An index term, subject term, subject heading, or descriptor, in information retrieval, is a term that captures the essence of the topic of a document. Index terms make up a controlled vocabulary for use in bibliographic records. They are an integral part of bibliographic control, which is the function by which libraries collect, organize and disseminate documents. They are used as keywords to retrieve documents in an information system, for instance, a catalog or a search engine. A popular form of keywords on the web are tags which are directly visible and can be assigned by non-experts also. Index terms can consist of a word, phrase, or alphanumerical term. They are created by analyzing the document either manually with subject indexing or automatically with automatic indexing or more sophisticated methods of keyword extraction. Index terms can either come from a controlled vocabulary or be freely assigned.

Keywords are stored in a search index. Common words like articles (a, an, the) and conjunctions (and, or, but) are not treated as keywords because it is inefficient to do so. Almost every English-language site on the Internet has the article "the", and so it makes no sense to search for it. The most popular search engine, Google removed stop words such as "the" and "a" from its indexes for several years, but then re-introduced them, making certain types of precise search possible again.

The term "descriptor" was coined by Calvin Mooers in 1948. It is in particular used about a preferred term from a thesaurus.

The Simple Knowledge Organisation System language (SKOS) provides a way to express index terms with Resource Description Framework for use in the context of Semantic Web.

Author keywords[link]

Many journals and databases provides access (also) to index terms made by authors to the articles being published or represented. The relative quality of indexer-provided index terms and author provided index terms is of interest to research in information retrieval. The quality of both kinds of indexing terms depends, of course, on the qualifications of provider. In general authors have difficulties providing indexing terms that characterizes his document relative to the other documents in the database. Author keywords are an integral part of literature.

Examples[link]

• Canadian Subject Headings
• Library of Congress Subject Headings
• Medical Subject Headings
• PSH

See also[link]

• Keyword cloud
• Keyword density
• Keyword optimization
• Keyword tagging
• Subject (documents)

References[link]

Svenonius, Elaine (2000). The Intellectual Foundation of Information Organization (1 ed.). The MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-19433-3. 

This library-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e

Robert R. Prechter, Jr. (b. 1949) is an American author and stock market analyst, known for his financial forecasts using the Elliott Wave Principle. Prechter is an author and co-author of 14 books, and editor of 2 books ^[1], his book Conquer the Crash is a New York Times bestseller.^[2] He also has published monthly financial commentary in the newsletter The Elliott Wave Theorist since 1979, and is the founder of Elliott Wave International and New Classics Library.^[3][4] Prechter served on the board of the Market Technicians Association for nine years, and as the Association's President in 1990-1991. In recent years Prechter has supported the study of socionomics, a theory about human social behavior.^[5][6]

Biography[link]

Prechter attended Yale University and graduated with a B.A. degree in psychology in 1971. His career as an analyst began when he joined Merrill Lynch as a market technician in 1975, where he learned much about the trade from Merrill's Chief Market Strategist, Robert Farrell (June 1982).^[4][7] There Prechter also learned of Ralph Nelson Elliott and the Elliott wave principle and was deeply intrigued:

So I tracked down R.N. Elliott's original books. They weren't even in the Library of Congress. But I finally dug around in the New York Public Library and found a catalog card listing a copy of them on microfilm and had photocopies made. I was amazed to find that there was a wealth of information that had been lost to Wall Street.^[8]

Prechter has also said, "after I decided to make markets a career, I realized that mass psychology is what they're all about." ^[8]

Prominence[link]

In 1979 Prechter left Merrill Lynch and published the first subscription issue of the Elliott Wave Theorist. The 1970s had been very bullish years in the gold market but mostly bearish for stocks, yet his Elliott wave analysis called for a long-term reversal lower in gold (February 1980)^[4][9] and a long-term "super bull market underway" in stocks (October 1982).^[4][10] Because these forecasts proved mostly correct—especially for the stock indexes—Prechter's following grew.

His visibility increased further after he won the U.S. Trading Championship in 1984, with a then-record 444% return in a monitored options trading account.^[11] He was profiled in many financial and business publications and named "Guru of the Decade" by the Financial News Network (now CNBC) for the 1980s.^[12]

Prechter has been forecasting a large-scale bear market, as explained in his book Conquer the Crash.^[13]

Re-introduces Elliott[link]

Much of Prechter's career as a publisher includes his efforts to re-introduce R.N. Elliott's wave principle to investors.^[7] He compiled and republished all of Elliott's available writings, including the 1938 "Wave Principle," and the "Interpretive" and "Forecast" letters (1938–1946). Prechter also published a brief biography of Elliott and the collected Elliott wave writings of the few technicians who practiced wave analysis in the 1950s and 1960s (Charles Collins, Hamilton Bolton, A.J. Frost, Richard Russell).

Still, not all the popular exposure to Elliott wave analysis was the result of Prechter's deliberate efforts. In the few years before and after 1987, media coverage inflated Prechter's "guru" status to extremes, including the assertion that his forecasts could single-handedly "cause" the stock market to rise or fall^[14] (a proponent of technical analysis, Prechter considered this absurd). In the months after Black Monday in October 1987, subscriptions to Prechter's Elliott Wave Theorist surged to some 20,000. That number declined in the early 1990s (as did the subscription levels of most other financial publishers), though "Prechter has done more to popularize and spread Elliott's philosophy than anyone else."^[15]

Socionomics[link]

In 1979, Prechter postulated that social mood drives financial, macroeconomic and political behavior, in contrast to the conventional notion that such events drive social mood.^[16] His description of social mood as the driver of cultural trends reached a national audience in a 1985 cover article in Barron's.^[17] Prechter coined the term "socionomics" and in 1999 published an exposition of socionomic theory, The Wave Principle of Human Social Behavior.^[5] In 2003, he published an anthology of empirical work in the field, Pioneering Studies in Socionomics.

Since then, the counter-intuitive premise of the socionomic hypothesis—that social mood drives the character of social events—has gained attention in academic journals,^[18][19][20] books,^[21][22] the popular press,^[23][24][25] universities,^[26] academic conferences^[27][28] and in research funded by the National Science Foundation.^[29][30]

Criticism[link]

While Prechter has his admirers, he has been criticized by media and pundits for his long term record. For example, The Wall Street Journal ran a page one article in August 1993 with the headline, "Robert Prechter sees his 3600 on the Dow – But 6 years late," in reference to Prechter's 1987 forecast for the Dow Jones Industrial Average.^[31] Technical analyst David Aronson wrote:

The Elliott Wave Principle, as popularly practiced, is not a legitimate theory, but a story, and a compelling one that is eloquently told by Robert Prechter. The account is especially persuasive because EWP has the seemingly remarkable ability to fit any segment of market history down to its most minute fluctuations. I contend this is made possible by the method's loosely defined rules and the ability to postulate a large number of nested waves of varying magnitude. This gives the Elliott analyst the same freedom and flexibility that allowed pre-Copernican astronomers to explain all observed planet movements even though their underlying theory of an Earth-centered universe was wrong.^[32]

Notes[link]

References[link]

• Essentials of Technical Analysis for Financial Markets by James Chen. Published by John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-53729-9.
• Socionomics: The Science of History and Social Prediction by Robert Prechter. Published by New Classics Library. ISBN 0-932750-57-5.
• Prechter's Perspective by Robert Prechter. Published by New Classics Library. ISBN 978-0-932750-61-7.
• Evidence-Based Technical Analysis: Applying the Scientific Method and Statistical Inference to Trading Signals by David R. Aronson. Published by John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-00874-4
• Conquer the Crash: You Can Survive and Prosper in a Deflationary Depression (2 ed.) by Robert Prechter. Published by John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-56797-5.
• Behavioral Trading: Methods for Measuring Investor Confidence and Expectations by Woody Dorsey. Published by Texere. ISBN 1-58799-164-0.

External links[link]

• Robert Prechter.com
• Socionomics Institute

Suze Orman
Orman at the Time 100 Gala, May 4, 2010.
Born	Susan Lynn Orman (1951-06-05) June 5, 1951 (age 61) Chicago, Illinois
Residence	Florida, New York City, and San Francisco[1]
Nationality	American
Education	Bachelor of Arts in social work
Alma mater	University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (1976)
Occupation	author, television personality, motivational speaker
Known for	The Suze Orman Show
Spouse	Kathy Travis
Website
www.SuzeOrman.com The Suze Orman Show

Susan Lynn "Suze" Orman (born June 5, 1951) is an American financial advisor, author, motivational speaker, and television host.^[2]

Orman was born in Chicago and received her B.A. in social work. She worked as a waitress in Berkeley, California before becoming a financial advisor for Merrill Lynch. In 1983 she became the vice-president of investments at Prudential Bache Securities and in 1987 founded the Suze Orman Financial Group.

Her program The Suze Orman Show has aired for eleven years and is one of the highest rated shows on CNBC. She has written nine consecutive New York Times Best Sellers and has written, co-produced and hosted seven PBS specials based on her books. Her PBS shows are the most successful fundraisers for PBS and have won two Emmy awards.^[3][4] She has also won the most Gracie Awards of any individual.^[5] In 2008 and 2009, Orman was named to the Times Magazine list of 100 most influential people, the 2010 Forbes Magazine 100 most powerful women in the world, and 18th on the Forbes list of The Most Influential Women In Media.^{[citation needed]}

Early life and education[link]

Orman was born on the South Side of Chicago, Illinois, in 1951. Her mother, Ann, worked for a rabbi and also as a legal secretary, and her father, Morrie Orman, plucked chicken feathers.^[6][7][8] Her family was Jewish; her father was a Russian immigrant and her mother's family were from Romania.^[8][9] Her parents managed a delicatessen in Hyde Park.^[10][11][12]

She attended the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and received a B.A. in social work in 1976.^[13] In 2009, Orman received an honorary degree of doctor of humane letters from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.^[13]

Career[link]

After finishing school, Orman moved to Berkeley, California and became a waitress. In 1980, she borrowed $52,000 from friends and well wishers to open a restaurant.^{[14][15][16][17]}

Later, Orman trained as an account executive for Merrill Lynch. She simultaneously and successfully sued Merrill Lynch for a prior investment loss of $50,000. After completing her training with Merrill Lynch, she remained at the firm until 1983 when she left to become vice-president of investments at Prudential Bache Securities.

In 1987, Orman resigned from Prudential and founded the Suze Orman Financial Group, in Emeryville, California. She was director of the firm until 1997.^[16]

In 2007, Orman created an interactive TV show called "Can I Afford it?".

In February 2008, Orman gave away 1 million electronic copies of her book Women and Money following an appearance on The Oprah Winfrey Show. In July, Orman began hosting a financial advice show called The Suze Orman Show. Orman has also been featured on the Food Network's Paula's Party alongside RuPaul.

In January 2011, Orman appeared on the TV show, "Oprah's Allstars".

Orman writes an advice column for O. She is the former author of Yahoo!'s "Money Matters" and has written for the Costco Connection magazine. She is also a contributor to the The Philadelphia Inquirer, Lowes MoneyWorks, and Your Business at Home Magazine.^[18][19]

In January 2012, Orman's new six-episode TV series "America's Money Class with Suze Orman" premiered on OWN: Oprah Winfrey Network.^[20]

Orman's prepaid debit card Approved card was released in January 2012 to with some claiming it to be a financial empowerment tool and others claiming it a "rip-off".

While she has proven herself a wealth of information about credit and very general financial issues, Orman's understanding of comprehensive financial planning has been questioned by many in the industry. Senior MarketWatch columnist Chuck Jaffe, for example, states that Orman "scores very high on the personality index, but very low on the knowledge and understanding of the complex issues that face a lot of her audience. She's giving generic, simple solutions to people's most difficult problems, and judging from her [own personal investment] portfolio she's taking them on a path she really hasn't traveled herself."^[21] And according to MSN Money's James Scurlock, "the personal-finance guru favors supersimple mantras—even when they're wrong—and psychological explanations for all your money problems."^[22]

Reception[link]

Orman has written nine New York Times Best Sellers; and has written, co-produced, and hosted seven PBS specials based on her books; and is said to be the most successful fundraiser in the history of public television.^[3] She is also considered a "top seller" on the QVChome shopping network.^[4] Orman won the Daytime Emmy Award in 2004 and 2006 in the category of Outstanding Service Show Host for her PBS pledge drive specials, The Laws of Money, The Lessons of Life and The Money Show for the Young, Fabulous, & Broke. Orman has also won six Gracie Awards.^[5]

Personal life[link]

In February 2007, Orman told The New York Times Magazine that she is a lesbian.^{[23][24][25][26]} According to her Twitter page, Orman married Kathy Travis, a co-producer on The Suze Orman Show, in South Africa in September 2010.^[27]

According to the Federal Election Commission, Orman has donated money to the Democratic National Committee and to the 2000 Senate campaign of Hillary Clinton (D-NY).^[28] In 2008, Orman donated $28,000 to the Democratic National Committee.^[29] She stated in an interview with Larry King in 2008 that she favors the economic policies of the Democratic party and President Barack Obama.^[30]

In an April 2008 online interview with The Young Turks, Orman stated that her net worth is more than ten million USD.^[31]

Publications[link]

Books[link]

• You've Earned It, Don't Lose It: Mistakes You Can't Afford to Make When You Retire (with Linda Mead) (1995)
• The Nine Steps To Financial Freedom (1997)
• The Courage to Be Rich (1999)
• The Road to Wealth (2001)
• The Laws of Money, the Lessons of Life... (2003)
• The Money Book for the Young, Fabulous and Broke (2005)
• Women and Money: Owning the Power to Control Your Destiny (2007)
• Suze Orman's 2009 Action Plan (2009)
• Suze Orman's 2010 Action Plan (March 2010)
• The Money Class: Learn to Create Your New American Dream (March 2011)

Multimedia[link]

Orman is also creator of a number of non-book products, primarily CD-ROM-based services that offer education and various financial services usually in conjunction with her books and writings.

• Suze Ormans FICO Kit – First offered in 2002 in conjunction with Fair Isaac Corporation.
• Suze Orman's Will & Trust Kit – Introduced in 2005 with her personal trust attorney.
• Suze Orman's Insurance Kit – Introduced in 2007.
• Suze Orman's Protection Portfolio – First introduced in 2002, in third version.
• Suze Orman's Identity Theft Kit – First offered in 2008, in conjunction with TrustedID, Inc.
• Suze Orman's Save Yourself Retirement Program – Introduced September 2009, in conjunction with TD Ameritrade.

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Suze Orman

• Suze Orman Official Site Suze Orman Financial Group Web site
• Suze Orman Show, CNBC Suze Orman Show
• Money Matters - Yahoo! Finance Orman's regular column on Yahoo! Finance
• Suze Orman Bio on CNBC.com
• CNBC. "Anchors & Reporters: Suze Orman". Retrieved July 23, 2006
• Suze Orman Interview on The Hour with George Stroumboulopoulos
• Suze Orman at the Internet Movie Database