demonstration of a working television system in London in 1926, using mechanical imaging systems, and who was seeking to develop electronic television receivers. Baird demonstrated his mechanical system for Farnsworth, and explained "the superiority of his system". But after watching several minutes of Farnsworth's version, "He advanced slowly, as if hypnotized, until he was standing directly before it, He stood there for some time; he turned without a word and left"[35] Baird's company directors pursued a merger with Farnsworth, paying $50,000 to supply electronic television equipment and provide access to Farnsworth patents. Baird and Farnsworth competed with EMI for the U.K. standard television system, but EMI merged with the Marconi Company in 1934, gaining access to the RCA Iconoscope patents. After trials of both systems, the BBC committee chose the Marconi-EMI system, which was by then virtually identical to RCA's system. The image dissector scanned well, but had poor light sensitivity compared to the Marconi-EMI Iconoscopes, dubbed "Emitrons".
After sailing to Europe in 1934, Farnsworth secured an agreement with Goerz-Bosch-Fernseh in Germany.[18] Some image dissector cameras were used to broadcast the 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin.[36]
In March 1932, Philco denied Farnsworth time to travel to Utah to bury his young son Kenny, placing a strain on Farnsworth's marriage, and possibly marking the beginning of his struggle with depression.[1] In May 1933, the Philco Corporation severed their relationship with Farnsworth because, in George Everson's words, "it [had] become apparent that Philo's aim at establishing a broad patent structure through research [was] not identical with the production program of Philco."[37] Many sources paint this breakup as Philco's idea, but Everson made it sound as though the decision was mutual and amicable.[38]
Farnsworth returned to his lab, and by 1936 his company was regularly transmitting entertainment programs on an experimental basis.[39] That same year, while working with University of Pennsylvania biologists, Farnsworth developed a process to sterilize milk using radio waves.[1] He also invented a fog-penetrating beam for ships and airplanes.[18]
In 1936 he attracted the attention of Collier's Weekly, which described his work in glowing terms. "One of those amazing facts of modern life that just don't seem possible – namely, electrically scanned television that seems destined to reach your home next year, was largely given to the world by a nineteen year old boy from Utah ... Today, barely thirty years old he is setting the specialized world of science on its ears."
In 1938, Farnsworth established the Farnsworth Television and Radio Corporation in Fort Wayne, Indiana, with E. A. Nicholas as president and himself as director of research.[5] In September 1939, after a more than decade long legal battle, RCA finally conceded to a multi-year licensing agreement concerning Farnsworth's 1927 patent for Television totaling $1 million. RCA was then free, after showcasing electronic television at The New York World's Fair on April 20, 1939, to sell electronic television cameras to the public.[23][5]
Farnsworth Television and Radio Corporation was purchased by International Telephone and Telegraph (ITT) in 1951. During his time at ITT, Farnsworth worked in a basement lab known as “the cave” on Pontiac Street in Fort Wayne. From here he introduced a number of breakthrough concepts, including: a defense early warning signal, submarine detection devices, radar calibration equipment and an infrared telescope. “Philo was a very deep person – tough to engage in conversation because he was always thinking about what he could do next,” said Art Resler, an ITT photographer who documented Farnsworth’s work in pictures.[40] One of Farnsworth's most significant contributions at ITT was the PPI Projector, an enhancement on the iconic "circular sweep" radar display, which allowed safe control of air traffic from the ground. This system developed in the 1950s was the forerunner of today’s air traffic control systems.[1]
In July 1957, Farnsworth appeared on the CBS quiz show I've Got A Secret, hosted by Garry Moore. Moore identified Farnsworth as "Dr. X" and his secret ("I invented electronic television") flashed on television screens. The panel failed to guess his secret. Moore then spent a few minutes discussing with Farnsworth his research on such projects as high definition television, flat screen receivers, and fusion power.[41]
In addition to his electronics research, ITT management agreed to nominally fund Farnsworth's nuclear fusion research. He and staff members invented and refined a series of fusion reaction tubes called "fusors". For scientific reasons unknown to Farnsworth and his staff, the necessary reactions lasted no longer than thirty seconds. In December 1965, ITT came under pressure from its board of directors to terminate the expensive project and sell the Farnsworth subsidiary. It was only due to the urging of President Harold Geneen that the 1966 budget was accepted, extending ITT's fusion research for an additional year. The stress associated with this managerial ultimatum, however, caused Farnsworth to suffer a relapse. A year later he was terminated and eventually allowed medical retirement.[42]
In the spring of 1967, Farnsworth and his family moved back to Utah to continue his fusion research at Brigham Young University, which presented him with an honorary doctorate. The university also offered him office space and an underground concrete bunker for the project. Realizing the fusion lab was to be dismantled at ITT, Farnsworth invited staff members to accompany him to Salt Lake City, as team members in Philo T. Farnsworth Associates (PTFA). By late 1968, the associates began holding regular business meetings and PTFA was underway. Although a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) was promptly secured, and more possibilities were within reach, financing stalled for the $24,000 in monthly expenses required to cover salaries and equipment rental.[42]
By Christmas 1970, PTFA had failed to secure the necessary financing, and the Farnsworths had sold all their own ITT stock and cashed in Philo's life insurance policy to maintain organizational stability. The underwriter had failed to provide the financial backing that was to have supported the organization during its critical first year. The banks called in all outstanding loans, repossession notices were placed on anything not previously sold, and the Internal Revenue Service put a lock on the laboratory door until delinquent taxes were paid. In January 1970, PTFA disbanded. Farnsworth had begun abusing alcohol in his later years,[43] and as a consequence he became seriously ill with pneumonia, and died on 11 March 1971.[42]
Farnsworth's wife Elma Gardner "Pem" Farnsworth fought for decades after his death to assure his place in history. Farnsworth always gave her equal credit for creating television, saying, "my wife and I started this TV." She died on April 27, 2006, at age 98. The inventor and wife were survived by two sons, Russell (then living in New York), and Kent (then living in Fort Wayne, Indiana).
In 1999, TIME magazine included Farnsworth in "The TIME 100: The Most Important People of the Century"'.[28]
Farnsworth worked out the principle of the image dissector in the summer of 1921, not long before his fifteenth birthday, and demonstrated the first working version on September 7, 1927, having turned 21 the previous August. A farm boy, his inspiration for scanning an image as series of lines came from the back-and-forth motion used to plow a field.[45][46] In the course of a patent interference suit brought by RCA in 1934 and decided in February 1935, his high school chemistry teacher, Justin Tolman, produced a sketch he had made of a blackboard drawing Farnsworth had shown him in spring 1922. Farnsworth won the suit; RCA appealed the decision in 1936 and lost.[47] Although Farnsworth was paid royalties by RCA, he never became wealthy. The video camera tube that evolved from the combined work of Farnsworth, Zworykin and many others was used in all television cameras until the late 20th century, when alternate technologies such as charge-coupled devices started to appear.[citation needed]
Farnsworth also developed the "image oscillite", a cathode ray tube that displayed the images captured by the image dissector.[48]
Farnsworth called his device an image dissector because it converted individual elements of the image into electricity one at a time. He replaced the spinning disks with cesium, an element that emits electrons when exposed to light.
The Farnsworth–Hirsch fusor is an apparatus designed by Farnsworth to create nuclear fusion. Unlike most controlled fusion systems, which slowly heat a magnetically confined plasma, the fusor injects high temperature ions directly into a reaction chamber, thereby avoiding a considerable amount of complexity.
When the Farnsworth-Hirsch fusor was first introduced to the fusion research world in the late 1960s, the fusor was the first device that could clearly demonstrate it was producing fusion reactions at all. Hopes at the time were high that it could be quickly developed into a practical power source. However, as with other fusion experiments, development into a power source has proven difficult. Nevertheless, the fusor has since become a practical neutron source and is produced commercially for this role.[7][49][50]
At the time he died, Farnsworth held 300 U.S. and foreign patents. His inventions contributed to the development of radar, infra-red night vision devices, the electron microscope, the baby incubator, the gastroscope, and the astronomical telescope.[42][51]
Although he was the man responsible for its technology, Farnsworth appeared only once on a television program. On July 3, 1957, he was a mystery guest ("Doctor X") on the TV quiz show I've Got A Secret. He fielded questions from the panel as they unsuccessfully tried to guess his secret ("I invented electronic television."). For stumping the panel, he received $80 and a carton of Winston cigarettes.[14]
In the interview with host Garry Moore, Dr. Farnsworth said: "There had been attempts to devise a television system using mechanical disks and rotating mirrors and vibrating mirrors--all mechanical. My contribution was to take out the moving parts and make the thing entirely electronic, and that was the concept that I had when I was just a freshman in high school [in the Spring of 1921 at age 14[52]]." When Moore asked about others' contributions, Dr. Farnsworth agreed, "There are literally thousands of inventions important to television. I hold something in excess of 165 American patents." The host then asked about his current research, and the inventor replied, "In television, we're attempting first to make better utilization of the bandwidth, because we think we can eventually get in excess of 2000 lines instead of 525 ... and do it on an even narrower channel ... which will make for a much sharper picture. We believe in the picture-frame type of a picture, where the visual display will be just a screen. And we hope for a memory, so that the picture will be just as though it's pasted on there."
In a 1996 videotaped interview by the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences, available on YouTube,[53] Elma Farnsworth recounts Philo's change of heart about the value of television, after seeing how it showed man walking on the moon, in real time, to millions of viewers:
- Interviewer: The image dissector was used to send shots back from the moon to earth.
- Elma Farnsworth: Right.
- Interviewer: What did Phil think of that?
- Elma Farnsworth: We were watching it, and, when Neil Armstrong landed on the moon, Phil turned to me and said, "Pem, this has made it all worthwhile." Before then, he wasn't too sure.
A letter to the editor of the Idaho Falls Post Register disputed the single television appearance claim. Published in the December 10, 2007, edition (page A4, digital version requires subscription), Roy Southwick claimed "... I interviewed Mr. [Philo] Farnsworth back in 1953 - the first day KID-TV went on the air." KID-TV later became KIDK-TV, and was the first local broadcaster in southeast Idaho. The KID-TV affiliate is located a 15 minute drive from the Rigby area where Farnsworth worked in the potato fields and struck on his idea for electrons forming an image.
Farnsworth is sometimes quoted as telling his son Kent, with regard to television:
- "There’s nothing on it worthwhile, and we’re not going to watch it in this household, and I don’t want it in your intellectual diet."
Yet, his family's website makes it clear that this is Kent's scientific summation of his father's view, rather than a direct quote.
Plaque at the location of Farnsworth's San Francisco laboratory on Green Street.
[20]
- In 2006, Farnsworth was posthumously presented the Eagle Scout award when it was discovered he had earned it but had never been presented with it. The award was presented to his wife, Pem, who died four months later.[54]
- A bronze statue of Farnsworth represents Utah in the National Statuary Hall Collection, located in the U.S. Capitol building. Another statue sits inside the Utah State Capitol, in Salt Lake City.[55]
- The Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission marker located at 1260 E. Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania commemorating the "Farnsworth Television" shop established there in the summer of 1933. The Plaque reads "Inventor of electronic television, he led some of the first experiments in live local TV broadcasting in the late 1930s from his station W3XPF located on this site. A pioneer in electronics, Farnsworth held many patents and was inducted into the Inventors Hall of Fame."
- On September 15, 1981 a plaque honoring Farnsworth as The Genius of Green Street was placed on the 202 Green Street location (37.80037N, 122.40251W) of his research laboratory in San Francisco, California by the State Department of Parks and recreation.[20]
- The scenic "Farnsworth Steps" in San Francisco lead from Willard Street (just above Parnassus) up to Edgewood Avenue, passing Farnsworth's former residence at the top.[56][57]
Statue of Philo T. Farnsworth at the Letterman Digital Arts Center in San Francisco.
- In March 2008, the Letterman Digital Arts Center in San Francisco installed a statue of Farnsworth in front of its D building.
- A plaque honoring Farnsworth is located next to his former home in a historical district on the southwest corner of East State and St. Joseph boulevards in Fort Wayne, Indiana.[58]
- Farnsworth's television-related work, including an original TV tube he developed, are on display at the Farnsworth TV & Pioneer Museum at 118 W. 1st S. Rigby, Idaho.
- A Farnsworth image dissector is on display at Fry's Electronics in Sunnyvale, California, along with other artifacts of the history of electronics in Silicon Valley.
- The Philo Awards named after Philo Farnsworth is an annual public-access television cable TV competition where the winners receive notice for their efforts in various categories in producing Community Media.
- Several buildings and streets around rural Brownfield, Maine are named for Farnsworth as he lived there for some time.[1]
- A 1983 United States postage stamp honored Farnsworth.
- The character Professor Hubert Farnsworth on Futurama is, in-universe, descended from him.
- The eccentric broadcast engineer in the 1989 film UHF is named Philo in tribute to Farnsworth.
- Since 2003, the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences (ATAS) has awarded the Philo T. Farnsworth Corporate Achievement Award on an irregular schedule, to companies who have significantly affected the state of television and broadcast engineering over a long period of time.
- The 2009 SyFy television series Warehouse 13 features a video communicator affectionately called "The Farnsworth." In the show's universe, Philo Farnsworth built at least five of these communicators after creating television (including a very personalised one used by him) though it's possible he made more than that. He also has a "Farnsworth aisle" in the Warehouse which includes not just some parts and items created by him, but some of his nuclear fusion experiments that one character claims to still be "kicking." Farnsworth also makes an appearance in an episode in a flashback set in 1944 during Season 2.
- On January 10, 2011, Farnsworth was inducted by Mayor Gavin Newsom into the newly established San Francisco Hall of Fame, in the science and technology category.
- In the video game Trenched, renamed as Iron Brigade, the main antagonist is a character named Vladamir Farnsworth, who created mechanical enemies known as "Tubes" which spread a deadly broadcast. This character name is alluding to Philo Farnsworth and Vladimir K. Zworykin, who invented the iconoscope.
In May and June 2010 the Farnsworth TV production factory in Fort Wayne, Indiana, was razed, eliminating the "cave" where many of Farnsworth's inventions were created, and mass produced for sale to the public. It was located in the International Harvester Industrial Park on Pontiac Street. The Philo T. Farnsworth Television Museum and his residence, while living in Fort Wayne, still stands on the corner of State and St. Joseph Boulevards, in Fort Wayne.
- U.S. Patent 1,773,980: Television system (filed 7 January 1927, issued 26 August 1930)
- U.S. Patent 1,773,981: Television receiving system (filed 7 January 1927, issued 26 August 1930)
- U.S. Patent 1,758,359: Electric oscillator system (filed 7 January 1927, issued May 13, 1930)
- U.S. Patent 1,806,935: Light valve (filed 7 January 1927, issued 26 May 1931)
- U.S. Patent 2,168,768: Television method (filed 9 January 1928, issued 8 August 1939)
- U.S. Patent 1,970,036: Photoelectric apparatus (filed 9 January 1928, issued 14 August 1934)
- U.S. Patent 2,246,625: Television scanning and synchronization system (filed May 5, 1930, issued June 24, 1941)
- U.S. Patent 1,941,344: Dissector target (filed 7 July 1930, issued 26 December 1933)
- U.S. Patent 2,140,284: Projecting oscillight (filed 14 July 1931, issued 13 December 1938)
- U.S. Patent 2,059,683: Scanning oscillator (filed 3 April 1933, issued 3 November 1936)
- U.S. Patent 2,087,683: Image dissector (filed 26 April 1933, issued 20 July 1937)
- U.S. Patent 2,071,516: Oscillation generator (filed 5 July 1934, issued 23 February 1937)
- U.S. Patent 2,143,145: Projection means (filed 6 November 1934, issued 10 January 1939)
- U.S. Patent 2,233,887: Image projector (filed 6 February 1935, issued 4 March 1941)
- U.S. Patent 2,143,262: Means of electron multipaction (filed 12 March 1935, issued 10 January 1939)
- U.S. Patent 2,174,488: Oscillator (filed 12 March 1935, issued 26 September 1939)
- U.S. Patent 2,221,473: Amplifier (filed 12 March 1935, issued 12 November 1940)
- U.S. Patent 2,155,478: Means for producing incandescent images (filed 7 May 1935, issued 25 April 1939)
- U.S. Patent 2,140,695: Charge storage dissector (filed 6 July 1935, issued 20 December 1938)
- U.S. Patent 2,228,388: Cathode ray amplifier (filed 6 July 1935, issued 14 January 1941)
- U.S. Patent 2,233,888: Charge storage amplifier (filed 6 July 1935, issued 4 March 1941)
- U.S. Patent 2,251,124: Cathode ray amplifying tube (filed 10 August 1935, issued 29 July 1941)
- U.S. Patent 2,100,842: Charge storage tube (filed 14 September 1935, issued 30 November 1937)
- U.S. Patent 2,137,528: Multipactor oscillator (filed 27 January 1936, issued 22 November 1938)
- U.S. Patent 2,214,077: Scanning current generator (filed 10 February 1936, issued 10 September 1940)
- U.S. Patent 2,089,054: Incandescent light source (filed 9 March 1936, issued 3 August 1937)
- U.S. Patent 2,159,521: Absorption oscillator (filed 9 March 1936, issued 23 May 1939)
- U.S. Patent 2,139,813: Secondary emission electrode (filed 24 March 1936, issued 13 December 1938)
- U.S. Patent 2,204,479: Means and method for producing electronic multiplication (filed 16 May 1936, issued 11 June 1940)
- U.S. Patent 2,140,832: Means and method of controlling electron multipliers (filed 16 May 1936, issued 20 December 1938)
- U.S. Patent 2,260,613: Electron multiplier (filed 18 May 1936, issued 28 October 1941)
- U.S. Patent 2,141,837: Multistage multipactor (filed 1 June 1936, issued 27 December 1938)
- U.S. Patent 2,216,265: Image dissector (filed 18 August 1936, issued 1 October 1940)
- U.S. Patent 2,128,580: Means and method of operating electron multipliers (filed 18 August 1936, issued 30 August 1938)
- U.S. Patent 2,143,146: Repeater (filed 31 October 1936, issued 10 January 1939)
- U.S. Patent 2,139,814: Cathode ray tube (filed 2 November 1936, issued 13 December 1938)
- U.S. Patent 2,109,289: High power projection oscillograph (filed 2 November 1936, issued 22 February 1938)
- U.S. Patent 2,184,910: Cold cathode electron discharge tube (filed 4 November 1936, issued 26 December 1939)
- U.S. Patent 2,179,996: Electron multiplier (filed 9 November 1936, issued 14 November 1939)
- U.S. Patent 2,221,374: X-ray projection device
- U.S. Patent 2,263,032: Cold cathode electron discharge tube
- U.S. Patent 3,258,402: Electric discharge device for producing interaction between nuclei
- U.S. Patent 3,386,883: Method and apparatus for producing nuclear fusion reactions
- U.S. Patent 3,664,920: Electrostatic containment in fusion reactors
- ^ a b c d e The Philo T. and Elma G. Farnsworth Papers
- ^ Obituary Variety, March 17, 1971, page 79.
- ^ "New Television System Uses 'Magnetic Lens'". Popular Mechanics, Dec. 1934, p. 838–839. Retrieved 2010-03-13.
- ^ Burns, R. W. (1998), Television: An international history of the formative years. IEE History of Technology Series, 22. London: The Institution of Engineering and Technology (IEE), p. 370. ISBN 0-85296-914-7.
- ^ a b c d Everson, George (1949), The Story of Television: The Life of Philo T. Farnsworth. New York: W. W. Norton & Co. ISBN 0-405-06042-4, ISBN 978-0-405-06042-7.
- ^ "ITT, Advancing Human Progress". ITT. Archived from the original on 2007-02-20. http://web.archive.org/web/20070220105339/http://www.itt.com/news/adv_prog/safer.html. Retrieved 2007-07-05.
- ^ a b Miley G. H. and J. Sved, "The IEC star-mode fusion neutron source for NAA--status and next-step designs". U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, October 2000. Retrieved 2010-03-13.
- ^ Robert W. Bussard, Mark Duncan; "Should Google Go Nuclear"; p. 5; Askmar.com
- ^ Schatzkin, Paul (2002), The Boy Who Invented Television. Silver Spring, Maryland: Teamcom Books, pp. 7-10. ISBN 1-928791-30-1.
- ^ a b c d e Farnsworth, Elma G. (1990), Distant Vision: Romance and Discovery of an Invisible Frontier. Salt Lake City, Utah: PemberlyKent Publishers, Inc. ISBN 978-0-9623276-0-5.
- ^ Barnouw, Erik (1990). Tube of Plenty: The Evolution of American Television. New York: Oxford University Press.
- ^ Godfrey, Donald. "Farnsworth, Philo: U.S. Inventor". The Museum of Broadcast Communications. http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/F/htmlF/farnsworthp/farnsworthp.htm. Retrieved 2007-07-05.
- ^ Schatzkin, Paul (2002), The Boy Who Invented Television. Silver Spring, Maryland: Teamcom Books, pp. 20-1. ISBN 1-928791-30-1.
- ^ a b Schatzkin, Paul. "The Farnsworth Chronicles". Farnovision.com. http://www.farnovision.com/chronicles/tfc-secret.html. Retrieved 2006-09-08.
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