Lake Hawea, New Zealand

Limnology ( /lɪmˈnɒlədʒi/ lim-NOL-ə-jee; from Greek: Λίμνη limnee, "lake"; and λόγος, logos, "knowledge"), also called freshwater science, is the study of inland waters. It is often regarded as a division of ecology or environmental science. It covers the biological, chemical, physical, geological, and other attributes of all inland waters (running and standing waters, both fresh and saline, natural or man-made). This includes the study of lakes and ponds, rivers, springs, streams and wetlands.^[1] A more recent sub-discipline of limnology, termed landscape limnology, studies, manages, and conserves these aquatic ecosystems using a landscape perspective.

Limnology is closely related to aquatic ecology and hydrobiology, which study aquatic organisms in particular regard to their hydrological environment.

History[link]

The term limnology was coined by François-Alphonse Forel (1841–1912) who established the field with his studies of Lake Geneva. Interest in the discipline rapidly expanded, and in 1922 August Thienemann (a German zoologist) and Einar Naumann (a Swedish botanist) co-founded the International Society of Limnology (SIL, for originally Societas Internationalis Limnologiae). Forel's original definition of limnology, "the oceanography of lakes", was expanded to encompass the study of all inland waters.^[1]

Prominent early American limnologists included G. Evelyn Hutchinson, Ed Deevey, E. A. Birge, and C. Juday.^[2]

Lake classification[link]

Limnology classifies lakes (or other bodies of water) according to the trophic state index.^[1] An oligotrophic lake is characterised by relatively low levels of primary production and low levels of nutrients. A eutrophic lake has high levels of primary productivity due to very high nutrient levels. Eutrophication of a lake can lead to algal blooms. Dystrophic lakes have high levels of humic matter and typically has yellow-brown tea coloured waters.^[1] These categories do not have rigid specifications; the classification system can be seen as more of a spectrum encompassing the various levels of aquatic productivity.

Organizations[link]

Journals[link]

See also[link]

Notes[link]

References[link]

• Gerald A. Cole, Textbook of Limnology, 4th ed. (Waveland Press, 1994) ISBN 0-88133-800-1
• Stanley Dodson, Introduction to Limnology (2005), ISBN 0-07-287935-1
• A.J.Horne and C.R. Goldman: Limnology (1994), ISBN 0-07-023673-9
• G. E. Hutchinson, A Treatise on Limnology, 3 vols. (1957–1975) - classic but dated
• H.B.N. Hynes, The Ecology of Running Waters (1970)
• Jacob Kalff, Limnology (Prentice Hall, 2001)
• B. Moss, Ecology of Fresh Waters (Blackwell, 1998)
• Robert G. Wetzel and Gene E. Likens, Limnological Analyses, 3rd ed. (Springer-Verlag, 2000)
• Patrick E. O'Sullivan and Colin S. Reynolds The Lakes Handbook: Limnology and limnetic ecology ISBN 0-632-04797-6

External links[link]

Look up limnology in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• The History of Limnology at the University of Wisconsin–Madison: A digital resource documenting three generations of limnological research in Wisconsin. Much of the collection comes from the archives of the UW–Madison Center for Limnology. It focuses on three important pioneers of limnology, Dr. Edward A. Birge, Chancey Juday and Arthur D. Hasler, as well as Wisconsin research laboratories and field equipment. Presented by the University of Wisconsin Digital Collections Center.
• Breaking new waters: a Century of Limnology at the University of Wisconsin: A special publication of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters in celebration of a century of limnological research.
• Limnological Institute of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Aquatic ecosystems – general and freshwater components General Aquatic ecosystems Acoustic ecology Agent-based models Algal bloom Anoxic waters Aquatic adaptation Aquatic animals Aquatic biodiversity research Aquatic biomonitoring Aquatic insects Aquatic layers Aquatic mammals Aquatic plants Aquatic predation Aquatic respiration Aquatic science Aquatic toxicology Benthos Bioluminescence Biomass Cascade effect Colored dissolved organic matter Dead zone Ecohydrology Eutrophication Fisheries science Food chain Food web GIS and aquatic science Hydrobiology Hypoxia Isotope analysis Microbial ecology Microbial food web Microbial loop Nekton Neuston Particle Photic zone Phytoplankton Plankton Productivity Ramsar Convention Schooling Sediment trap Siltation Spawning Substrate Thermal pollution Trophic level Underwater camouflage and mimicry Water column Zooplankton More... Freshwater Freshwater ecosystems Brackish marsh Freshwater biology Freshwater biomes Freshwater fish Freshwater marsh Freshwater swamp forest Hyporheic zone Lake ecosystems Landscape limnology Limnology Lake stratification Macrophyte Pond Fish pond Rheotaxis River ecosystems Stream bed Stream pool Trophic state index Upland and lowland Water garden Wetland Environmental quality More... Ecoregions Freshwater ecoregions List of freshwater ecoregions Marine ecoregions List of marine ecoregions Ecology of the Everglades Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra   Aquatic ecosystems – marine components Marine Marine ecosystem f-ratio Iron fertilization Iron Hypothesis Large marine ecosystem Marine biology Marine chemistry Marine snow Ocean nourishment Oceanic physical-biological process Ocean turbidity Photophore Thorson's rule Upwelling Whale fall More... Marine life forms Census of Marine Life Coastal fish Coral reef fish Deep sea communities Deep sea creature Deep sea fish Deep-water coral Demersal fish Marine bacteriophage Marine invertebrates Marine larval ecology Marine mammal Marine reptile Marine vertebrate Paradox of the plankton Pelagic fish Seabird Seashore wildlife Wild fisheries Marine habitats Bay mud Black smokers Coastal biogeomorphology Cold seeps Coral reefs Davidson Seamount Estuaries Intertidal ecology Intertidal wetlands Kelp forests Hydrothermal vents Lagoons Mangroves Marine biomes Marine habitats Mudflats Rocky shores Salt marshes Seagrass meadows Sponge reefs Tide pools Issues Ecological values of mangrove Fisheries and climate change HERMIONE Marine conservation Marine conservation activism Marine pollution Marine Protected Area

v t e Subfields of physical geography Biogeography Climatology / Paleoclimatology Coastal geography Edaphology Geomorphology Glaciology Hydrology / Hydrography Landscape ecology Limnology Oceanography Palaeogeography Pedology/Soil science Quaternary science

Biography[link]

Richard Skelton is a British musician. Following the death of his wife Louise in 2004, he began to make music as a way of coming to terms with the tragedy.^[1] Using a number of instruments, notably guitar and violin, his music has been compared to Arvo Pärt^[2] amongst others. His recordings explicitly reference places of emotional resonance, specifically the West Pennine Moors, and the area around the sparsely populated parish of Anglezarke.^[1] His album Landings has been compared to Brian Eno's Ambient 4: On Land in its evocation of place and memory.^[1] Skelton even goes so far as to include artefacts, such as twigs and alder catkins, from significant places in the packaging of his releases.^[3]

Most of Skelton's releases have been issued by his own Sustain-Release label - under a range of pseudonym's including A Broken Consort, Carousell and Riftmusic, as well as under his own name - in small editions of CDs with hand-crafted packaging, and often including fragments of poetry. However, some of Skelton's work has attained wider commercial and critical success.^[4]

In 2011, Skelton archived the material he had released on the Sustain-Release. A box set of his complete recordings to date, titled *SKURA and totalling 20 discs of music, followed. Skelton announced that future editions of both his music and writing would be released on the Corbel Stone Press imprint. The first release was Wolf Notes, a collaboration with his new partner, Autumn Richardson, under the name *AR. The album was released on January 1st 2011. To date, a number of print works and another musical collaboration with Richardson, Stray Birds, have been issued. Two more music works are scheduled for release in mid-2012.

Until 2010, Skelton lived in Standish, near Wigan,^[5] before relocating to the west coast of Ireland.^[6]

Discography[link]

Heidika, There Is No Cure & Other Songs, Sustain-Release CD
Carousell, A Dead Bridges Into Dust, Sustain-Release CD
Harlassen, A Way Now, Sustain-Release CD
Carousell, Landings, Sustain-Release CD
A Broken Consort, The Shape Leaves, Sustain-Release CD
Riftmusic, Riftmusic, Sustain-Release CD
A Broken Consort, Box of Birch (1st Edition), Sustain-Release CD
Clouwbeck, A Moraine, Sustain-Release CD
A Broken Consort, Crow Autumn (Part One), Sustain-Release CD
Heidika, Tide of Bells & the Sea, Sustain-Release CD
A Broken Consort, Box of Birch (2nd Edition), Sustain-Release CD
A Broken Consort, Crow Autumn (Part Two), Sustain-Release CD
Carousell, Black Swallow & Other Songs, Sustain-Release CD
Richard Skelton, Landings, Type Records LP/CD
Clouwbeck, From Which the River Rises, Sustain-Release CD
Richard Skelton, Marking Time, Preservation Records CD, Type Records LP
Clouwbeck, Wolfrahm, Sustain-Release CD
A Broken Consort, Crow Autumn, Tompkins Square Records CD
*AR, Wolf Notes, Corbel Stone Press CD
Various Artists, *SKURA, Sustain-Release CD (compilation of Skelton material under different names)

Collaborations[link]

Agitated Radio Pilot, World Winding Down, Deadslackstring CD (Skelton co-composes and plays on the track Earthfasts)
Machinefabriek, Daas, Cold Spring CD (Skelton contributes to the title track)
Saddleback, Everything's A Love Letter/Everything's Open To Interpretation, Preservation CD (Skelton contributes a version of Saddleback's Gerroa Thursday)
Autumn Grieve, Stray Birds, Corbel Stone Press CD (Skelton accompanies the songs of Autumn Richardson)

References[link]

External links[link]

• Richard Skelton' Landings diary
• Richard Skelton's blog
• An in progress complete discography