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00 flour

A super-fine Italian flour grade, traditionally used in the making of pasta. It is available from selected gourmet food stores and can usually be substituted with all-purpose plain flour. For more information about flour, see our article.

A

Agar-agar

A gelatinous substance made from seaweed and used as a setting or thickening agent. It can be bought from health-food stores.

Aioli

While there are many variations of this sauce, the French Provencal influenced aioli is most commonly served in Australia as a mayonnaise made of garlic, egg, olive oil and lemon juice or vinegar. Spanish allioli is typically a mixture of olive oil, garlic and salt. It can be made at home or is available from gourmet food stores.

Allspice berries

The dried berry of the Pimenta dioica, also called Jamaican pepper or newspice. Allspice is so named because it tastes like a combination of cinnamon, cloves and nutmeg. It is popular in baking and is available, whole or ground, from supermarkets.

Apricots

The apricot is one of the most ancient cultivated stonefruits, a versatile cooking fruit and popular summer lunchbox item rich in betacarotenes, fibre and vitamin C. For more information about stonefruit, see our article.

Arrowroot

A starch used as a thickening agent mainly in sweet dishes. It is available from supermarkets.

Asafoetida

A strongly-flavoured gum resin used extensively in Indian cooking. It is available from Middle Eastern, Indian and spice stores.

Asian red shallots

These onions, also called eschalots, are small, reddish-purple in colour and grown in bulbs like garlic. They are available from Asian supermarkets.

Asparagus

There are three varieties of asparagus: green asparagus, white or purple. White asparagus is similar to green, although it's not exposed to sunlight. Purple asparagus is sweeter. For more information about asparagus, see our article.

Asian eggplant

See entry on finger eggplant.

B

Baby beetroot

Baby beetroot is smaller and sweeter than the regular variety, and is ideal for salads. For more information about beetroot see our article.

Baby bok choy

The most common Chinese green, it is light green and usually sold in bunches of three. For more information about Chinese greens, see our article.

Baby capsicums

A small, round, red capsicum tasting sweeter and crunchier than the standard variety. They are available from farmers' markets and selected supermarkets. For more information about capsicums, see our article.

Baby coliban potatoes

See entry on chat potatoes.

Baby corn

Baby corn looks just like regular corn only much smaller. It is sold ready-peeled and pre-packed. Unlike the larger variety, which has a tough, inedible core, you can eat the tender middle stem. For more information about baby corn, see our article.

Baby eggplant

Similar in colour and shape to the common eggplant, the baby, or Italian, eggplant is much smaller - almost a miniature version. It has a more delicate skin than the larger variety. For more information about eggplants, see our article.

Baby endive

Baby endive is also called frisee. It has frizzy leaves and a slightly bitter taste. For more information about baby endive, see our article.

Baby fennel

Baby or bulb fennel has a bulbous base and green feathery leaves. Both are edible and have a mild aniseed or licorice flavour. For more information about baby fennel, see our article.

Baby mesclun

This French-style salad mix consists of a variety of small young salad leaves. It's available in bags at supermarkets. For more information about baby mesclun, see our article.

Baby potatoes

See entry on chat potatoes.

Baby red cabbage

Baby red cabbage (Minicab) is about half the size of regular red cabbage, and has crisp, sweet and firmly packed leaves. For more information about baby red cabbage or cabbage, see our articles.

Baby red capsicums

Baby capsicums were first developed in Japan so they could be used as single serves. They are about half the size of regular capsicums and have thinner skin. Their flesh is crisp and sweet. For more information about baby red capsicums or other capsicums, see our articles.

Baby rocket

Baby rocket is a type of salad leaf with slender ragged-edged green leaves and a mustard-peppery bite. For more information about baby rocket, see our article.

Balsamic vinegar

Traditionally made in Modena, in the north of Italy, true balsamic vinegar, labelled Aceto Balsamico Tradizionale di Modena, has a sweet-sour taste and a rich syrupy consistency. It can be aged as long as 100 years, but is most commonly a few years old. Aged balsamic vinegar is available from gourmet food stores.

Balti

Balti is both a paste (characterised by tomatoes, coriander and chilli) and a style of cooking. Tenderised meat (usually lamb) is stir-fried with balti paste in a wok-style pan and served with naan bread. Balti ranges from mild to medium-hot. For more information about curry paste, see our article.

Bananas

Thought to be native to South-East Asia, the banana is one of the oldest known fruits. There are hundreds of types of bananas, but in Australia the most common varieties are the cavendish and the lady finger. For more information about bananas, see our article.

Barberries

A sour, dried fruit that is rich in vitamin C, available from Middle Eastern stores. Barberries are sometimes known as berberis.

Barley flour

Barley flour (containing gluten) is a high-fibre, nutritious product popular in Europe for puddings, soups and unleavened breads. For more information about flour, see our article.

Bay leaves

Used either fresh or dried, these leaves from the bay laurel tree are prized for their strong aroma and flavour. Dried bay leaves are available from supermarkets.

Beetroot

Beetroot is a root vegetable with dark purple skin and firm flesh. It has a rich, earthy flavour with a mild, bitter edge. For more information about beetroot see our article.

Beetroot leaves

Beetroot leaves can be used like spinach, cooked on their own as a side dish, or in soups, salads and sauces. For more information about beetroot see our article.

Besan flour

Besan flour, made from ground chickpeas or yellow split peas, is gluten-free and used extensively in Indian cooking, adding a distinctive, nutty flavour to bhajis, pakoras, flat breads and sweets. For more information about flour, see our article.

Biryani curry

Biryani curry paste is a mild blend that powers the classic Indian rice dish after which it's named, where aromatic basmati rice is topped with vegetables or chicken and dried fruit or nuts. For more information about curry paste, see our article.

Blackberries

A member of the rose family, blackberries are purple-black in colour and have a sweet, slightly tart flavour. For more information about blackberries, see our article.

Black-eyed peas or beans

Black-eyed peas or beans are medium-sized, cream-coloured beans with a 'blackeye' marking. While best in soups, stews, casseroles and rice dishes, they're also used in Vietnamese desserts. They're available dried. For more information about pulses and legumes, see our article.

Black glutinous rice

A dark-coloured, short-grained rice used in Asian cuisines. It is also known as sticky rice because, once cooked, the grains stick together. Black glutinous rice gets its colour because the rice's dark layer of bran is left intact. It is available from Asian supermarkets.

Black mustard seeds

The seeds from the black mustard plant are commonly used in Indian cooking, for dishes such as curry, and are more piquant than the generally bitter white mustard seeds. They can be found in supermarkets and spice stores.

Black pudding

A sausage of British origins made from cooked animal blood, meat and fat, cooled and then congealed. It is available from selected delicatessens and butchers.

Blade mace

The rust-coloured fibrous coating on whole nutmeg, which has a less intense flavour than nutmeg itself. Generally, it can be substituted with a lesser quantity of nutmeg and is available from spice stores.

Black wood ear mushrooms

The black wood ear mushroom has a delicate flavour and is prized more for its slippery, yet crunchy texture when cooked. For more information about mushrooms, see our article.

Blood oranges

A variety of orange with varying amounts of dark-red or blood-coloured pigment in the skin and flesh. Generally, they can be substituted with regular oranges. They are available from specialist greengrocers from July to September and the juice is available from some gourmet food stores.

Blueberries

Blueberries are small in size with smooth dark skin that's covered in a fine white powder known as "bloom". For more information about blueberries, see our article.

Boerewors

A spicy South African sausage made with minced meats, herbs, seasonings and spices. It can be bought from specialist butchers.

Bocconcini

These bite-sized balls of fresh mozzarella are made from curd that's stretched and kneaded until smooth, then shaped into balls. For more information about bocconcini or other soft cheeses, see our articles.

Bok choy

Also known as pak choy or Chinese cabbage, it has dark-green leaves and a white stalk. For more information about Chinese greens, see our article.

Borlotti beans

Borlotti beans are a mild-flavoured, reddish-speckled bean, perfect for rice dishes and soups. They're available canned and dried. For more information about pulses and legumes, see our article.

Bouillon powder

A stock powder or cube made from dehydrated stock broth. It is available from supermarkets.

Bouquet garni

A bunch of herbs (usually parsley, thyme and bay leaves) tied with string and used to flavour soups and stews. To make a bouquet garni, see our article, or buy in ready-made sachets at supermarkets or spice stores.

Broccoflower

A hybrid between cauliflower and broccoli, broccoflower is considered to have a lighter, sweeter taste than its relatives. For more information about broccoflower, see our article.

Broccolini

A cross between broccoli and Chinese kale. Its tender stalks are thinner than broccoli and have a slightly sweeter taste with a peppery bite. For more information about broccolini, see our article.

Brown onions

Brown onions are the most common type of onion and they keep longer than other varieties. For more information about brown onions or other onions, see our articles.

Brussels sprouts

Brussels sprouts are closely related to cabbages and broccoli. They are rich in vitamin C, a good source of folate, vitamin E and beta-carotene, and also contain iron. For more information about Brussels sprouts, see our article.

Buckwheat flour

Buckwheat flour is milled from the seeds of an ancient plant related to rhubarb and sorrel (but not wheat). It's gluten-free, with a nutty, earthy flavour popular in pancakes, pastas, porridge and Japanese soba noodles. For more information about flour, see our article.

Buckwheat noodles

A variety of Japanese and Korean noodle made with buckwheat flour. These noodles can be eaten cold or added to soups, and are available from Asian supermarkets.

Buffalo mozzarella

A stretched curd cheese made from buffalo milk. Generally, one ball of buffalo mozzarella can be substituted with three balls of bocconcini. It is available from selected delicatessens.

Butter beans

Butter beans are a variety of lima beans. These large, white beans are mildflavoured, and best used in salads, soups and casseroles. They're available canned and dried. For more information about pulses and legumes, see our article.

Butter chicken curry

Butter chicken curry paste is a mild, quickfix base for the popular creamy poultry dish. For more information about curry paste, see our article.

Buttermilk

It was originally the slightly sour liquid left over when cream was churned into butter, hence the name buttermilk. These days, buttermilk is made by adding safe bacterial cultures to low-fat milk during manufacturing. For more information about buttermilk, see our article.

Button mushrooms

The button or white mushroom is the most commonly available mushroom. It is picked before the cap opens to expose its grey gills. For more information about button mushrooms or mushrooms, see our articles.

C

Cabernet sauvignon vinegar

This vinegar, as the name suggests, is made from cabernet sauvignon grapes and features a berry-caramel taste. Generally, it can be substituted with red wine vinegar, and is available from gourmet food stores.

Calasparra rice

A highly absorbent variety of Spanish rice that remains firm when cooked. It can generally be substituted with Arborio or short-grain rice. It is available from Spanish delicatessens.

Candied citron peel

The rind of the citron fruit which is boiled with sugar and used in baking. It is also known as cedro and is available from gourmet food stores.

Cannellini beans

Cannellini beans are a large, white bean, popular in Italian cooking. They have a smooth texture and are ideal in pastas and salads or on their own as a side dish. Cannellini are available canned and dried. They're available canned and dried. For more information about pulses and legumes, see our article.

Cantaloupe

See entry on rockmelon.

Cape gooseberries

These small, round, yellow berries are encased in a cape or lantern-shaped pod. Also known as ground-cherries, golden berries or Inca berries, they are sweet when ripe and used in baking and jams. They are available in spring and summer from selected fruit markets.

Carambola

Commonly called starfruit, the carambola is a pale-yellow to green fruit with ribbed edges and firm flesh. When sliced horizontally, it looks like a star. For more information about carambola, see our article.

Cardamom

Cardamom pods are the fruit of a large ginger-like plant that's native to the rainforests of southern India. Each pod contains 15 to 20 tiny, sticky black or brown seeds with a strong fruity aroma. For more information about cardamom, see our article.

Carnaroli rice

An Italian short-grain rice commonly used to make risotto. It is available from gourmet food stores.

Carrots

One of the earliest vegetables to be cultivated, carrots are related to parsley. The orange part grows below ground. For more information about carrots, see our article.

Cassis

A sweet blackcurrant liqueur that is also called crie de cassis. It is available from selected bottle shops.

Cavalo nero

This Italian variety of cabbage is also called black cabbage or Tuscan cabbage. It is often sauteed with garlic and olive oil and served with rice or pasta dishes. It can be found in selected greengrocers.

Celeriac

This gnarled root vegetable has a mild yet distinctive flavour - a cross between celery and parsley. For more information about celeriac, see our article.

Celery

Low in kilojoules, celery contains potassium and small amounts of many other vitamins and minerals. Both the stalks and leaves are edible. For more information about celery, see our article.

Champagne vinegar

A light, mild variety of vinegar that can generally be substituted with white wine vinegar. It is available from gourmet food stores.

Chardonnay vinegar

A honey-coloured variety of white wine vinegar. Generally, it can be substituted with white wine vinegar and is available from gourmet food stores.

Chat potatoes

Also called baby coliban or baby potatoes, chats have a more floury texture than some others. For more information about chat potatoes, see our article.

Cherries

Cherries have sweet, juicy flesh and smooth, glossy skin that ranges in colour from deep red to black. For more information about cherries, see our article.

Cherry truss tomatoes

Small tomatoes that are ripened on the vine and packaged directly into punnets with the stem still attached. For more information about cherry truss tomatoes, see our article.

Chestnuts and chestnut puree

These nuts have a mild, sweet flavour and are often eaten roasted. They are available in pureed form, both sweetened and unsweetened. In the winter, fresh chestnuts are sold by greengrocers, while pureed and vacuum packed chestnuts can be found in gourmet food stores and selected delicatessens.

Chestnut mushrooms

So called because of their nutty flavour, they are firm in texture and hold their shape when cooked. For more information about mushrooms, see our article.

Chevre

Chevre is a French goat's-milk cheese with a texture ranging from soft-but-firm to very hard. Chevre is an excellent dessert cheese, and is often served with pre-dinner drinks. For more information about soft cheeses, see our article.

Chicken tenderloins

The small strip of meat under the breast. Generally, it can be substituted with chicken breasts, cut into strips. They are available from supermarkets.

Chickpeas

Chickpeas are the chief ingredient of the Middle-Eastern hommus dip. These nutty-tasting medium-sized peas retain their shape during cooking and are great in couscous dishes, salads, stews and curries. They're available canned and dried. For more information about pulses and legumes, see our article.

Chicory essence

A coffee-flavoured extract from the flowering chicory herb plant. Naturally decaffeinated, it has a sweet smell but a sour taste, and is thought to have antioxidant properties. Available from supermarkets.

Chilli

See entry on red chillies or our article on chillies.

Chilli bean sauce

A very spicy, thick paste made from fermented soy beans which is an essential seasoning in dishes from northern China. It is available from Asian supermarkets.

Chilli jam

A sticky and sweet chilli sauce, available from Asian supermarkets.

Chilli oil

Made by infusing dried hot chillies with oil, and typically used to season soups. It is available in small bottles from Asian and gourmet food stores.

Chilli paste in soybean oil

A key condiment in Thai cooking, this very hot sauce is made from chillies, garlic, oil and seasonings. It is also known as nam prik phao and is available from Asian supermarkets.

Chinese black vinegar

An inky black vinegar with a malt taste, it is made from rice, wheat, millet or sorghum, and then aged. Also known as East Asian Black Vinegar, it is available is from Asian supermarkets.

Chinese greens

Many Chinese greens are members of the crucifer family and have been cultivated since the fifth century. Chinese greens are high in vitamins A and C, and are deliciously crunchy and nutritious when eaten raw or quickly stir-fried or steamed. For more information about Chinese greens, see our article.

Chinese mushrooms

A wide variety of edible mushrooms or fungi are used in Asian cooking, with the most common being black or white fungi. They are available dried from Asian and selected supermarkets.

Chinese red dates

A reddish-coloured, oval-shaped fruit with sweet white flesh. Also known as jujube or Chinese date, they are available dried, candied or fresh from Asian supermarkets.

Chinese rice wine

A rice wine made by fermenting glutinous rice, millet, yeast and local water from the Chinese region of Shaoxing, which is why it is also known as Shaoxing or Shao Hsing rice wine. It can be found in Asian supermarkets and can usually be substituted with dry sherry.

Chinese soup herbs

There are thousands of roots, bark, flowers, seeds, fruits, leaves and branches used in Chinese cooking to flavour soup broths, with many considered to have medicinal properties. Dried sachets of various combinations are available from Asian supermarkets.

Chorizo

These spicy pork sausages are available fresh, dried or semi-dried from Spanish delicatessens and selected butchers.

Choy sum

Choy sum produces small yellow flowers, which gives it its other name of Chinese flowering cabbage. Its long, pale stalks and fragile leaves are suited to stir-frying and steaming. For more information about Chinese greens, see our article.

Chrysanthemum leaf

Featuring a taste similar to spinach, this green is a great addition to soups. For more information about Chinese greens, see our article.

Clotted cream

A thick, yellow cream made from cows' milk. Generally, it can be substituted with double cream and is available from specialist cheese shops and selected supermarkets.

Coffee essence

A liquid extract from coffee beans that is often used as a flavouring in baking. Available in bottles form the baking section of supermarkets.

Coriander

All parts of coriander - the leaves, stem and root - can be used. The dried seeds are often used ground or whole as a spice, and have a completely different citrus-like flavour than the leaf. For more information about coriander and other Asian summer herbs, see our articles.

Cornflour

Cornflour can refer to a wheat starch powder or a flour derived from gluten-free maize (corn), so if you're wheat-sensitive, check the packet. Use as a thickener for sauces and gravies and in sponge cakes. For more information about flour, see our article.

Cottage cheese

Cottage cheese is traditionally made from milk strained through muslin, which leaves a soft, moist cheese with masses of pea-sized curds. It's great in dips, spreads, sandwiches, cheesecakes and pasta dishes such as cannelloni and lasagne. For more information about soft cheeses, see our article.

Cornichons

Also known as gherkins or French cornichons, they are young cucumbers pickled with vinegar or brine with herbs. They are available from gourmet food stores.

Cos lettuce

This lettuce was discovered by the Romans on the Greek island of Cos. It's a cylindrical-shaped lettuce with sweet, crisp leaves. Cos lettuce is traditionally used in Caesar salads. For more information about Cos lettuce, see our article.

Couscous

Incorrectly thought of as a grain, couscous is a type of pasta usually made from semolina hand-rolled into tiny balls. Traditionally cooked in a couscoussier, these days it is usually sold pre-prepared and just requires soaking or simmering. It is available from supermarkets. For more information about couscous, see our article.

Cracked wheat

Also called burgul, it is whole wheat which has been partially boiled, cracked and dried. It is available from supermarkets.

Cream cheese

Cream cheese, made from cow's milk, was developed in the US in the 1800s. Generally mild and velvety, cream cheese is also available in reduced-fat and spreadable varieties and is an integral component of baked or chilled cheesecakes. For more information about soft cheeses, see our article.

Crystallised violets

Whole violet flowers immersed in boiled sugar and then cooled and crystallised. Used as a cake decoration, they are available from gourmet food stores.

Cumin seeds

The seeds from the cumin plant used as a spice, particularly in Mexican and Indian cuisine. They are available from supermarkets and spice stores.

Cup mushrooms

Cup mushrooms are the product of a mature button mushroom. Similar to the button, their caps remain closed and their flavour is slightly stronger. For more information about mushrooms, see our article.

Curd cheese

A white, fresh cheese, similar to cream cheese or ricotta. Generally, fromage frais or full-fat ricotta can be substituted. It is available from specialist cheese stores and selected delicatessens.

Curry leaves

The leaves of a small tropical tree commonly used in Southern Indian cooking. They are available fresh from specialist greengrocers or dried from supermarkets.

Curry paste

See our article on curry paste.

Custard apples

Custard apples have pale green bumpy skin and an irregular heart-like shape. Their sweet, creamy flesh is studded with large inedible black seeds. For more information about custard apples, see our article.

D

Daikon

A type of large white radish with a sweet, fresh flavour, available from Asian supermarkets.

Dashi

granules The dried form of stock made from ingredients such as kelp, mushrooms or tuna boiled in water. Dashi forms the basis of Japanese soup cooking, most notably miso soup. It is available from Asian supermarkets.

Dates

Popular in Middle Eastern cooking, dates are small, oval-shaped fruit that vary from golden-brown to black in colour. They are high in sugar and have a sweet, caramel taste. For more information about dates, see our article.

Desiree potatoes

These versatile potatoes have waxy pink-red skin and creamy yellow flesh. For more information about Desiree potatoes, see our article.

Dragees

Sugar-coated confectionary used in cake decorating. Silver dragees are the most common and are available from cake decorating stores and supermarkets.

Drambuie

A aged malt whisky-based liqueur flavoured with honey and herbs. Available from bottle shops.

Dried scallops

These dried molluscs are available from Asian supermarkets and require a long soaking before they can be used.

Dry marsala

An amber-coloured Sicilian fortified wine often served with "spicy" cheeses or as a dessert wine. It is available from bottle shops.

Dry-cured bacon

The dry-cure process involves first curing the pork, then hanging and air-drying for a period of time to remove all the moisture. It is available from specialist butchers.

Dukkah

A dry blend of spices, chopped nuts and seeds eaten with bread and oil or used as a seasoning. Also known as dukka, it is available from Middle Eastern, gourmet food stores and supermarkets.

E

Eau de vie

French for water of life, eau de vie is a colourless, potent brandy or spirit distilled from fermented fruit juice. It is available from selected bottle shops.

Edible gold/silver leaf

Extremely thin flakes or sheets of very high purity silver or gold used as a garnish, mainly on handmade Indian sweets. It is available from specialised stationery stores.

Eggplant (common)

Large and pendulum shaped, the colour of the common eggplant can vary from deep purple, to almost black, to pale purple streaked with white. Green and yellow varieties can also be found, but are rarely seen in Australia. For more information about eggplants, see our article.

Eggs

An egg consists of the shell, egg yolk, egg white and chalazae, which are the ropy strands of egg white that anchor the yolk in place. For more information about eggs, see our article.

Elderflowers

The white or cream-coloured flowers of the elder or elderberry tree. The flowers are commonly made into a cordial which is available from selected gourmet shops.

English spinach

English spinach has thick, soft oval leaves and green stems, both of which are edible. It has a delicate flavour and is most flavoursome from May to October. For more information about English spinach, see our article.

Enoki

Long, thin white mushrooms used in Asian cuisine. Also known as enokitake or golden needle mushrooms, they are available fresh or canned from selected greengrocers. For more information about mushrooms, see our article.

F

Fennel

See entry on baby fennel.

Feta

Feta originated in Greece as a way to preserve sheep or goat's milk, but these days is made commercially from cow's milk. Feta is stored in brine or oil to lengthen its shelf life and is renowned for its use in Mediterranean pastries, salads and pizzas. For more information about soft cheeses, see our article.

Ficelle

A long, thin-shaped French bread about half the size of a baguette. It is available from bakeries.

Fish stock

A flavoured soup base made from simmering fish bones and chopped onions, carrots, celery, or other vegetables. Also called fish fumet, fresh stock is available from selected delicatessens and fishmongers.

Finger eggplant

This long, finger-shaped variety can range in colour from dark purple to striated shades. Also known as Japanese or Asian eggplant, they have a tender and sweet taste. For more information about eggplants, see our article.

Flying fish roe

The fully-ripe eggs of the flying fish, used to make some varieties of sushi. It is available from Asian supermarkets and selected fishmongers.

Fontina

An Italian cow's milk cheese with a semi-soft texture and slightly nutty taste. Generally, it can be substituted with cheeses such as gruyere, Taleggio or gouda. It is available from delicatessens.

Framboise

A sweet liqueur that is fermented using raspberries, it is available from selected bottle shops.

French shallots

French shallots look like small onions but have a milder flavour. They're popular in French and Asian cooking. For more information about French shallots, see our article.

Fresh curd

Fresh curd has a mild taste and semi-soft, creamy texture. White in colour, it's mainly used for cooking and melting. For more information about soft cheeses, see our article.

Fried Asian shallots

Ready-fried red or brown-coloured members of the onion family, they are often sprinkled over noodles, rice, soups and even used in some Asian sweet biscuits. Tubs or plastic bags are available from Asian and selected supermarkets.

Fromage blanc

A soft, unripened fresh cheese with texture like yoghurt. Also called fromage frais, it is used as a dessert or served with fruit. Available from specialty cheese suppliers.

Fungi

Edible organisms which include mushrooms, yeast and even mold in some cheeses. Dried varieties are from Asian supermarkets.

G

Gai lan

Its name in Chinese literally means "mustard orchid", but gai lan is in the same plant family as broccoli and kale. For more information about gai lan (Chinese broccoli) or Chinese greens, see our articles.

Galangal

A flavoursome root used extensively in Asian cooking and also known as blue ginger. Generally, it can be substituted with ginger and is available from Asian and major supermarkets. For more information about galangal, see our article.

Garden peas

See entry on green peas.

Garlic

Garlic grows in bulbs which contain a cluster of cloves, each enclosed in a dry, papery skin. For more information about garlic, see our article.

Garlic chives

Chives are a member of the onion and lily family and therefore have a subtle onion taste with a hint of garlic. The stems are in fact the leaves. For more information about garlic chives and other Asian summer herbs, see our article.

Gelatine leaves

The sheet form of the gelling or setting agent also known as gelatin. It is available from gourmet food stores.

Ghee

Clarified butter, extensively used in Indian cooking, which can be heated to higher temperatures than regular butter without burning. It is available from supermarkets.

Gherkins

See entry on cornichons.

Ginger

Ginger is a root vegetable with a fresh, zingy flavour. It's used for its taste as well as for its health-giving properties. For more information about ginger, see our article.

Gluten-free pasta

Pasta made without wheat or products with gluten protein. It is available from health food stores and supermarkets.

Glycerine

A sweet, clear liquid used in some cake icings to improve consistency. Also known as glycerol and glycerin, it is available from chemists and supermarkets.

Goat's cheese

Goat's cheese comes in many styles and varieties. Australians are slowly adapting to the more intense, stronger-flavoured cheeses made from goat's milk, which go well with bread, quince paste, raisins, olives, capers, nuts, salad leaves and most fresh herbs. For more information about soft cheeses, see our article.

Golden caster sugar

A light golden-coloured raw cane sugar with a fine texture and a light molasses flavour. Generally, standard caster sugar can be substituted. It is available from gourmet food stores.

Golden grape tomatoes

Golden grape tomatoes are small bright yellow, oval-shaped tomatoes. For more information about golden grape tomatoes, see our article.

Golf ruby plums

Golf ruby plums have a sour skin but a sweet, juicy flesh when fully ripe. Like all plums, they're an excellent source of vitamin A, calcium, iron, magnesium, potassium and fibre. For more information about plums, see our article.

Gong bao

A Szechuan-style chicken seasoning mix, sometimes known as kung pao, available from Asian supermarkets.

Gorgonzola

An Italian blue cheese made from cows' milk. Two different types are available, piccante, which is quite strong in taste, and dolce, which is sweeter. It is available from cheese specialists, delicatessens and supermarkets.

Grapefruit

This large citrus fruit has a smooth skin and few seeds. Pink and ruby red grapefruit tend to be sweeter than the tart yellow variety. For more information about grapefruit, see our article.

Grape must

Crushed, unfermented grapes and juice which is used to make puddings, candy and syrup. It is available from gourmet food stores.

Grapeseed oil

A good-quality, neutral vegetable oil pressed from grape seeds. It is available from supermarkets.

Green asparagus

Green asparagus is harvested above ground when spears are 18-25cm long. Its spears are a glossy green colour and taste tender and succulent. For more information about green asparagus, see our article.

Green beans

Green beans are the most popular fresh beans in Australia. Their crisp pods are filled with soft pale-green seeds. For more information about green beans, see our article.

Green mango chutney

A sweet and spicy condiment, originally from South Asia, made from under-ripe mangoes. Available from Indian shops and selected delicatessens.

Green peas

Also known as garden peas, green peas are sold fresh in their pod, or shelled and frozen, canned or dried. For more information about green peas, see our article.

Green shallots

Sometimes labelled in supermarkets as shallots (eschalots) and also referred to as spring onions or scallions, green shallots have edible hollow tube-like leaves and white bulbs. White parts have a stronger onion flavour. For more information about green shallots, see our article, or our entries on Asian red shallots and fried Asian shallots.

H

Haloumi

Traditionally made with sheep's milk, this white cheese is now commonly made with cow's milk. For more information about haloumi, see our article.

Halva

A sweet of Turkish origin made from ground sesame seeds and honey, then flavoured with ingredients such as chocolate, vanilla or pistachio. It is available from delicatessens.

Haricot beans

Haricot beans, also known as navy beans, are the main ingredient of baked beans. They're great in soups, stews and casseroles, and are available canned and dried. For more information about pulses and legumes, see our article.

Harissa

A hot, aromatic Tunisian paste made from dried chillies and spices. It can be home-made or bought from Middle Eastern or gourmet food stores.

Hass avocado

The Hass variety is small and oval-shaped with green skin that turns purplish-black when ripe. For more information about Hass avocado or other avocados, see our articles.

Hazelnut oil

A monounsaturated oil made from pressing the kernel of the hazelnut. It has a delicate flavour and is best used in salads. Hazelnut oil can be bought from gourmet food stores.

Honeydew melons

Honeydew melon has white or yellow skin with a sweet, juicy green flesh. It's at its best in January and February. For more information about honeydew melons, see our article.

Hong Kong choy sum

This smaller variety of choy sum has very thin stalks and is delicate in flavour. For more information about Chinese greens, see our article.

Horseradish root

This vegetable, from the mustard family, is grown for its spicy root which, when grated is used in condiments and sauces. When in season, it is available from greengrocers but can be substituted with bottled horseradish.

I

Iceberg lettuce

Iceberg lettuce has tightly packed, pale green-white leaves. It got its name from the way it was traditionally packed on ice for transportation. For more information about iceberg lettuce or lettuce, see our articlea.

Ice wine

A German dessert wine made from grapes which have been picked frozen. It is available from selected bottle shops.

Italian eggplant

See entry on baby eggplant.

J

Jamon

Similar to prosciutto, jamon is a Spanish air-dried ham. It is available from Spanish delicatessens.

Japanese eggplant

See entry on finger eggplant.

Junket

A dessert made from sweetened milk curdled with rennet (an extract from the stomach of a calf). Junket (rennet) tablets are available from supermarkets.

Jus

A well-reduced stock (usually chicken, beef or veal) and can be made from scratch of bought from gourmet food stores.

K

Kaffir lime leaves

The fragrant leaves of the citrus tree native to Southeast Asian countries. The leaves and fruit are widely used in Cambodian, Thai and Lao Cuisine. Fresh or frozen leaves are available from Asian supermarkets and selected greengrocers. For more information about kaffir lime leaves and other Asian summer herbs, see our article.

Kalonji

The Indian word for the jet-black seeds of the nigella plant used as a spice. It is often sprinkling over curries, naan bread and rice pilau. Look for nigella seeds at spice stores.

Kecap manis

A sweet and thick Indonesian soy sauce, also called ketjap manis. It is available from Asian and selected supermarkets.

Kermit eggplant

See entry on Thai eggplant.

Kirsch

A clear or white brandy distilled from cherries, also known as kirschwasser. It is often used in mixed alcoholic drinks and fondue recipes, and is available from bottle shops.

Kiwifruit

Prized for its tangy flavour and emerald-green flesh, kiwifruit (actinidia deliciosa) is a Chinese native called yang tao, also known as 'Chinese gooseberry' in English. For more information about kiwifruit, see our article.

Korma curry

Korma curry paste, a mix of mostly heat-free spices, forms the base of a mild, almost nutty, slow-cooked curry. Korma curries can vary widely but often include chicken or vegetables cooked with yoghurt. For more information about curry paste, see our article.

Koshihikari

The most popular variety of short-grain Japanese sticky rice. Generally, it can be substituted with medium-grain white rice. It is also sold as sushi rice and is available from supermarkets.

Kumato tomato

Known as the black tomato, its colour actually ranges from dark green to a deep brownish-red when ripe. Kumatoes are sweeter and have a stronger aroma than regular tomatoes. For more information about kumatoes, see our article.

L

Laksa curry

Laksa curry paste is the foundation flavour of the classic Malaysian soup-based curry. Generally mild to medium in heat, laksa curry always contains coconut milk and rice stick noodles, and goes best with seafood, tofu or vegetables and chicken. For more information about curry paste, see our article.

Lamb's lettuce

A small leafy edible salad vegetable high in iron and vitamin C. It is also known as mache and is available from selected greengrocers.

Lap cheong

A Chinese smoked pork sausage flavoured with star anise. It is available from Chinese butchers and Asian supermarkets.

Lapsang souchong

A Chinese black tea with a smoky flavour derived from the black tea leaves which are dried over burnt pine. It is available from major supermarkets.

Lavender seeds

The lavenders of the Lavandula genus are all edible and used to flavour during baking. The seeds are available from garden stores or by mail order - be sure to use unsprayed or organic seeds.

Leeks

Related to onions, leeks are grown for their fleshy stem and delicate, sweet flavour. For more information about leeks, see our article.

Lebanese cucumber

This is a sweet variety of cucumber with dark green, thin skin. Its flesh is crisp and pale and has tiny seeds. For more information about Lebanese cucumber, see our article.

Lebanese eggplant

The Lebanese eggplant is a small, slender variety commonly used in Asian or Mediterranean cuisine. For more information about Lebanese eggplant or other eggplants, see our articles.

Legumes

The seeds of leguminous (podbearing) plants, pulses have been cultivated since 8000 BC, and are a dietary staple in many parts of the world. For more information about pulses and legumes, see our article.

Lemongrass

A pale yellowish green stalk with light mauve hints in the centre. Look for firm stems that don't look too dried out. For more information about lemongrass and other Asian summer herbs, see our article.

Lemon myrtle

A native Australian leaf used to flavour sweet and savory dishes and used in place of lemon to avoid curdling. It is available from supermarkets and spice stores.

Lemons

This is a citrus fruit known for its sour taste and ability to add flavour to dishes. For more information about lemons, see our article.

Lentils

Lentils are available in many varieties, including whole red, split red, puy (a small French variety), green and brown. They're most commonly used in soups, stews, curries and bakes, and are available canned and dried. For more information about pulses and legumes, see our article.

Light muscovado sugar

A pale brown, unrefined sugar with a strong molasses flavour. Generally, it can be substituted with brown sugar and is available from supermarkets.

Limes

This small green-fleshed citrus fruit comes in two main varieties in Australia: Tahitian (with green skin) or Mexican (with yellow skin). For more information about limes, see our article.

Liquid glucose

A clear, sweet syrup form of sugar, used for sweetening and baking. It is available from health food stores and selected supermarkets.

M

Madras curry

Madras curry paste is a cumin, coriander and chilli mix from southern India that's hot to very hot. It's best used for beef, but is also suitable for pork and chicken. For more information about curry paste, see our article.

Maize flour

Maize flour comes from ground corn kernels. In South America and the Caribbean, it's used in everything from tortillas and tamales to puddings and soups. It's also gluten-free. For more information about flour, see our article.

Malay curry powder

A spice mix used in Malaysian cuisine, it is available from spice stores and can generally be substituted with mild curry powder. For more information about curry paste, see our article.

Malibu

A sweet, coconut-flavoured white rum available from bottle shops.

Manchego

A hard sheep's milk cheese made in Spain. It is available from specialist cheese stores and Spanish delicatessens.

Mandarin liqueur

A sweet liqueur made from distilled mandarins available from selected bottle shops.

Mandarins

Mandarins belong to the citrus family and are roughly the size of a small orange. The have smooth, glossy skin and range in colour from yellow-orange to deep orange. For more information about mandarins, see our article.

Maple syrup

Maple syrup, the boiled sap of the sugar maple tree, has an earthy, sweet flavour and is an excellent source of calcium and potassium. For more information about maple syrup, see our article.

Marron

A large freshwater crayfish from Western Australia. If unavailable from a fishmonger, it can generally be substituted with lobster or other varieties of crayfish.

Marrons glaces

These are candied chestnuts and are available from gourmet food stores.

Marzipan

A firm, sweet almond paste used for icings and sweets. It is available from supermarkets.

Mascarpone

Mascarpone originated in Italy as a way of exploiting unused cream from parmesan cheese making. This stunning, slightly buttery spreadable curd cheese is relatively high in fat and famous for its use in the classic Italian dessert tiramisu. It's suitable for both savoury and sweet dishes. For more information about soft cheeses, see our article.

Massaman curry

Massaman curry paste marries Indian and Thai curry flavours in a spicy, aromatic mix that goes brilliantly with beef. A massaman curry always contains coconut milk and usually roasted peanuts, tamarind and bay leaves, and is served over rice. For more information about curry paste, see our article.

Menindee grapes

Menindee grapes have firm, sweet flesh and no seeds. They grow in tight bunches. For more information about Menindee grapes or other grapes, see our articles.

Minicab

See entry on baby red cabbage.

Mirin

A delicate, sweet Japanese rice wine used exclusively for cooking. It is available from major supermarkets and Asian food stores. For more information about mirin, see our article.

Miso

A paste of fermented soy beans with wheat, barley or rice and other flavourings. There are dozens of types of miso and it is used extensively in Japanese cuisine. It is available from Asian supermarkets. For more information about miso, see our article.

Mint

Referred to as common or round mint, it is also known as Moroccan spearmint, applemint or sage of Bethlehem. This versatile herb is easily found and commonly used in Thailand in salads, as a garnish or in curries. For more information about mint and other Asian summer herbs, see our articles.

Mushrooms

Sensitive to light and temperature, mushrooms grow on decaying matter or in harmony with living plants and trees. Low in fat and packed with nutrients, mushrooms come in many varieties and are a highly versatile ingredient. For more information about mushrooms, see our article.

Mustard fruits

Dried fruits preserved in sweet mustard syrup, known in Italian as Mostarda di Cremona. It is available from Italian delicatessens and gourmet food stores.

N

Naan

An Indian flatbread traditionally baked in a tandoori oven, it is available from Indian stores and supermarkets.

Nectarines

White nectarines were bred to meet consumer demands for sweeter fruit. While regular nectarines sweeten after harvest, white nectarines are sweet straight off the tree. For more information about stonefruit, see our article.

Netting tool

A plastic roller used for making pastry lattices. It can be bought from a kitchenware store.

Nicoise olives

Small, strong-tasting black olives which are a key ingredient in Nicoise salad. They are from delicatessens and some supermarkets.

Nori sheets

Thin layers of seaweed used in Japanese cooking, notably for wrapping sushi. It is available from selected supermarkets and Asian food stores.

O

Ocean trout roe

The eggs of the ocean trout are available from gourmet food stores.

Onion marmalade

A slow-cooked, caramelised onion paste used as condiment for rare roast beef, in sandwiches or with grilled meats, amongst other things. It is available from gourmet food stores.

Orange blossom water

Water that contains the essential oil of orange blossom. It is used to add a light citrus scent to dishes, both sweet and savoury. Orange blossom water is common in Middle Eastern cooking and is available from gourmet food stores and selected supermarkets.

Oyster mushrooms

Oyster mushrooms are named for their white shell-like appearance. They have soft delicate flesh and are available in pink and yellow varieties. For more information about oyster mushrooms or other mushrooms, see our articles.

P

Packham pears

Packham pears are a slow-ripening variety of pears with green skin that becomes light yellow when ripe. For more information about Packham pears, see our article.

Palm sugar

A sugar which comes from the sap of many different types of palm trees and varies in colour and consistency. It is used primarily in Southeast Asian dishes and is available from major supermarkets.

Pancetta

Italian salt-cured pork belly which can be bought either flat or rolled. It is available from delicatessens and can usually be substituted with streaky bacon.

Panch phora

An Indian spice mix that includes cumin, fenugreek and fennel. It can be bought from spice stores.

Panettone

Traditionally from Milan, this Italian bread-like fruit cake is made in a distinctive high-domed shape and is light in texture. In Italy, it is eaten at Christmas and Easter time, when it is also available shaped as a dove. Panettone can be bought from Italian delicatessens, gourmet food stores and selected supermarkets.

Paprika

Paprika, or capsicum annum, is made from the ground fruit of a capsicum family pepper plant. For more information about paprika, see our article.

Parmesan

A hard, aged cheese made from cow's milk traditionally from the north of Italy. The finest examples are Parmigiano-Reggiano and Grana Padano. It is available in wedges and grated both from delicatessens and supermarkets.

Parsnips

Parsnips have creamy white skin, a green leafy top and a sweet, nutty flavour. They're related to carrots and both vegies have a similarly shaped taproot. For more information about parsnips, see our article.

Passionfruit

There are two main passionfruit varieties available in Australian supermarkets. The most common is the purple passionfruit, which has wrinkly purple-red skin and sweet orange pulp with black seeds. The other, slightly larger variety, is the Panama. About the size of an egg, it has a smooth orange skin, and tart-sweet tasting yellow orange pulp with small black seeds. For more information about Passionfruit, see our article.

Pea eggplant

Used in Thai and Indonesian cooking, these tiny, pea-shaped eggplants come in clusters. Light green in colour, they have a bitter taste and many seeds. Available from Asian greengrocers. For more information about eggplants, see our article.

Peri Peri sauce

A hot chilli sauce used primarily in Portuguese, African and Brazilian cooking. It is also known as Piri Piri sauce, and is available in gourmet food stores and selected supermarkets.

Pickled ginger

Pieces of young ginger which have been thinly sliced and pickled. It is the traditional accompaniment to sushi and is available from Asian and selected supermarkets.

Pimenton

Smoked sweet paprika from Spain, it is available from selected delicatessens, supermarkets and spice stores.

Pineapple

This sweet fruit is native to South America. It contains an enzyme that breaks down protein, which tenderises meat and stops gelatine from setting. For more information about pineapples, see our article.

Pink Lady apples

Pink Lady apples are a cross between Golden Delicious and Lady Williams. For more information about Pink Lady apples, see our article.

Pink oyster mushrooms

Pink oyster, also known as the flamingo oyster, has the same taste and texture as the oyster mushroom. For more information about mushrooms, see our article.

Plain flour

Plain flour is milled from the endosperm (nutritive tissue) of wheat kernels only and is graded according to its gluten content - low-gluten flour for cakes through to high-gluten flours (see 00 flour) for bread and pasta. For more information about flour, see our article.

Plums

Plums are red stonefruits that are part of the rose family. They are native to China, America and Europe and fall into two varieties: European (Prunus domestica) and Japanese (Prunus salicina). For more information about plums, see our article.

Pomegranates

A large round fruit with thick reddish skin which contains hundreds of edible seeds and a juicy pulp. The seeds can be eaten fresh, made into juice or used as a garnish in salads and other dishes. Pomegranates are popular in Persian cuisine and are available in the autumn from greengrocers. For more information about pomegranates, see our article.

Ponzu

A Japanese sauce made from the juice of citrus fruit and soy sauce. It is available from Asian supermarkets.

Porcini mushrooms

These Italian mushrooms, known by the French as a cep, are unavailable fresh in Australia but can be bought dried from selected supermarkets, greengrocers and gourmet food stores.

Portobello mushrooms

The large portobello mushroom is ideal for grilling or baking due to their size and meaty flavour. For more information about mushrooms, see our article.

Potato flour

Potato flour is gluten-free and made from dehydrated, finely-ground potatoes. Use it as a thickener for soups, sauces and gravies, or in savoury pancakes, waffles and bread. For more information about flour, see our article.

Preserved lemons

Used extensively in Moroccan and North African cuisine, these lemons have been covered in salt, lemon juice or brine and various herbs and spices, and left to mature for at least a month. After this time, the whole lemon, including the skin and the pith, is soft and can be used in cooking. They are available from gourmet food stores. For more information about preserved lemons, see our article.

Prosciutto

An air-dried, salt-cured ham that is popular in Italy. It can be bought pre-sliced from supermarkets, or cut to your specification from a whole leg at Italian delicatessens.

Prosecco

A sparkling wine from the Veneto region of Italy. It is available from selected bottle shops and can generally be substituted with any dry sparkling wine.

Pulses and legumes

The seeds of leguminous (podbearing) plants, pulses have been cultivated since 8000 BC, and are a dietary staple in many parts of the world. For more information about pulses and legumes, see our article.

Pumpkin seed oil

Made by pressing roasted pumpkin seeds, this oil has a nutty flavour. It is available from health food stores.

Puy lentils

These tiny, dark lentils are from Le Puy in France and are generally thought to be of a superior quality. They are available from gourmet food stores and selected supermarkets. For more information about pulses and legumes, see our article.

Q

Quail & quail eggs

A small, commercially-bred bird in Australia which is delicate in flavour and very tender. Quail eggs are recognisable by their speckled shell. Both are available from selected poultry suppliers and delicatessens.

Quince & quince paste

This yellow-skinned fruit is rarely soft enough to eat raw, but is often poached or stewed, and can be successfully made into jam. Quince paste is a common accompaniment to cheese and is made by cooking down quinces with sugar. Quinces are available in autumn and winter, while quince paste can be bought from gourmet food stores, Spanish delis and selected supermarkets.

Quinoa

Considered a grain, quinoa has ancient South African origins and is prized for its nutritional value. Pronounced keen wa, it is high in protein and is available from health food stores. It can often be used instead of rice.

Quinoa flour

Quinoa flour is derived from a nutritious cereal crop. With the highest levels of protein and iron of all grain and cereal flours, quinoa is a good choice for vegetarians and the gluten intolerant. For more information about flour, see our article.

R

Radish

The radish is an edible root vegetable closely related to mustard. It has crunchy white flesh surrounded by crimson skin and a peppery flavour. For more information about radish, see our article.

Raita

A minted yoghurt and cucumber condiment served with Indian food. It is available from Indian takeaways.

Ras el hanout

A blend of twenty or more ground spices used in many North African dishes. It is available from Middle Eastern stores.

Raspberries

Raspberries are a member of the rose family. They're bright red and have a delicate, sweet flavour. For more information about raspberries, see our article.

Red-bean paste

A sweet paste made from dried adzuki beans. It is commonly used as a filling for steamed buns and is available from Asian supermarkets.

Red chillies

Chillies have varying degrees of spiciness but generally, the smaller the chilli the hotter it will be. For more information about red chillies and other chilli, see our articles.

Red Delicious apples

Red Delicious apples have sweet, crisp flesh. The skin is usually deep red with slivers of green. For more information about Red Delicious apples, see our article.

Red globe grapes

This variety of red grapes is the largest berry of the group, with big seeds and a very sweet flavour. For more information about red globe grapes, see our article.

Red kidney beans

Red kidney beans are known for their use in Mexican cuisine, and retain their shape well during cooking. Use in soups, stews, casseroles and salads. They're available canned and dried. For more information about pulses and legumes, see our article.

Red onions

Also known as Spanish onions, these strong, slightly sweet-tasting dry onions vary in colour from red to purplish-red. For more information about red onions, see our article.

Red papaya

Red papaya has sweet dark-orange flesh, not to be confused with Pawpaw, which is larger with yellow flesh. For more information about red papaya, see our article.

Red rascal potatoes

These flavoursome potatoes have dark-red skin and white flesh. They can be boiled, baked, mashed or fried. For more information about red rascal potatoes, see our article.

Red wine vinegar

Although it's technically sour wine, this rosy coloured vinegar adds a tangy flavour to dressings, sauces and marinades. For more information about vinegar, see our article.

Red witlof

A variety of witlof, a member of the chicory family, which can be eaten as a salad vegetable or cooked. It is available from greengrocers.

Rice flour

Made from pulverised rice, this flour is often used as a thickening agent. It is available from supermarkets. For more information about flour, see our article.

Rice paper

This thin, edible paper is not actually made from rice, rather it comes from various plants. It is commonly used in the making of confectionary, and is available from supermarkets.

Rice paper wrappers

Small rounds of pastry made from rice and water used to make fresh and fried spring rolls. They are available from major and Asian supermarkets.

Ricotta

Made from whey, the liquid left behind when cheese is being made, ricotta has a creamy texture and slightly sweet taste. It can be bought from fresh from large rounds in delicatessens or pre-packaged in tubs from supermarkets. For more information about soft cheeses or ricotta, see our articles.

Rockmelon

Also known as cantaloupe, rockmelon has firm skin and sweet orange-coloured flesh. For more information about rockmelon, see our article.

Roe

The eggs of a female fish. Recipes often call for roe from trout and salmon. The roe of the sturgeon is the most valued and is known as caviar. It's available from gourmet food stores.

Rogan josh

Rogan josh paste is a medium-hot blend that is a specialty of Kashmir in northern India. It features tomatoes, fenugreek, coriander, paprika and cumin, and is most commonly used for lamb curries. For more information about curry paste, see our article.

Rosemary

This fragrant herb with small, firm leaves beautifully flavours meats and roast vegetable dishes. For more information about rosemary, see our article.

Rose petals & rosebuds

Both of these dried flowers are used in sweet dishes in France and the Middle East. They can be bought from Middle Eastern stores.

Rose syrup

This syrup is made by boiling a mixture of rose petals, sugar and water. It is available from Middle Eastern stores.

Rosewater

A musky flavouring made by distilling rose petals. It is available from Middle Eastern stores and major supermarkets.

Ruby chard

A leafy green vegetable with a bright red stalk from the beet family. It is available seasonally from supermarkets.

Ruby red grapefruit

Grapefruit flesh is juicy and slightly sour. The skin is commonly yellow but the ruby red variety has a pink blush. For more information about ruby red grapefruit, see our article or the entry on grapefruit.

Rye flakes

Much like rolled oats, these flakes are cut from rye grouts and can be used to make porridge. They are available from health food stores.

Rye flour

Rye flour has a sweet-sour flavour and a heavy consistency. It contains less gluten than wheat flours, producing the very dense and filling breads popular in Europe. For more information about flour, see our article.

S

Saffron

Derived from the stigma of the crocus plant, saffron is the most expensive spice in the world. It is hand-picked and dried - an extremely labour-intensive process - and is sold in both powdered and thread form. Fortunately, only a little of it is needed to add its pungent flavour and distinctive yellow colour to a wide range of dishes.

Sage

Native to the Mediterranean region, sage is a herb with delicate silver-green leaves. Its strong flavour teams well with meat dishes and is good in stuffings. For more information about sage, see our article.

Sake

A wine made from fermented rice widely consumed in Japan. It is available from bottle shops and Asian supermarkets, and can be substituted with mirin if it is being used for cooking.

Sambel Oelek

Also called sambel ulek, this is a hot Indonesian chilli condiment made from pounded chillies, salt and vinegar or tamarind. It is available from Asian grocers.

Sauternes

A sweet white wine, named after the French region that produces it. Sauternes is available from most bottle shops.

Scamorza

This Italian cheese is made by smoking mozzarella. It is available from selected delicatessens and specialist cheese shops.

Self-raising flour

Self-raising flour is a combination of plain or wholemeal flours (see below) and raising agents. It's best used for cakes and puddings, or where a light, airy texture is required. Gluten-free versions are also available. It's also gluten-free. For more information about flour, see our article.

Shaoxing rice wine

A wine made by fermenting glutinous rice, millet, yeast and local water from the Chinese region of Shaoxing. It is also known as Chinese or Shao Hsing rice wine, and can be found in Asian supermarkets. It can usually be substituted with dry sherry.

Sherry vinegar

Of Spanish origin, this vinegar is made from young sherry and can be used in salads or for deglazing. It is available from gourmet food stores.

Shiitake mushrooms

Native to Asia, shiitake mushrooms have dark umbrella-shaped caps and a spongy texture. They are used extensively in Chinese and Japanese cuisine. For more information about mushrooms, see our article.

Shimeji mushrooms

Also known as beech mushrooms, the shimeji is a Japanese variety grown in clumps with short, thick stems. Colour ranges from whitish grey to pale brown. For more information about mushrooms, see our article.

Shrimp paste

A common flavouring in Southeast Asian and Chinese cooking. This paste is made from fermented ground shrimp and is available from Asian and selected supermarkets.

Silver beet

With its large green leaves and white veins and stalks, silver beet is often mistaken for spinach. For more information about silver beet, see our article.

Soba noodles

Long, thin Japanese noodles made from buckwheat, they are commonly available from Asian and general supermarkets.

Soft cheeses

Soft white cheeses are among the most popular cheeses for everyday cooking. They're rindless, moist, with a soft texture and simple, delicate milky flavour. For more information about soft cheeses, see our article.

Soya flour

Soya (or soy) flour, made from ground, roasted soybeans, is gluten-free and available in full-fat and 'defatted' styles. Both are rich in high-quality protein (defatted soya is highest) and other nutrients. Soya flour adds a unique flavour and nutrient boost to batters, dough and bread mixes. For more information about flour, see our article.

Spanish onions

See entry on red onions.

Spanish sherry

A fortified wine made in Spain available from selected bottle shops. It can often be substituted with a good-quality local sherry or dry white wine.

Spatchcock

A young chicken weighing between 300 and 600 grams. Spatchcocks are available from game butchers and specialty poultry suppliers.

Spelt flour

Spelt flour is a fibre-rich alternative to wheat flour for breads, pasta, muffins etc. While spelt starch is reportedly easier to digest for the wheat-intolerant, it does contain gluten. For more information about flour, see our article.

Split peas

Yellow or green split peas tend to break down during cooking, so they add bulk and richness to soups, stews and Indian dhal curries. They're available in dried form. For more information about pulses and legumes, see our article.

Squid ink

Extracted from the ink sac of a squid, this black liquid is commonly used to flavour pasta. It is available from gourmet food and pasta stores.

Star anise

Star anise is the dried, star-shaped fruit of an oriental evergreen tree. It has a strong, sweet, aniseed-like aroma and flavour. For more information about star anise, see our article.

Starfruit

See entry on carambola.

Stem ginger

Young ginger that has been preserved in sugar syrup. It is available from major and Asian supermarkets.

Strawberries

Strawberries aren't sold by variety but there are actually several different types. These include the Rubygem, Sugarbaby and Harmony, which are all available from May to October. Strawberries are rich in vitamin C and contain some dietary fibre. For more information about strawberries, see our article.

Sturia caviar

Sturia caviar is the salted roe (eggs) of the French-farmed sturgeon fish. It is available from selected gourmet food stores.

Sugar cane

A plant native to Indonesia from which sugar is derived. Sugar cane is eaten raw by removing the husk and can be found in Asian food stores and some greengrocers.

Sugar snap peas

Sweet and crunchy, sugar snap peas can be eaten pods and all. Plumper than snow peas, these pods remain tender as they mature. For more information about sugar snap peas, see our article.

Sweet corn

Sweet corn is grown from maize and is popular for its milky sweet kernels. For more information about sweet corn, see our article.

Swiss brown mushrooms

Similar to the button mushroom, yet with a firmer texture, the Swiss brown has a light brown cap, which is sometimes slightly mottled. For more information about mushrooms, see our article.

Sumac

A spice made from the dried ground berries of a shrub that grows in the Mediterranean and Middle East. It has a tangy, lemony taste, and is used extensively in North African, Lebanese and Turkish cooking. Sumac is available from supermarkets. For more information about sumac, see our article.

Szechuan pepper

Also known as Sichuan pepper, this hot spice is native to the Chinese region of Szechuan and while it resembles a black peppercorn, is not related to it. Used whole or crushed, it is found extensively in Szechuan cooking and is available from Asian supermarkets.

T

Tahini

A paste made from husked white sesame seeds and often used in Middle Eastern cooking. It is available from supermarkets and health food stores.

Taleggio

An Italian washed rind cheese recognisable by its orange rind and yeasty taste. It is often used as a melting cheese and is available from most delicatessens.

Tamari

A Japanese soy sauce which is generally wheat-free, although sometimes it can contain a small amount of wheat. It is widely available from supermarkets and health food stores.

Tamarillo

Also known as a tree tomato, this subtropical fruit ranges in colour from purple to yellow. The skin is inedible but the tangy, tart flesh is delicious. For more information about tamarillos, see our article.

Tamarind

The pulp within the pods of the tropical Tamarind tree is used extensively in Indian and Southeast Asian cooking. The sweet-sour pulp is sold as a concentrated paste or in blocks and used after first soaking in water. Tamarind is available from Asian supermarkets.

Tandoori curry

Tandoori curry paste is a mild blend of paprika, lemon juice, garlic, onion and various spices blended with yoghurt and used as a marinade. Marinated meat is grilled in a tandoor (Indian clay oven) or over coals. For more information about curry paste, see our article.

Tapenade

A paste made from pureed ingredients, such as black olives, capers or anchovies, blended with olive oil, and commonly served as a condiment. It is available from supermarkets and delicatessens.

Tarragon vinegar

A wine vinegar flavoured with the sweet-tasting herb tarragon. It is often used in French cooking, most notably in Bearnaise sauce, and is available from gourmet food stores. For more information about tarragon, see our article.

Tatsoi

An Asian green leaf with a peppery flavour, it is available from greengrocers and Asian supermarkets. For more information about Chinese greens, see our article.

Thai basil

A herb from the basil family which, as the name suggests, is used in Thai and Southeast Asian dishes. It is available from most general supermarkets and can usually be substituted with common basil. For more information about Thai basil and other Asian summer herbs, see our articles.

Thai eggplant

Also known as Kermit eggplant, this variety is the size of a golf ball and features whitemauve skin with some green mottling. It is often used in red curries. For more information about eggplants, see our article.

Thai green curry

Thai green curry paste has virtually identical ingredients and uses to red curry paste except that fresh green chillies are used instead of dried red chilli powder. It is also milder and teams well with chicken or fish. For more information about curry paste, see our article.

Thai red curry

Thai red curry paste is the most common, and spiciest. Along with the similarly spicy Penang curry paste it's used in many familiar dishes such as fish cakes, satay and beef curry. For more information about curry paste, see our article.

Thai yellow curry

Thai yellow curry paste is the mildest of the Thai pastes and gets its intense colour from yellow peppers and turmeric. It's great with seafood, noodles and beef, but also makes a fabulous soup. For more information about curry paste, see our article.

Thompson seedless grapes

Thompson seedless grapes are one of the world's most popular eating grapes. In Australia, they are the main variety used for making sultanas. They're medium-sized with yellow-green skin. For more information about Thompson seedless grapes, see our article.

Thyme

A member of the mint family, thyme is a herb with a wide variety of uses. For more information about thyme, see our article.

Tikka masala curry

Tikka masala curry paste produces an aromatic, slightly smokey, rich curry based on tomatoes and cream or coconut cream. It's a mild paste, most commonly used with chicken. For more information about curry paste, see our article.

Tofu puffs

These deep-fried cubes of tofu are often used in Asian dishes to soak up the sauce. They are available in packages from Asian supermarkets.

Tomato kasundi

A hot Indian tomato relish available from gourmet food stores.

Truffle oil

This is made from steeping a truffle in oil. It is available from gourmet food stores.

Truffles

The world's most expensive fungi, these "black diamonds" are found by specially-trained dogs and pigs in the roots of certain trees. Truffles, both preserved and, when in season, fresh, can be bought from gourmet food stores. They can be substituted with truffle oil.

Turkey breast roll

A turkey breast roll comprises two turkey breast fillets that have been removed from the bone in one piece, flattened slightly, stuffed and rolled. Lean and easy to carve, it requires 28 minutes per kilo to cook. For more information and tips about turkey, see our article.

Turkey buffe

A turkey buffe is a turkey with the back removed, leaving breast meat and legs, and requires 30 minutes per kilo to cook. For more information and tips about turkey, see our article.

Tuscan cabbage

Also known as cavolo nero, this Italian cabbage has long, narrow, wrinkled, very dark green leaves and a mild flavour. For more information about Tuscan cabbage, see our article.

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Udon noodles

A noodle made from wheat used predominantly in Japanese cooking. It is available both fresh and dried from Asian supermarkets.

Unbleached flour

Unbleached flour is free of the chemicals used to extend the shelf-life and whiten wheat flour, but it can contain chemical dough improvers and maturing agents. Unbleached flour has a higher gluten content and is preferred for bread making. For more information about flour, see our article.

V

Vanilla bean

The dried and cured pod of an orchid indigenous to Central and South America. In cooking, it is usually split open and the seeds scraped into the dish to impart a vanilla flavour.

Vanilla extract/essence

Vanilla extract is obtained by steeping vanilla beans in alcohol. True vanilla is available from gourmet food stores and major supermarkets. Be aware that there are many imitation vanilla essences available and these are inferior in quality.

Vanilla sugar

Caster sugar infused with a small amount of vanilla extract or essence. It is available from supermarkets.

Verjuice

The unfermented juice of unripe grapes is used in similar ways to lemon juice or vinegar. Also known as verjus, it's available from gourmet food stores, and can often be substituted with white wine.

Vienna almonds

These caramel-coated almonds are available from most supermarkets.

Vietnamese mint

This herb, used in many Asian soups, has a strong, minty flavour, even though it is not actually from the mint family. Also known as Cambodian mint, hot mint or laksa leaf, it is available from selected greengrocers and Asian supermarkets. For more information about Vietnamese mint and other Asian summer herbs, see our article.

Vindaloo curry

Vindaloo curry paste fires the famous stewed vinegar curry introduced by the Portuguese to India (where it was bolstered with copious amounts of spices, garlic and fresh chillies). Traditionally made with pork, vindaloo also works well with prawns, lamb or vegetables and has a very hot heat rating. For more information about curry paste, see our article.

Vine sweet minicaps

This tiny new variety of capsicum comes in red, orange and yellow, and is great in salads and stir-fries. For more information about vine sweet minicaps, see our article.

Vine-ripened tomatoes

As the name suggests, these tomatoes are left to ripen on the vine, which allows their sugars to develop. They have a deep red colour and intense flavour. For more information about vine-ripened tomatoes, see our article.

Vin santo

An Italian dessert wine which, literally translated, means holy wine. It is available from selected bottle shops, but can usually be substituted with good-quality marsala or dessert wine.

Vine leaves

The leaves of the grape vine are most commonly used to make dolmades, a Greek dish where the leaves are stuffed with a mixture of rice and minced lamb. They can be bought preserved from supermarkets.

Vino cotto

A condiment made from cooked grape must or figs. Also known as vincotto, it is available from Italian grocers or gourmet delicatessens and can generally be substituted with balsamic vinegar.

Vol-au-vent case

A small, round pastry case which can be found in supermarkets. The cases are usually filled with a meat, seafood or vegetable stuffing, baked and served as finger food.

W

Wakame

A type of edible seaweed used in soups and salads, which is sold at Asian supermarkets and some health food stores.

Walnut oil

Extracted from walnuts, this delicate oil has a nutty flavour and is best used in salad. It is available from gourmet food stores and can often be substituted with extra virgin olive oil.

Wasabi

A pungent Japanese root, traditionally served with sushi. It is available as a powder or paste from major and Asian supermarkets. When in season, it is also available fresh from selected greengrocers.

Washed rind cheeses

This style of cheese is characterised by a semi-soft texture, an orange-red rind and a pungent smell. Typical washed rind cheeses include King Island Dairy Stormy, Taleggio and Port Salut. They can be found in specialist cheese stores and supermarkets.

Watermelon

Originally from southern Africa, watermelons are one of the most popular types of melon. For more information about watermelon, see our article.

Wattleseeds

The seeds of edible wattle trees - most are not edible - are roasted and ground before use as a flavouring in cooking. They are available from specialist spice stores.

Wholemeal flour

Wholemeal flour involves milling of the entire wheat kernel - bran (outer layer), germ (embryo) and endosperm, and has a higher fibre count than plain flour. For more information about flour, see our article.

White cloud ear mushrooms

Named after its cloud-like appearance, it is also called white jelly fungus, which denotes its jelly-like texture. For more information about mushrooms, see our article.

White miso paste

A paste of fermented soy beans, white miso paste is also known as shiro-miso and has a mild, sweet taste. It is available from Asian supermarkets and some health food stores.

Witlof

This cigar-shaped white vegetable has a crisp texture and slightly bitter flavour. For more information about witlof, see our article.

Wombok

Wombok is also known as Chinese cabbage. It has a sweet, mild flavour and crunchy texture. For more information about wombok or Chinese greens, see our articles.

Wonton skins

Made from egg, flour and water, these thin pasta-like sheets come in a variety of sizes and are also known as wonton wrappers. They are available from Asian supermarkets.

X

XO sauce

A condiment used in Chinese cooking which is made from dried seafood. It is available from major and Asian supermarkets.

Y

Yabbies

A freshwater crustacean which lives in the waters of eastern Australia as well as South Australia. They have a mild, sweet flavour and can be ordered from fishmongers.

Yeast

An essential ingredient in baking, yeast is also used to ferment alcohol. For more information about yeast, see our article.

Yellow oyster mushrooms

Yellow oyster mushrooms, like the pink oyster variety, have a shorter shelf-life than other mushrooms and lose their colour and taste through cooking, so are best eaten raw. For more information about mushrooms, see our article.

Yellow rock sugar

A dark yellow-coloured sugar which is the crystallised form of a mixture of honey, refined and unrefined sugars. Sometimes called lump sugar or rock candy, it is sold in boxes and can be found at Asian supermarkets.

Yellow squash

This small, sweet squash has a slightly flattened top and scalloped edges. Both the skin and flesh are edible. For more information about yellow squash, see our article.

Yuzu juice

The juice of a Japanese citrus fruit which looks like a small grapefruit. It can usually be substituted with lime juice. It is available in bottles from Asian supermarkets.

Z

Zahtar

This Middle Eastern spice, also known as za'atar, is a blend of thyme leaves, sumac, sesame seeds and salt. It can be bought from spice and Middle Eastern stores.

Zucchini flowers

The edible flowers of the zucchini bush are often eaten stuffed with a soft cheese, dipped in batter and fried. They are sometimes called courgette flowers and are available from selected greengrocers in summer.