International Hydrographic Organization Organisation hydrographique internationale (French)
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Member states   Approved, but awaiting membership   Membership applications
Formation	21 June 1921
Headquarters	International Hydrographic Bureau
Location	Monaco
Membership	81 maritime States
Official languages	English, French
Directing Committee	Alexandros Maratos (Greece) - President Hugo Gorziglia (Chile) - Director Robert Ward (Australia) - Director : (President-elect (1 Sep 2012))
Website	http://www.iho.int/

The International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) is the inter-governmental organisation representing the hydrographic community. It enjoys observer status at the UN and is the recognised competent authority on hydrographic surveying and nautical charting. When referring to hydrography and nautical charting in Conventions and similar Instruments, it is the IHO standards and specifications that are normally used.

History[link]

The IHO was originally established in 1921 as the International Hydrographic Bureau (IHB). The present name was adopted in 1970 as a result of a revised international agreement among member nations. However, the former name International Hydrographic Bureau was retained for the IHO's administrative body of three Directors and a small staff at the organization's headquarters in Monaco.

During the 19th century, many maritime nations established hydrographic offices to provide means for improving the navigation of naval and merchant vessels by providing nautical publications, nautical charts, and other navigational services. There were substantial differences in hydrographic procedures charts, and publications. In 1889, an International Marine Conference was held at Washington, D.C., and it was proposed to establish a "permanent international commission." Similar proposals were made at the sessions of the International Congress of Navigation held at St. Petersburg in 1908 and again in 1912.

In 1919 the hydrographers of Great Britain and France cooperated in taking the necessary steps to convene an international conference of hydrographers. London was selected as the most suitable place for this conference, and on 24 July 1919, the First International Conference opened, attended by the hydrographers of 24 nations. The object of the conference was "To consider the advisability of all maritime nations adopting similar methods in preparation, construction, and production of their charts and all hydrographic publications; of rendering the results in the most convenient form to enable them to be readily used; of instituting a prompt system of mutual exchange of hydrographic information between all countries; and of providing an opportunity to consultations and discussions to be carried out on hydrographic subjects generally by the hydrographic experts of the world." This is still the major purpose of IHO.

As a result of the conference, a permanent organization was formed and statutes for its operations were prepared. The IHB, now the IHO, began its activities in 1921 with 18 nations as members. The Principality of Monaco was selected because of its easy communication with the rest of the world and also because of the generous offer of Albert I, Prince of Monaco to provide suitable accommodations for the Bureau in the Principality.

Functions[link]

The principal work undertaken by the IHO is:

• To bring about a close and permanent association between national hydrographic offices.
• To study matters relating to hydrography and allied sciences and techniques.
• To further the exchange of nautical charts and documents between hydrographic officers of member governments.
• To tender guidance and advice upon request, in particular to countries engaged in setting up or expanding their hydrographic service.
• To encourage coordination of hydrographic surveys with relevant oceanographic activities.
• To extend and facilitate the application of oceanographic knowledge for the benefit of navigators.
• To cooperate with international organizations and scientific institutions which have related objectives.

The IHO develops hydrographic and nautical charting standards to be agreed upon by its Member States. All Member States then follow those standards in their surveys, nautical charts, and publications. The almost universal use of the standards means that the products and services from the world's hydrographic and oceanographic offices are increasingly consistent and recognisable for all seafarers and for other users. Much has been done in the field of standardisation since the Bureau (now the IHO) was founded.

Publications[link]

Most IHO publications, including the standards, guidelines and associated documents such as the International Hydrographic Review, International Hydrographic Bulletin, the Hydrographic Dictionary and the Year book are available to the general public free from the IHO website.

The IHO publishes the international standards related to charting and hydrography, including S-57 IHO Transfer Standard for Digital Hydrographic Data, the encoding standard that is used primarily for electronic navigational charts. The IHO has introduced (January 2010) a new, contemporary hydrographic geospatial standard for modelling marine data and information, known as S-100. S-100 and any dependent product specifications are underpinned by an on-line registry available via the IHO website. S-100 is aligned with the ISO 19100 series of geographic standards, thereby making it fully compatible with contemporary geospatial data standards. Because S-100 is based on ISO 19100, it can be used by other data providers for their maritime related (non-hydrographic) data and information. This is already beginning to occur (2011) with various would-be data providers preparing themselves for the advent of the E-Navigation concept currently under active discussion in the UN International Maritime Organisation (IMO).

Member states[link]

The following countries are members of the IHO:^[1]

See also[link]

• Convention on the International Hydrographic Organization
• General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans
• International Association of Lighthouse Authorities
• e-Navigation concept

References[link]

External links[link]

• International Hydrographic Organization
• Hydrographic Blogspot

This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (June 2010)

Jennifer Peña
Background information
Birth name	Jennifer Marcella Peña
Born	(1983-09-17) September 17, 1983 (age 28)
Origin	San Antonio, Texas U.S.
Genres	Latin, pop, Tejano
Occupations	Singer 1995- Current Actress 2006- Current Producer/Songwriter 2004-Current
Years active	1995–present
Labels	EMI Latin (1995-2000) Univision Music Group (2002-2008) Universal (2008-Present)
Associated acts	Jennifer y los Jetz
Website	http://jenniferpena.com

Jennifer Marcella Peña (born September 17, 1983 in San Antonio, Texas), is an American Latin Pop/Tejano singer and actress who has sold over 3.5 million records internationally. Peña is the third and youngest daughter of Jaime and Mary Peña with other siblings Janet and Jackie. Peña is of Mexican descent native to the state of Texas raised in Corpus Christi, Texas.

Career[link]

Los Jetz[link]

Peña first achieved notoriety after performing at the Astrodome in Houston, Texas during a Selena tribute concert in 1995 while under management with Q Productions and Abraham Quintanilla II, who was Selena's father and former manager. This was Peña's first public performance on a grand scale performing Bidi Bidi Bom Bom, a #1 song for the late Latin superstar Selena. Peña's first studio album Dulzura released in May 1996 as part of Jennifer y Los Jetz was produced by Abraham Quintanilla III and introduced her to the music scene officially at the age of 12 with the title track and "Ven a mí" (a Spanish-language cover of The Drifters' "Dance with Me") garnered her a loyal fanbase. The album sold quite well in the Latin market, certified gold and winning several Tejano Music Awards. At the time Tejano Music was in its prime and Jennifer was another staple act in the scene. Her introduction was both praised and criticized mainly in part due the artistic similarities between Selena and she. The comparisons came and went, but Jennifer managed to continue winning over fans. The year 1997 saw the release of her second album, Jennifer Y Los Jetz , with the singles "Tu Castigo" and "Yo Te Vi", being promoted and drawing the same level of success Dulzura had achieved winning another gold certification.

In 1998, she released Mariposa with "Tengo Miedo" as the lead single, another hit in the Latin market, and in Mexico where she toured extensively, the album became Jennifer's third album to be certified gold. By 2000 Jennifer was the most prominent female Tejano singer for which had been long dubbed La Princesa De La Musica Tejano ( The Princess Of Tejano Music) her most commercially and critically acclaimed album while under Q's management was 2000's Abrázame y Bésame, for which Jennifer was now billed as a solo act but still with band Los Jetz the album was produced by Abraham Quintanilla III. Showcasing a more mature sound for Peña, the title track, a duet with former Kumbia Kings frontman DJ Kane, was the most successful single. Other hits - "Si Tú Te Vas", "Contigo Otra Vez", and "No Te Voy a Perdonar" - hit strong again in the USA and in Mexico, garnering her a 2001 Grammy nomination and multiple Tejano Music Awards. Jennifer continued to promote and tour extensively after the release of every album under Q's management and with Label EMI-Latin.

Univision Music Group and Latin Pop Venture[link]

After a few years of management under Q Productions, Peña opted to further her career by signing with the then new label Univision Music Group, whose president had launched Selena's career while at EMI Latin, which he headed until 2000. Under UMG, Peña was billed as a Latin pop artist. In 2002, she released Libre, produced by Rudy Pérez and Kike Santander. Rudy Pérez wrote the album's biggest hits: "Vamos al Mundial", which was chosen as the anthem for the 2002 FIFA World Cup, and "El Dolor de Tu Presencia", which catapulted Peña's popularity, spending eight consecutive weeks at #1 on Billboard's Hot Latin Tracks. "Entre el Delirio y la Locura" soon followed. Libre sold over 300,000 units. In 2003 Libre was nominated for a Grammy and earned her a Premio Lo Nuestro. The year 2004 saw the release of her second album with UMG, Seducción, which was produced by Rudy Pérez,Gustavo and Kike Santander, and Emilio Estefan — Rudy Pérez was the genius behind another #1 hit "Vivo y muero en tu piel" — the album kept up the momentum of her previous release, again selling over 300,000 units which offered a wider appeal to Jennifer's music by offering some alternate takes on tejano/pop and even a country flavored Para Olvidarerte De Mi. In 2004 Peña performed to a crowd of over 61,000 at the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo, a venue that has hosted the Dixie Chicks, Garth Brooks and Beyoncé, and also recording a live album that was released later that same year. Following her commercial success, Peña has performed for President George W. Bush and is actively involved with youth programs against substance abuse.

Peña has also ventured into film, appearing in MTV's All You've Got with Ciara in 2006 and Amexicano in 2007 which was released at the Tribeca Film Festival is awaiting a release date.

On February 27, 2007, Dicen que el tiempo was released which debuted at #16 on Billboard Top Latin Album, with "Como Entender" being promoted as the first single, followed by "Tuya" in late April. Since the release both the album and single has garnered lukewarm reception cracking the Top 25 positions on Billboard and selling out the initial shipment of 80,000 units. Jennifer is on hiatus after promoting the album all across the US and Puerto Rico with TV slots on MTV Tr3s as the artist of the month and extensive radio promotion. The second single "Tuya", reached its peak position at #5 on Billboard charts as of September 2007." Dicen Que El Tiempo" did not fare well in sales in comparison to previous efforts but won Jennifer critical acclaim and was well received by fans the album although a departure from both her Pop Ballads and Tejano Sound was produced by Jennifer and Sebastian Kyrs and also included additional songwriting and production by Obie Bermúdez. On December '06, 2007 "Dicen Que El Tiempo" was nominated for a Grammy.

In April 2007, Peña announced on her official message board that she was engaged to Puerto Rican singer-songwriter Obie Bermúdez, and that they were expecting their first child. They shared their good news again during an appearance on the April 26, 2007, edition of "Mi TRL" on MTV Tr3s. The couple was married in a private ceremony in her home state of Texas on June 3, 2007.^[1] The couple welcomed their first child, son Jobien, on November 6, 2007. The baby was a week late.^[2] Currently Peña resides in Texas along with her husband. After the merger of Univision into Universal Latin Music, Peña's next album was in the works but she is currently in litigation with Universal Latin Music. Under contract she is unable to record or contribute to any future recordings.

Currently Jennifer is not recording any music is now part of GLO organization .

Discography[link]

Albums[link]

Singles[link]

• "Ven A Mi” (1996)
• ”Pura Dulzura” (1996)
• ”Si Tu Te Vas “ (2000)
• ”Abrasame Y Besame” (2000)
• ”El Dolor De Tu Presencia” (2002)
• ”Entre El Delirio y la Locura” (2003)
• ”A Fuego Lento” (2004)
• ”Hasta El Fin Del Mundo”' (2004)
• ”Vivo Y Muero En Tu Piel” (2004)
• ”No Hay Nadie Igual Como Tu “ (2004)
• ”Si Yo Me Vuelve A Enamorar” (2004)
• ”Como Entender” (2007)
• ”Tuya” (2007)

Awards and recognitions[link]

• GRAMMY AWARDS

2001 Best Mexican American Performance " Abrasame Y Besame" Nominated

2003 Best Mexican American Performance " Libre" Nominated

2007 Producer of the Year "Dicen Que El Tiempo" Nominated

2008 Best Latin Pop Album " Dicen Que El Tiempo" Nominated

• BILLBOARD LATIN MUSIC AWARDS

2003Hot Latin Track of The Year ( El Dolor De Tu Presencia ) Nominated

2003 Pop Airplay Track of The Year ( El Dolor De Tu Presencia) Nominated

2003 Regional Airplay Track of The Year ( El Dolor De Tu Presencia Norteno Version) Nominated

2003 Album of The Year ( Libre) WIN

• PREMIO LO NUESTRO

2004 Female Entertainer of The Year

• TEJANO MUSIC AWARDS

1997, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2003 Female Entertainer of The Year

1998 Most Promising Band

1999, 2001, 2003 Female Vocalist of The Year

• South Texas Music Awards

2002, 2003 Female Vocalist of The Year

2002, 2003 Female Entertainer of The Year

Filmography[link]

• All You've Got (2006) DVD
• Amexicano (2007) DVD

References[link]

• [http://www.allmusic.com/album/r949092/credits
• [http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p195150/charts-awards

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Jennifer Peña

• Official Myspace Site